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Lower Silesian Voivodeship

Coordinates: 51°07′N 17°02′E / 51.117°N 17.033°E / 51.117; 17.033
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(Redirected from Dolny Śląsk Voivodship)
For the historical region, see Lower Silesia.
Lower Silesian Voivodeship
Województwo dolnośląskie
Voivodeship
Flag of Lower Silesian Voivodeship
Flag
Coat of arms of Lower Silesian Voivodeship
Coat of arms
Official logo of Lower Silesian Voivodeship
Brandmark
Location within Poland
Location within Poland
Division into counties
Division into counties
Coordinates (Wrocław): 51°07′N 17°02′E / 51.117°N 17.033°E / 51.117; 17.033
CountryPoland
CapitalWrocław
Counties*
List
Government
 • VoivodeMaciej Awiżeń (pl) (PO)
 • MarshalPaweł Gancarz (pl) (PSL)
 • EPLower Silesian and Opole
Area
 • Total19,946.74 km2 (7,701.48 sq mi)
Population
 (2019-06-30[1])
 • Total2,899,986
 • Density150/km2 (380/sq mi)
 • Urban
1,986,877
 • Rural
913,109
GDP
[2]
 • Total€48.419 billion
 • Per capita€16,900
Time zoneUTC+1 (CET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)
ISO 3166 codePL-02
Vehicle registrationD
HDI (2021)0.889[3]
very high · 2nd
Primary airportWrocław Airport
Highways
Websitewww.umwd.dolnyslask.pl
  • Further divided into 169 gminas

Lower Silesian Voivodeship (Polish: Województwo dolnośląskie, [vɔjɛˈvut͡stfɔ dɔlnɔˈɕlɔ̃skjɛ] ⓘ) in southwestern Poland, is one of the 16 voivodeships (provinces) into which Poland is divided. It covers an area of 19,946 square kilometres (7,701 sq mi), and as of 2019 has a total population of 2,899,986.[citation needed]

It is one of the wealthiest provinces in Poland as natural resources such as copper, brown coal and rock materials are widely present.[4]

Its capital and largest city is Wrocław, situated on the Oder River. The voivodeship is host to several spa towns, many castles and palaces, and the Giant Mountains with several ski resorts. For this reason tourism is a large part of this region's economy.

History

[edit]

In the past 1,200 years, the region has been part of Great Moravia, the Medieval Kingdom of Poland, the Crown of Bohemia, Kingdom of Hungary, Habsburg monarchy (Austria), Kingdom of Prussia, the German Empire, and modern Poland after 1945.

The oldest known Polish written sentence in the Book of Henryków, now held by the Archdiocesan Museum in Wrocław

Silesian tribes settled the lands at the end of the first millennium after the Migration Period. In the 9th century, the region became part of Great Moravia under Svatopluk I of Moravia and in the 10th century, Mieszko I of the Piast dynasty eventually incorporated the region to Poland. The region withstood German invasions with decisive Polish victories at Niemcza (1017) and Głogów (1109), both commemorated with monuments. It was divided into small realms reigned by Silesian branches of Piast dukes after the testament of Bolesław III Wrymouth in 1138. Wrocław was mentioned as one of three centers of the Kingdom of Poland, along with Kraków and Sandomierz, in the early-12th-century Gesta principum Polonorum chronicle. In 1241, it was the place of the Battle of Legnica, the largest battle of the Mongol invasions of Poland. With the Ostsiedlung, the cultural and ethnic Germanic influence grew with an influx of immigrants from the German-speaking areas of the Holy Roman Empire, and since the 1330s when it was subjugated to the Kingdom of Bohemia, although large portions of Lower Silesia still formed Polish-ruled duchies under the houses of Piast, Jagiellon and Sobieski, some up to the 17th and 18th century. Chief medieval ducal capitals of the area were Wrocław, Legnica, Głogów, Świdnica and Jawor. Lower Silesia was, during the Middle Ages, one of Poland's cultural centers. The Book of Henryków (1273), which contains the earliest known sentence written in the Polish language, as well as a document which contains the oldest printed text in Polish, were both created within it.[5] The first granting of municipal privileges in Poland took place in the region, with the granting of rights for Złotoryja by Henry the Bearded. Medieval municipal rights modeled after Lwówek Śląski and Środa Śląska, both established by Henry the Bearded, became the basis of municipal form of government for several cities and towns in Poland, and two of five local Polish variants of medieval town rights. Burial sights of medieval Polish monarchs from the Piast dynasty are located in the province.

