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C4-FN
Names
IUPAC name
2,3,3,3-Tetrafluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)propanenitrile
Other names
    • Novec 4710
    • Fluoronitrile
    • Perfluoroisobutyronitrile
Identifiers
3D model (JSmol)
ChemSpider
EC Number
  • 806-451-7
  • InChI=1S/C4F7N/c5-2(1-12,3(6,7)8)4(9,10)11
    Key: AASDJASZOZGYMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N
  • C(#N)C(C(F)(F)F)(C(F)(F)F)F
Properties
C4F7N
Molar mass 195.040 g·mol−1
Density 8.1459 kg·m−3 (1.0 bar at 20 °C)
Boiling point −5 °C (23 °F; 268 K)
Critical point (T, P) 385.996 K
2501.524 kPa
Vapor pressure 2.5174 bar (at 20 °C)
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).

C4-FN (C4-fluoronitrile, C4FN) is a perfluorinated compound developed as a high-dielectric gas for high-voltage switchgear.[1] It has the structure (CF3)2CFC≡N, which can be described as perfluoroisobutyronitrile, falling under the category of PFAS, or per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances.[2][3]

It is promoted as an alternative to sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) for interruption and insulation applications, as it has insulation properties twice that of SF6 and a relatively low global warming potential (GWP) compared with SF6 that is the most potent greenhouse gas. The compound has been introduced into the market by 3M under the denomination Novec 4710[4] and commercialized in high voltage equipment by General Electric starting from 2016.[5] It is seen as a credible alternative to SF6 by the European Commission as offering the capability to replace SF6 while keeping the same benefits of dimensional footprint and performance.[6] Several other companies started using C4-FN mixtures for high voltage applications: LS Electric,[7] Hitachi Energy,[8] Hyosung or Hyundai Electric.

C4-FN mixtures refers to the typically used gas mixtures including C4-FN mixed with natural origin gases (O2, CO2, N2) which are used within high-voltage equipment.

There are no other reported applications than electric insulation for the C4-FN mixtures. Apart from typical distribution and transmission high-voltage equipment, research has been done for applications within the Large Hadron Collider.[9]

Application to high-voltage equipment

[edit]

Current applications

[edit]

C4-FN is usually not used alone as a single gas compound in high voltage equipment due to its high boiling point temperature which would limit either the pressure or the application temperature to too strict levels which are usually between -30 °C and +55 °C as per the relevant standards.[10] It is mostly used mixed with carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrogen (N2), and oxygen (O2), in proportions widely varying depending on applications and products but ranging from 3.5% to 6%[11] (percentages are given in mole fraction).

C4-FN is usually used as a dielectric additive whose content is a compromise between:

  • The filling pressure of the equipment, which is necessary to ensure current interruption by the circuit breaker.
  • The required minimum operating temperature of the equipment.
  • The other gases used (CO2, O2, N2) and their chemical interactions.

Contrary to the C5-FK (fluoroketone) technology, C4-FN mixtures are able to cover the needs of the network operators. Hitachi Energy announced breaking away from the C5-FK to focus purely on C4-FN and natural origin solutions for high-voltage equipment.

C4-FN technology is recent but developing quickly, especially under the recent public pressure to reduce carbon footprint of the equipment. The use of SF6 in the electrical industry is not well known[12] and the status of exception is wearing as shown by the new proposal of European F-Gas regulation.[13]

In comparison with the development of air-blast, SF6 and vacuum technologies, C4-FN is relatively fast. This is permitted by the use of similar concepts as for other puffer and selfblast technologies:

  • 2014: First publication of the use of C4-FN for high-voltage applications.[14]
  • 2016: First GIL using a C4-FN/CO2 mixture energized in Sellindge.[5] The equipment is rated 420 kV and operating on a 400 kV network.
  • 2017: First GIS using a C4-FN/O2/CO2 mixture energized in Etzel, Switzerland.[15] The equipment is rated 145 kV, 40 kA and operating on a 50 kV network.
  • 2021: First AIS, live-tank, using C4-FN/O2/CO2 mixture energized.[16]
  • 2022: Announced date for the availability of a 420 kV, 63 kA GIS.[17][18]

Higher content of C4-FN has been reported in specific retrofilling applications,[19] i.e., where the gas within commissioned equipment, usually SF6, is replaced by a gas mixture containing C4-FN. Retrofilling designates a sort of retrofitting with limited changes on the equipment.

