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Draft:Carbon pricing in shipping

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  • Comment: There no need for a "purpose of comparison" and trivia about being the fifth largest carbon emitter. Please stick to which information is reported on by reliable sources, without synthesizing, and ensure that all contestable information has a citation. Utopes (talk / cont) 19:04, 10 September 2024 (UTC)

Maritime transport makes up 3% of total global emissions.[1][2] In order to reach the goals set out in the Paris Agreement, the European Union and the International Maritime Organization (IMO) have begun to implement or explore ways to reduce the carbon emissions produced by shipping.

Carbon pricing is widely regarded as a cost-effective way to reduce emissions.[3] In 2023, the European Union’s Emissions Trading Scheme (EU ETS) was expanded to include the shipping sector. That same year, the International Maritime Organization, the UN agency responsible for regulating maritime transport, agreed on a strategy to bring emissions from shipping to net zero “by or around” 2050.[4] Though the details of this are still under discussion as of late 2024, this strategy includes the implementation of a carbon price.

Overview

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Carbon pricing has been proposed as a way to address a number of barriers to decarbonization in the shipping industry. Foremost among these is the difference in price between traditional fossil fuels and zero-carbon fuels.[5] Putting a price on greenhouse gas emissions is intended to make fossil fuels more expensive, in turn increasing the competitiveness of zero-carbon fuels, which have so far not been taken up on a large scale.[5] In addition, such measures are intended to also reduce so-called rebound effects, whereby improvements in the energy efficiency of vessels result in greater use of shipping as a means of transport.[6]

Some commentators have claimed that progress in this area has been limited by a mutual lack of motivation on the part of both ship owners and port operators to be the first to take action. In this scenario, potential fuel suppliers wait for shipowners to begin using low-carbon fuels before they invest in infrastructure to supply it, and shipowners wait for the infrastructure to be put in place before investing in ships that can use it.[7] A carbon price is intended to overcome this dilemma.

Implementation

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European Union

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The EU ETS applies a carbon price to emissions by issuing a limited amount of ‘allowances,’ which can be traded.[8] In order to make up for any emissions released, a company is required to surrender the equivalent amount of allowances. This, in theory, allows the EU to cap the total amount of emissions produced in the bloc. In the case that one company or facility has more allowances than it needs, it can sell these to a company that requires more.[8] This kind of system is known as ‘cap and trade.’ In 2023, it was decided that this system would apply to the shipping industry from the following year, with the aim to cover 100% of the emissions generated by voyages between EU countries and 50% of emissions generated by voyages between EU countries and countries outside the EU.[9] The inclusion of international shipping in the EU ETS will be gradual. Initially, the EU ETS will cover only 40% of the emissions, and it will be gradually expanded over time.[10]

International

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As of late 2024, discussions are underway at the International Maritime Organization regarding the details of an emission-reduction strategy that includes a carbon pricing system for international shipping. If implemented, this would be the first global carbon pricing system.[4]

The IMO GHG Strategy outlines a goal of reaching net-zero emissions from shipping by or around 2050.[11] The strategy also indicates that the decarbonization of the sector will be achieved via the implementation of a number of measures, one which is likely to be a GHG emission pricing mechanism.[12] Discussions are underway as of late 2024 regarding the exact nature of that pricing mechanism. The IMO is composed of a number of stakeholders, including both member states and observer organizations, all of whom are able to put forward policy proposals to be voted on by the IMO Assembly, composed of member states.[13] To date various proposals for a carbon pricing mechanism have been put forward, which vary in their level of stringency and flexibility.[14]

Criticisms of these proposals at the IMO include the contention that applying such a carbon price will have a disproportionately negative effect on developing countries, for instance by reducing their export and import opportunities.[15] China, Argentina, Brazil and South Africa are among the countries that have opposed such measures on these grounds.[16] A review of empirical research indicates that the impact of such a carbon price on GDP may be limited.[17] Others have argued that it is likely that other measures to decarbonize international shipping would also have a negative impact on trade. This impact may be higher than that of a GHG price, because carbon pricing tends to be a cost-effective measure[18], that is less expensive than other policy options. Additionally, the contemporary implementation of an IMO GHG pricing mechanism and the extension of the EU ETS to international shipping may create a situation where GHG emissions from shipping are priced twice.[19]

Revenue policies

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Most of the revenue generated by the EU ETS system is given to member states.[20] Initially, member states were only required to use 50% of this revenue on climate-related goals.[20] As of 2023, the EU requires that member states use all of this revenue on climate-related projects.[21] The remaining portion of the total money generated by the system is deployed into the two EU-level funds with remits related to climate change. The first of these, the Innovation Fund, finances industrial decarbonization.[22] The second, the Social Climate Fund, provides member states with funding with the aim of ensuring that vulnerable groups are not negatively impacted by the green transition, for example by mitigating energy poverty.[23]

Estimates indicate that an IMO GHG pricing mechanism may generate up to 40-60 billion US dollars every year up to 2050.[24] As a result of this, there is considerable debate over how such money should be pooled, managed, and spent. Stakeholders disagree on the degree to which such money ought to be used ‘in-sector,’ (i.e. spent on further decarbonizing the shipping industry itself) or ‘out-of-sector.’ (i.e. used as general climate finance)[25][15]

Several IMO members have highlighted that this revenue opens up opportunities for financing the energy transition in shipping itself, and also offers an opportunity to address concerns over climate justice.[24] Other ways of taking climate justice into account, such as granting exemptions to ports in selected countries, have also been considered, but this opens up opportunities for price avoidance and risks unfairly disadvantaging some countries.[26]