Early 20th-century view of the mausoleum of the last Piast dukes in the Church of St. John the Baptist in Legnica

In 1469, Lower Silesia passed to Hungary, and in 1490 it fell back to Bohemia, then ruled by the Jagiellonian dynasty, then together with it became part of the Habsburg monarchy (1526). In 1742/44, the territory was annexed by the Kingdom of Prussia, and subsequently became part of the German Empire (1871). Over the centuries, Lower Silesia has experienced several epochal events such as the Protestant Reformation, the Silesian Wars, Napoleonic Wars, industrialisation and the two World Wars. Before and during World War II, the region's Polish and Jewish populations were persecuted by Nazi Germany. During the war, Germany operated numerous prisons and camps in the region, most notably the Gross-Rosen concentration camp and Stalag VIII-A prisoner-of-war camp for Allied POWs of various nationalities, both with multiple subcamps scattered throughout the region and beyond, including forced labour camps at the Project Riese construction project. There was also a camp for kidnapped Polish children up to 5 years of age deemed "racially worthless" in Wąsosz,[6] and a youth prison in Wołów with several forced labour subcamps in the region,[7] whereas Kamieniec Ząbkowicki was the place of Aktion T4 murders of mentally ill children by involuntary euthanasia. In 1945, Lower Silesia was made again part of Poland as agreed at the post-war Potsdam Conference. As a consequence, Lower Silesia suffered a nearly total loss of its pre-war population between 1945 and 1950. Polish citizens dispossessed by the Soviets were then settled in the now emptied lands.[8]

The voivodeship was created on 1 January 1999 out of the former Wrocław, Legnica, Wałbrzych and Jelenia Góra Voivodeships, following the Polish local government reforms adopted in 1998.

Geography

[edit]
Historical regions in Lower Silesian Voivodeship and in Poland

Although much of the region is relatively low-lying, Lower Silesia includes the Sudeten Foreland, as well as part of the Sudetes mountain range, that runs along the Polish/Czech border. Ski resorts in the Lower Silesian Voivodeship include Karpacz and Szklarska Poręba in the Karkonosze mountains.

Lower Silesian Forest, the largest continuous forest of Poland, is mostly located within the voivodeship. The village of Henryków Lubański contains Poland's oldest tree, an over-1200-year-old yew, listed as a natural monument.

The voivodeship has a number of mineral springs and is host to a large number of spa towns. The highest point in the voivodeship is Mount Śnieżka (1603 m above sea level) while the lowest point is located in the Oder River Valley (69 m above sea level).[9]

Lower Silesian Voivodeship is bordered by Lubusz Voivodeship to the north-west, Greater Poland Voivodeship to the north-east, Opole Voivodeship to the south-east, the Czech Republic (Hradec Králové Region, Liberec Region, Olomouc Region and Pardubice Region) to the south, and Germany (Saxony) to the west.

Transport

[edit]

Wrocław Airport serves as an international and domestic airport.

Wrocław Główny is the largest railway station in Poland, serving an average of 21.2 million passengers annually. It offers the domestic and international connections of various carriers.

The A4 motorway,[10] A8 motorway, A18 motorway and S3 Expressway, S5 Expressway, S8 Expressway also run through the voivodeship.

Tourism

[edit]
Wrocław Town Hall

Tourism is important for Lower Silesian Voivodeship. There are 99 castles and hundreds of palaces. A lot are located Jelenia Góra Valley.

Wrocław being the largest city in the voivodeship has many sights and attractions, including the Market Square, the Cathedral Island and Wrocław's dwarfs. The Festival of Good Beer is held every year of June.