Alternative technologies

[edit]

In the recent years, C4-FN has taken the lead on other gaseous media alternatives like HFO-1234ze and C5F10O (fluoroketone, C5-FK), as several manufacturers started adopting it. The most important rally was the commitment to the technology by Hitachi Energy in April 2021.[20]

C4-FN mixture technology is today in competition with mixtures of natural-origin gases such as nitrogen (N2), oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2), which have a GWP below 1 and lower boiling points but lower dielectric and thermal properties which negatively impact the overall performance of the equipment and usually results in bigger apparatuses and use of material.[21] The mixtures using natural-origin gas often are only used for insulation while the interruption function is done using on vacuum interrupters.[11] The scalability of such vacuum interrupters is still subject to discussion and polemic as the announced[22] portfolio and products above 145 kV are still to be released[23]

Regulations

[edit]

F-Gas

[edit]

C4-FN is a fluorinated gas and its use can be locally regulated because of its greenhouse effect. As the molecule was only very recently introduced on the market for high voltage switchgear, it was not yet properly regulated.

The latest proposal of the European F-gas regulation[24] represents a severe drawback for the C4-FN solutions in high voltage equipment as it introduces a hierarchy between three categories of solutions: GWP<10, GWP<2000 and GWP≥2000. The impact of such regulation would be to make the C4-FN products as transition solutions before the apparition of GWP<10 alternatives.

Supporters

[edit]

ENTSO-E has officially stated its support to the C4-FN mixtures for high voltage equipment as they represent the best solution to quickly remove SF6.[25] The European Distribution System Operators (E.DSO) association also supported the removal of the GWP<10 threshold in the latest F-gas proposal.[26]

The main reasons mentioned in the positions' papers are that:

  • C4-FN mixtures appears the fastest solution to replace SF6 in the coming years. Making it a non-viable solution in the medium-term would likely slow or stop all development and result in new substations to be installed with SF6.
  • The carbon-footprint of a C4-FN substation is much lower as with other alternative solutions like vacuum or natural-origin gases as per several Life-cycle assessments. Therefore, the rationale of greenhouse gas reduction is achieved by the technology and the regulation's scope should not be limited to the gas only but to the whole product.
  • There is only one supplier of vacuum interrupter able to reach 145 kV at the moment: Siemens. Preventing the use of C4-FN gases for high voltage equipment would therefore represent the risk of monopoly in short and medium-term, impacting strongly the competition on the market. Additionally, there is a risk than Siemens could not reach the demand due to the transfer of productions from other manufacturers.

Several European fundings supported the development of C4-FN solutions through the LIFE programme.[27][28]

Criticisms

[edit]

C4-FN is still criticized regarding its reliance on manufacturers' data mostly. Two topics are discussed: Reliability and Environment Health and Safety (EHS).

The reliability was mostly discussed regarding the applicability or not of the existent IEC and IEEE standards to fully qualify C4-FN mixtures performance. This has been partially reduced with CIGRE publishing several technical brochures from working groups that investigated the phenomena, reliability and testing procedures for C4-FN mixtures. In the meantime, IEC and IEEE organizations started working on new or revised standards. ETH Zurich also contributed to investigate key properties of the gas and its mixtures.[29][30][31]

Regarding the EHS aspects, the main discussed aspect is the toxicology of C4-FN which was almost exclusively studied by the producer (3M)[32] and OEM (GE Grid, Hitachi Energy, etc.). The molecule is now registered in REACH with the CAS no. 42532-60-05. It should not be confounded with its isomer, heptafluorobutyronitrile, which is toxic (CAS no. 375-00-8). It is certain that the study of pure, mixed, and arced C4-FN should continue to consolidate the knowledge about the risks. Several parties have started, mainly research teams.[33]

Siemens Energy regularly criticized the C4-FN technology which is in direct competition with its vacuum and synthetic air technology.[34]

Physical and other properties

[edit]

Impact on the environment

[edit]

C4-FN is a greenhouse gas and has a Global Warming Potential (GWP) estimated at 2750 over 100 years,[35] although various studies give other results: 1490,[36] 2100[37] and 3646.[38] Its atmospheric lifetime is estimated in the range of 30 years. It is therefore much better than SF6 whose GWP100 is 24300[35] but also much higher than CO2 (GWP 1) or air (GWP 0).