References

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  1. ^ Chen, Shun; Zheng, Shiyuan; Sys, Christa (2023-06-01). "Policies focusing on market-based measures towards shipping decarbonization: Designs, impacts and avenues for future research". Transport Policy. 137: 109–124. doi:10.1016/j.tranpol.2023.04.006. ISSN 0967-070X.
  2. ^ "What is a carbon price and why do we need one?". Grantham Research Institute on climate change and the environment. Retrieved 2024-09-19.
  3. ^ Baranzini, Andrea; van den Bergh, Jeroen C. J. M.; Carattini, Stefano; Howarth, Richard B.; Padilla, Emilio; Roca, Jordi (2017-03-31). "Carbon pricing in climate policy: seven reasons, complementary instruments, and political economy considerations". WIREs Climate Change. 8 (4). Bibcode:2017WIRCC...8E.462B. doi:10.1002/wcc.462. ISSN 1757-7780.
  4. ^ a b "A First Step Toward a Global Price on Carbon". New York Times. March 28, 2024. Retrieved 2024-09-10.
  5. ^ a b Baresic, D., Rojon, I., Shaw, A., Rehmatulla, N. (2022) Closing the Gap: An Overview of the Policy Options to Close the Competitiveness Gap and Enable an Equitable Zero-Emission Fuel Transition in Shipping. Prepared by UMAS, January 2022, London.
  6. ^ Dominioni, Goran; Englert, Dominik (2022). Carbon Revenues From International Shipping: Enabling an Effective and Equitable Energy Transition - Technical Paper. Washington, DC: World Bank.
  7. ^ Dominioni, Goran; Rojon, Isabelle; Salgmann, Rico; Englert, Dominik; Gleeson, Cáit; Lagouvardou, Sotiria (2023-06-14). Distributing Carbon Revenues from Shipping. World Bank. doi:10.1596/39876.
  8. ^ a b "Use of auctioning revenues generated under the EU Emissions Trading System". www.eea.europa.eu. 2023-12-19. Retrieved 2024-09-10.
  9. ^ "How does the shipping ETS work?". Transport & Environment. 2024-08-08. Retrieved 2024-09-10.
  10. ^ "Directive - 2023/959 - EN - EUR-Lex". eur-lex.europa.eu. Retrieved 2024-09-10.
  11. ^ "2023 IMO Strategy on Reduction of GHG Emissions from Ships". www.imo.org. Retrieved 2024-09-10.
  12. ^ Marine Environment Protection Committee (2023) 2023 IMO Strategy On Reduction of GHG Emissions From Ships, Resolution MEPC.377(80), Annex 15, accessed at https://wwwcdn.imo.org/localresources/en/OurWork/Environment/Documents/annex/MEPC%2080/Annex%2015.pdf
  13. ^ "Frequently Asked Questions". www.imo.org. Retrieved 2024-09-19.
  14. ^ Dominioni, Goran (2024). "Carbon pricing for international shipping, equity, and WTO law". Review of European, Comparative & International Environmental Law. 33 (1): 19–30. doi:10.1111/reel.12540. ISSN 2050-0386.
  15. ^ a b Smith, T., Shaw, A., (2023) An overview of the discussions from IMO ISWG-GHG 14, Read-out from UMAS, 24/03/2023 https://www.u-mas.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/ISWG-GHG-14-overview-UMAS-.pdf
  16. ^ Telling, Oliver (July 2, 2023). "China urges developing countries to oppose 'unrealistic' shipping levy". The Financial Times. Retrieved September 19, 2024.
  17. ^ Rojon, Isabelle; Lazarou, Nicholas-Joseph; Rehmatulla, Nishatabbas; Smith, Tristan (2021). "The impacts of carbon pricing on maritime transport costs and their implications for developing economies". Marine Policy. 132: 104653. Bibcode:2021MarPo.13204653R. doi:10.1016/j.marpol.2021.104653.
  18. ^ Dominioni, Goran (2024). "Carbon pricing for international shipping, equity, and WTO law". Review of European, Comparative & International Environmental Law. 33 (1): 19–30. doi:10.1111/reel.12540. ISSN 2050-0386.
  19. ^ Dominioni, Goran; PETIT, Christy Ann (2024-05-10). Shipping's Decarbonization and Border Carbon Adjustment Mechanisms: A Case for Regulatory Cooperation? (Report). Dublin.
  20. ^ a b "Use of auctioning revenues generated under the EU Emissions Trading System". www.eea.europa.eu. 2023-12-19. Retrieved 2024-09-19.
  21. ^ "FAQ – Maritime transport in EU Emissions Trading System (ETS) - European Commission". climate.ec.europa.eu. Retrieved 2024-09-19.
  22. ^ "What is the Innovation Fund? - European Commission". climate.ec.europa.eu. Retrieved 2024-09-19.
  23. ^ "Social Climate Fund - European Commission". climate.ec.europa.eu. Retrieved 2024-09-19.
  24. ^ a b Dominioni, Goran; Englert, Dominik (2022-04-01). Carbon Revenues From International Shipping. World Bank. doi:10.1596/37240.
  25. ^ "Macron opens climate summit in Paris, calls for 'finance shock'". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 2024-09-10.
  26. ^ Dominioni, Goran (2023). "Towards an equitable transition in the decarbonization of international maritime transport: Exemptions or carbon revenues?". Marine Policy. 154: 105669. Bibcode:2023MarPo.15405669D. doi:10.1016/j.marpol.2023.105669.

See also

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