The annual international Chopin Festival is held in the Fryderyk Chopin Theatre in the town of Duszniki-Zdrój. Other major attraction of the town is the Museum of Papermaking, established in a 17th-century paper mill.

Śnieżka is the highest peak of the Lower Silesian Voivodeship and the whole of the Sudetes.

Śnieżka - the highest peak of the Lower Silesian Voivodeship

The voivodeship contains 11 spa towns (Długopole-Zdrój, Duszniki-Zdrój, Jedlina-Zdrój, Kudowa-Zdrój, Lądek-Zdrój, Polanica-Zdrój, Przerzeczyn-Zdrój, Szczawno-Zdrój, Świeradów-Zdrój), more than any other province of Poland.

There are various museums, including the major National Museum in Wrocław with the branch Racławice Panorama Museum, and the Archdiocese Museum in Wrocław, which contains the Book of Henryków. Wrocław also hosts the Post and Telecommunications Museum, Poland's chief museum dedicated to postal history. The Regional Museum in Środa Śląska holds the Środa Treasure, containing medieval gold and silver coins, jewellery and royal regalia, considered one of the most precious archaeological findings of 20th-century Europe. The Ossolineum in Wrocław is a National Institute and Library of great importance, and the Pan Tadeusz Museum, containing the manuscript of the Polish national epos, Pan Tadeusz by Adam Mickiewicz, serves as its branch. Bolesławiec, center of pottery production since the Middle Ages, hosts the Museum of Ceramics. The former gold mines in Złoty Stok and Złotoryja, tin and cobalt mine in Krobica, coal mine in Nowa Ruda and uranium ore mine in Kowary are available for tourists. There is also an underground tourist route in historic cellars under the old town of Kłodzko.

Museum of Papermaking in Duszniki-Zdrój

Lower Silesia boasts three World Heritage Sites and 15 Historic Monuments of Poland:

Main refectory of the Lubiąż Abbey

There are several burial sites of Polish monarchs and dukes from the Piast dynasty, including at Henryków, Lubiąż, Trzebnica, and several in Legnica and Wrocław. The Basilica of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary in Krzeszów and Church of St. John the Baptist in Legnica contain entire Baroque mausoleums of the Piast dukes from the Świdnica and Legnica lines, respectively.

Other rather unique historic structures include the Skull Chapel in Kudowa-Zdrój and the Vang Stave Church in Karpacz. The Ducal Tower in Siedlęcin contains one of the best preserved medieval frescos in Poland, and the world's only in situ depiction of Sir Lancelot.

World War II sites include the museum at the former Nazi German Gross-Rosen concentration camp and memorials at the sites of other Nazi camps and prisons and to the Polish resistance movement, etc. A portion of the underground structures built as part of the unfinished Nazi German Project Riese is available for tourists.

There are also the Kłodzko and Srebrna Góra fortresses, which initially served for military purposes, and during World War II as German prisons for prisoners of various nationalities, especially Polish.

Protected areas

[edit]
Mount Ślęża
"Hell" on Szczeliniec Wielki (Table Mountains National Park)
Snowy Pits
Bear's Cave
Project Riese, Owl Mountains

Protected areas in Lower Silesian Voivodeship:

and many areas of Natura 2000 network.

Tourist routes

[edit]

Economy

[edit]
Bielany Avenue (pl. Aleja Bielany) - the largest shopping center in Poland

The gross domestic product (GDP) of the province was 41.1 billion euro in 2018, accounting for 8.3% of the Polish economic output. GDP per capita adjusted for purchasing power was €23,400 or 78% of the EU27 average in the same year. The GDP per employee was 85% of the EU average. Lower Silesia Voivodeship is the province with the second highest GDP per capita in Poland.[18]