C4-FN mixtures have much lower GWP as pure C4-FN because the amount of the fluorinated gas is relatively low in molar fraction. When mixed with O2, CO2, or N2, in the range of reported applications, the GWP of the complete mixture is usually in the range of GWP100 300-500. Additionally, the GWP is a CO2 equivalent per unit of mass and C4-FN mixtures being typically 50% lighter than SF6, the CO2 reduction is in the range of 98.7-99.3% compared to SF6 at identical volume.

Nevertheless, C4-FN, pure or mixed, is a potent greenhouse gas whose emissions must be carefully minimized. This gas is not foreseen in other applications than high-voltage insulation where it provides advantageous GWP reduction in comparison to SF6.

As a fluorinated gas with greenhouse effect, C4-FN could be targeted by regulations like the European F-Gas regulation through the mention of GWP limits.

Thermodynamic and dielectric properties

[edit]
Vapor pressure of pure C4-FN from -50°C up to its critical point.
Vapor pressure of pure C4-FN from -50°C up to its critical point, as calculated with the Peng-Robinson equation of state. This property shows that high pressures are not achievable with pure C4-FN. Therefore, C4-FN is mixed with other gases having much lower boiling temperatures.

Pure C4-FN can be described using a Peng-Robinson equation of state.[4] Relatively accurate results have been obtained using the critical point (385.996 K, 2501.524 kPa, 2.6302 mol/L) and an acentric factor of 0.356. Mixtures of C4-FN/O2/CO2 have been described in various literature and recently updated by two equipment manufacturers.[39]

The dielectric properties have been investigated in several laboratories under the supervision of ETH Zurich and as part of the CIGRE D1.67 working group.[40]

The measurements show that a C4-FN/CO2 gas mixture containing 20% of C4-FN (mole fraction) has a dielectric strength similar to the SF6 (values at 100 kPa based on the AC breakdowns in a uniform arrangement). Additionally, minor synergies were observed between 0 and 7% with breakdown values higher than what a purely linear interaction would allow. The AC breakdown voltages were also linearly increasing with pressure, ensuring a good scalability. Detailed values and additional results in weakly non-uniform and strongly non-uniform arrangements are available in the datasets.

Conclusions in the CIGRE technical brochure mention that the obtained results confirmed the applicability of the existing tests methods (including waveform ratios) and design rules from SF6.