GDP per capita in Lower Silesian Voivodeship and Poland
Lower Silesian Voivodeship GDP per capita Poland GDP per capita
2000 $10 440 (+2.8%) 2000 $10 140 (+4.0%)
2005 $13 060 (+4.9%) 2005 $12 600 (+3.5%)
2006 $13 700 (+7.3%) 2006 $13 020 (+6.2%)
2007 $14 980 (+9.5%) 2007 $13 760 (+6.5%)
2008 $16 030 (+7.2%) 2008 $14 450 (+5.0%)
2009 $16 350 (+2.0%) 2009 $14 720 (+1.9%)

Cities and towns

[edit]
Wrocław
Wałbrzych
Jelenia Góra
Głogów
Historical population
YearPop.±%
19882,948,212—    
20022,907,212−1.4%
20112,915,241+0.3%
20212,904,894−0.4%
Source: [19]

The voivodeship contains 8 cities and 83 towns. The cities, governed by a city mayor (Polish: prezydent miasta), are listed below in descending order of population (as of 2019):[1]

Cities

[edit]
  1. Wrocław (674,132)
  2. Wałbrzych city county (111,896)
  3. Legnica city county (99,486)
  4. Jelenia Góra city county (79,200)
  5. Lubin (72,428)
  6. Głogów (66,120)
  7. Świdnica (56.803)
  8. Bolesławiec (38,852)

Towns

[edit]
  1. Oleśnica (37,169)
  2. Dzierżoniów (33,239)
  3. Oława (33,029)
  4. Zgorzelec (30,374)
  5. Bielawa (29,971)
  6. Kłodzko (26,845)
  7. Jawor (22,890)
  8. Świebodzice (22,793)
  9. Polkowice (22,480)
  10. Nowa Ruda (22,067)
  11. Lubań (21,087)
  12. Kamienna Góra (19,010)
  13. Bogatynia (17,436)
  14. Strzegom (16,106)
  15. Jelcz-Laskowice (15,803)
  16. Złotoryja (15,564)
  17. Boguszów-Gorce (15,368)
  18. Ząbkowice Śląskie (15,004)
  19. Chojnów (13,355)
  20. Trzebnica (13,331)
  21. Brzeg Dolny (12,511)
  22. Strzelin (12,460)
  23. Wołów (12,373)
  24. Góra (11,797)
  25. Milicz (11,304)
  26. Kowary (10,869)
  27. Syców (10,397)
  28. Bystrzyca Kłodzka (10,134)
  29. Kudowa-Zdrój (9,892)
  30. Środa Śląska (9,516)
  31. Oborniki Śląskie (9,099)
  32. Lwówek Śląski (8,869)
  33. Ziębice (8,708)
  34. Siechnice (8,113)
  35. Chocianów (7,892)
  36. Pieszyce (7,123)
  37. Kąty Wrocławskie (6,994)
  38. Sobótka (6,981)
  39. Żarów (6,719)
  40. Twardogóra (6,692)
  41. Gryfów Śląski (6,636)
  42. Szklarska Poręba (6,557)
  43. Żmigród (6,435)
  44. Piława Górna (6,412)
  45. Głuszyca (6,361)
  46. Polanica-Zdrój (6,324)
  47. Piechowice (6,194)
  48. Przemków (6,107)
  49. Lubawka (6,028)
  50. Pieńsk (5,828)
  51. Stronie Śląskie (5,709)
  52. Szczawno-Zdrój (5,608)
  53. Ścinawa (5,582)
  54. Lądek-Zdrój (5,572)
  55. Szczytna (5,141)
  56. Jaworzyna Śląska (5,124)
  57. Bolków (4,990)
  58. Bierutów (4,867)
  59. Jedlina-Zdrój (4,828)
  60. Karpacz (4,593)
  61. Duszniki-Zdrój (4,584)
  62. Leśna (4,439)
  63. Olszyna (4,348)
  64. Nowogrodziec (4,243)
  65. Zawidów (4,180)
  66. Świeradów-Zdrój (4,147)
  67. Mieroszów (4,070)
  68. Mirsk (3,886)
  69. Wojcieszów (3,668)
  70. Prochowice (3,602)
  71. Niemcza (2,965)
  72. Węgliniec (2,846)
  73. Złoty Stok (2,758)
  74. Wąsosz (2,662)
  75. Międzylesie (2,575)
  76. Bardo (2,562)
  77. Radków (2,406)
  78. Międzybórz (2,341)
  79. Świerzawa (2,286)
  80. Prusice (2,243)
  81. Wiązów (2,241)
  82. Lubomierz (1,979)
  83. Wleń (1,759)
  84. Kamieniec Ząbkowicki
  85. Miękinia