References

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  1. ^ Seeger, M.; Smeets, R.; Yan, J.; Ito, H.; Claessens, M.; Dullni, E.; Falkingham, L.; Franck, C. M.; Gentils, F.; Hartmann, W.; Kieffel, Y.; Jia, S.; Jones, G.; Mantilla, J.; Pawar, S. (2017). "Recent Trends in Development of High Voltage Circuit Breakers with SF6 Alternative Gases". Plasma Physics and Technology. 4 (1): 8–12. doi:10.14311/ppt.2017.1.8. hdl:20.500.11850/202543. ISSN 2336-2634.
  2. ^ OECD (2021). "Reconciling Terminology of the Universe of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances: Recommendations and Practical Guidance" (PDF). OECD Series on Risk Management. Paris: OECD Publishing. p. 23. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 July 2021.
  3. ^ Wang Z, Buser AM, Cousins IT, Demattio S, Drost W, Johansson O, et al. (December 2021). "A New OECD Definition for Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances". Environmental Science & Technology. 55 (23): 15575–15578. Bibcode:2021EnST...5515575W. doi:10.1021/acs.est.1c06896. PMID 34751569. S2CID 243861839.
  4. ^ a b 3M (July 2022). "3M™ Novec™ 4710 Insulating Gas" (PDF). 3M (Datasheet). Retrieved 2022-10-05.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  5. ^ a b National Grid (August 2021). "Delivering our environmental future, 2020/2021" (PDF). National Grid (Slides). p. 40. Retrieved 2022-10-05.
  6. ^ European Commission (2020-09-30). Report from the commission assessing the availability of alternatives to fluorinated greenhouse gases in switchgear and related equipment, including medium-voltage secondary switchgear. Brussels: European Commission.
  7. ^ LS Electric (2023-03-02). "Eco-friendly Switchgears - World's first 170kV 50kA g3 GIS" (PDF). LS Electric. Retrieved 2023-03-02.
  8. ^ Hitachi Energy (2022-10-04). "Hitachi Energy announces new EconiQTM services to help customers achieve their sustainability goals". Hitachi Energy (Press release). Retrieved 2023-03-02.
  9. ^ Rigoletti, Gianluca (2022-03-25). Studies to reduce greenhouse gases emissions from particles detectors operation at the CERN LHC experiments (PDF) (Thesis) (in French). CERN.
  10. ^ International Electrotechnical Commission (2017). IEC 62271-1 (in English and French) (ed. 2.0 ed.). Geneva: International Electrotechnical Commission.
  11. ^ a b Cigré WG A3.41 (2022). Current Interruption in SF6-free Switchgear. Paris: International Council on Large Electric Systems. pp. 214–225. ISBN 978-2-85873-576-1.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  12. ^ McGrath, Matt (2019-09-13). "Climate change: Electrical industry's 'dirty secret' boosts warming". BBC. Retrieved 2022-10-05.
  13. ^ "EU legislation to control F-gases". European Commission. Retrieved 2022-10-05.
  14. ^ Kieffel, Yannick; et al. (Girodet, A.; Biquez, F.; Ponchon, Ph.; Owens, J.; Costello, M.; Bulinski, M.; Van San, R.; Werner, K.) (2014). SF6 alternative development for high voltage switchgears (Scientific paper). Paris.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  15. ^ Axpo (2017-06-08). "Unterwerk Etzel mit klimafreundlicher Weltpremiere". Axpo (in German). Retrieved 2023-03-06.
  16. ^ Groupe E (2022-03-29). "Un approvisionnement électrique fiable et respectueux de l'environnement dans le canton de Neuchâtel". Groupe E (in French). Retrieved 2023-03-06.
  17. ^ Hitachi Energy (2021-08-18). "Hitachi ABB Power Grids announces EconiQ high-voltage roadmap at CIGRE 2021". Hitachi. Retrieved 2022-10-05.
  18. ^ Hitachi Energy (2022-11-10). "Hitachi Energy to provide world's first SF6-free 420 kV gas-insulated switchgear technology at Tennet's grid connection in Germany" (PDF). Hitachi Energy. Retrieved 2023-03-06.
  19. ^ National Grid (2021-12-09). "National Grid and Hitachi Energy announce to replace SF6 in existing high-voltage equipment". National Grid (Press release). Retrieved 2022-10-05.
  20. ^ Hitachi-ABB (2021-04-20). "Hitachi ABB Power Grids führt EconiQ™ im Markt ein - aussergewöhnliche Lösungen für die Umwelt". Hitachi Energy (Press Release) (in German). Retrieved 2023-03-06.
  21. ^ T&D Europe (2020). Technical report on alternative to SF6 gas in medium voltage & high voltage electrical equipment. p. 47. Retrieved 2022-10-05.
  22. ^ Seimens (2018-08-30). "Siemens and Iljin Electric develop the first SF6-free 170 kV gas-insulated switchgear with vacuum switching technology". Siemens (Press Release). Retrieved 2023-03-06.