Administrative division

[edit]
Map of the powiats (counties)
The Skull Chapel in Kudowa-Zdrój
The Church of Peace in Świdnica is a UNESCO World Heritage Site

Lower Silesian Voivodeship is divided into 30 counties (powiaty), four of which are city counties. These are further divided into 169 gminy.

Cistercian Lubiąż Abbey

Lower Silesia is divided into three additional delegation districts governed by the provincial government, with Wrocław serving as the capital of the administrative region:[20]

800-year old Vang Stave Church in Karpacz
Abbey of the Order of Saint Benedict in Krzeszów
Sobieski Castle in Oława

The counties are listed in the following table (ordering within categories is by decreasing population).

English and
Polish names 		Area
(km2) 		Population
(2019) 		Seat Other towns Total
gminas
City counties
Wrocław 293 641,607 1
Wałbrzych 84.70 111,896 1
Legnica 56.29 99,486 1
Jelenia Góra 109.22 79,200 1
Land counties
Kłodzko County
powiat kłodzki 		1643.37 158,600 Kłodzko Nowa Ruda, Bystrzyca Kłodzka, Kudowa-Zdrój, Polanica-Zdrój, Stronie Śląskie, Lądek-Zdrój, Szczytna, Duszniki-Zdrój, Międzylesie, Radków 14
Świdnica County
powiat świdnicki 		742.89 157,178 Świdnica Świebodzice, Strzegom, Żarów, Jaworzyna Śląska 8
Wrocław County
powiat wrocławski 		1116.15 148,663 Wrocław* Sobótka, Kąty Wrocławskie, Siechnice 9
Oleśnica County
powiat oleśnicki 		1049.74 107,090 Oleśnica Syców, Twardogóra, Bierutów, Międzybórz 8
Lubin County
powiat lubiński 		711.99 106,211 Lubin Ścinawa 4
Dzierżoniów County
powiat dzierżoniowski 		478.34 101,118 Dzierżoniów Bielawa, Gola Dzierżoniowska, Niemcza, Pieszyce, Piława Górna 7
Bolesławiec County
powiat bolesławiecki 		1303.26 90,108 Bolesławiec Nowogrodziec 6
Zgorzelec County
powiat zgorzelecki 		838.11 89,612 Zgorzelec Bogatynia, Pieńsk, Zawidów, Węgliniec 7
Głogów County
powiat głogowski 		443.06 89,319 Głogów 6
Trzebnica County
powiat trzebnicki 		1025.55 85,092 Trzebnica Oborniki Śląskie, Żmigród, Prusice 6
Oława County
powiat oławski 		523.73 76,723 Oława Jelcz-Laskowice 4
Ząbkowice Śląskie County
powiat ząbkowicki 		801.75 65,104 Ząbkowice Śląskie Ziębice, Złoty Stok, Bardo, Kamieniec Ząbkowicki 7
Jelenia Góra County
powiat jeleniogórski 		628.21 63,639 Jelenia Góra* Kowary, Szklarska Poręba, Piechowice, Karpacz 9
Polkowice County
powiat polkowicki 		779.93 62,948 Polkowice Chocianów, Przemków 6
Wałbrzych County
powiat wałbrzyski 		430.22 55,820 Wałbrzych* Boguszów-Gorce, Głuszyca, Szczawno-Zdrój, Jedlina-Zdrój, Mieroszów 9
Legnica County
powiat legnicki 		744.60 55,318 Legnica* Chojnów, Prochowice 8
Środa Śląska County
powiat średzki 		703.68 54,646 Środa Śląska Miękinia 5
Lubań County
powiat lubański 		428.30 54,493 Lubań Olszyna, Leśna, Świeradów-Zdrój 7
Jawor County
powiat jaworski 		581.25 50,315 Jawor Bolków 6
Wołów County
powiat wołowski 		675.00 46,914 Wołów Brzeg Dolny 3
Lwówek Śląski County
powiat lwówecki 		709.94 45,975 Lwówek Śląski Gryfów Śląski, Mirsk, Wleń, Lubomierz 5
Złotoryja County
powiat złotoryjski 		575.45 43,719 Złotoryja Wojcieszów, Świerzawa 6
Strzelin County
powiat strzeliński 		622.27 43,713 Strzelin Wiązów 5
Kamienna Góra County
powiat kamiennogórski 		396.13 43,429 Kamienna Góra Lubawka 4
Milicz County
powiat milicki 		715.01 37,003 Milicz 3
Góra County
powiat górowski 		738.11 35,047 Góra Wąsosz 4
* seat not part of the county