  23. ^ Iljin (2023-03-06). "Gas Insulated Switchgear". Iljin Electric. Retrieved 2023-03-06.
  24. ^ EU Commission (2022-04-05). "Green Deal: Phasing down fluorinated greenhouse gases and ozone depleting substances". European Commission (Press release). Retrieved 2023-03-06.
  25. ^ ENTSO-E (2020-04-24). "ENTSO-E position paper on the reduction of SF6 emissions and introduction of alternative technologies" (PDF). entsoe.eu. Retrieved 2023-03-06.
  26. ^ E.DSO (2022-10-19). "Avoiding An Untimely and Prescriptive F-Gas Regulation Revision". European Distribution System Operators (E.DSO). Retrieved 2023-03-06.
  27. ^ European Commission (2020-02-13). "GHG reduction process via an Innovative HVCB development". LIFE (European Commission). Retrieved 2023-03-06.
  28. ^ GE (2021-07-22). "EU supports GE's development of a 245 kV g3 circuit-breaker to accelerate decarbonization of Europe's electrical grid". General Electric (Press Release). Retrieved 2023-03-06.
  29. ^ Pachin, Juriy (2022). Novel Environmentally Friendly Insulating Gas Mixtures: Uniform Electric Field Strength and Breakdown Development (Doctoral Thesis thesis). ETH Zurich. doi:10.3929/ethz-b-000562762. hdl:20.500.11850/562762.
  30. ^ Franck, Christian; Engelbrecht, Joseph T.; Muratovic, Mahir; Pietrzak, Paweł; Simka, Philipp; Club, Current Zero (2021-10-01). "Comparative Test Program Framework for Non-SF6 Switching Gases". B&H Electrical Engineering. 15 (1): 19–26. doi:10.2478/bhee-2021-0002. hdl:20.500.11850/508915. ISSN 2566-3151.
  31. ^ Chachereau, Alise; Hösl, Andreas; Franck, Christian (2018-12-12). "Electrical insulation properties of the perfluoronitrile C4F7N". Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics. 51 (49): 495201. Bibcode:2018JPhD...51W5201C. doi:10.1088/1361-6463/aae458. hdl:20.500.11850/308005. ISSN 0022-3727. S2CID 197515506.
  32. ^ "3M™ Novec™ 4710 Insulating Gas - Health & Safety Bulletin" (PDF). 3M. Retrieved 2023-09-29.
  33. ^ Li, Yi; Zhang, Xiaoxing; Zhang, Ji; Xiao, Song; Xie, Baojuan; Chen, Dachang; Gao, Yadong; Tang, Ju (April 2019). "Assessment on the toxicity and application risk of C4F7N: A new SF6 alternative gas". Journal of Hazardous Materials. 368: 653–660. doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.01.100. PMID 30731365. S2CID 73441498.
  34. ^ Siemens (2021-08-20). "The path to zero: F-gas-free power transmission". Siemens Energy. Retrieved 2023-03-06.
  35. ^ a b Smith, C., Z.R.J. Nicholls, K. Armour, W. Collins, P. Forster, M. Meinshausen, M.D. Palmer, and M. Watanabe, 2021: The Earth’s Energy Budget, Climate Feedbacks, and Climate Sensitivity Supplementary Material. In Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Masson-Delmotte, V., P. Zhai, A. Pirani, S.L. Connors, C. Péan, S. Berger, N. Caud, Y. Chen, L. Goldfarb, M.I. Gomis, M. Huang, K. Leitzell, E. Lonnoy, J.B.R. Matthews, T.K. Maycock, T. Waterfield, O. Yelekçi, R. Yu, and B. Zhou (eds.)]. Available from https://www.ipcc.ch/
  36. ^ Sulbaek Andersen, Mads P.; Kyte, Mildrid; Andersen, Simone Thirstrup; Nielsen, Claus J.; Nielsen, Ole John (2017-02-07). "Atmospheric Chemistry of (CF3)2CF–C≡N: A Replacement Compound for the Most Potent Industrial Greenhouse Gas, SF 6". Environmental Science & Technology. 51 (3): 1321–1329. Bibcode:2017EnST...51.1321S. doi:10.1021/acs.est.6b03758. ISSN 0013-936X. PMID 27936633.
  37. ^ Xiao, Ang; Zhang, Agnes; Bonk, Jason; Owens, John; DeLorme, Michael (2020-09-06). "Recent Development of Alternative Gases to SF6for High Voltage Electrical Power Applications". 2020 IEEE International Conference on High Voltage Engineering and Application (ICHVE). Beijing, China: IEEE. pp. 1–4. doi:10.1109/ICHVE49031.2020.9279952. ISBN 978-1-7281-5511-1. S2CID 229308526.
  38. ^ Blázquez, Sergio; Antiñolo, María; Nielsen, Ole J.; Albaladejo, José; Jiménez, Elena (November 2017). "Reaction kinetics of (CF3)2CFCN with OH radicals as a function of temperature (278–358 K): A good replacement for greenhouse SF6?". Chemical Physics Letters. 687: 297–302. Bibcode:2017CPL...687..297B. doi:10.1016/j.cplett.2017.09.039.
  39. ^ Perret, Maxime; Gatzsche, Michael; Berteloot, Thomas; Zehnder, Lukas; Kieffel, Yannick; Böhm, Moritz; Ficheux, Arnaud; Claessens, Max (2023). C4-FN mixtures for high-voltage equipment (PDF). GE Grid Solutions [fr]. ISBN 978-2-9588211-0-4. Retrieved 2023-08-07.
  40. ^ "Cigré Technical Brochure 849: Electric performance of new non-SF6 gases and gas mixtures for gas-insulated systems". Cigré. 2021.
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