Governors

[edit]
Name Period
Witold Krochmal 4 January 1999 – 22 October 2001
Ryszard Nawrat 22 October 2001 – 21 March 2003
Stanisław Łopatowski 31 March 2003 – 21 December 2005
Krzysztof Grzelczyk 21 December 2005 – 29 November 2007
Rafał Jurkowlaniec 29 November 2007 – 1 December 2010
Aleksander Skorupa 28 December 2010 – 11 March 2014
Tomasz Smolarz (Civic Platform) 12 March 2014 – 8 December 2015
Paweł Hreniak (Law and Justice) 8 December 2015 – 11 November 2019
Jarosław Obremski (Law and Justice) 5 December 2019 – 22 December 2023
Maciej Awiżeń (Civic Platform) 22 December 2023 –

Sports

[edit]
Wrocław Stadium, one of the arenas of the UEFA Euro 2012 and home venue of the Śląsk Wrocław football team
Lubin Stadium, home venue of the Zagłębie Lubin football team
Olympic Stadium, one of the arenas of the Speedway Grand Prix of Poland and home venue of the Sparta Wrocław speedway team and Panthers Wrocław American football team

Speedway, football, basketball, handball and volleyball enjoy the largest following in the voivodeship with several accomplished teams.

Professional sports teams
Club Sport League Trophies
Śląsk Wrocław Basketball (men's) Polish Basketball League 18 Polish Championships
14 Polish Cups
Górnik Wałbrzych Basketball (men's) Polish Basketball League 2 Polish Championships (1982, 1988)
Ślęza Wrocław Basketball (women's) Basket Liga Kobiet 2 Polish Championships (1987, 2017)
BC Polkowice Basketball (women's) Basket Liga Kobiet 5 Polish Championships
6 Polish Cups
Śląsk Wrocław Handball (men's) Liga Centralna (2nd tier) 15 Polish Championships
7 Polish Cups
SPR Chrobry Głogów Handball (men's) Polish Superliga 0
Zagłębie Lubin Handball (men's) Polish Superliga 1 Polish Championship (2007)
1 Polish Cup (1993)
Miedź Legnica Handball (men's) Liga Centralna (2nd tier) 0
Zagłębie Lubin Handball (women's) Superliga 5 Polish Championships
9 Polish Cups
KPR Kobierzyce Handball (women's) Superliga 1 Polish Cup (2022)
MKS Jelenia Góra Handball (women's) Liga Centralna (2nd tier) 0
Dziewiątka Legnica Handball (women's) Liga Centralna (2nd tier) 0
Sparta Wrocław Speedway Ekstraliga 5 Polish Championships
Śląsk Wrocław Football (men's) Ekstraklasa 2 Polish Championships (1977, 2012)
2 Polish Cups (1976, 1987)
Zagłębie Lubin Football (men's) Ekstraklasa 2 Polish Championships (1991, 2007)
Miedź Legnica Football (men's) I liga (2nd tier) 1 Polish Cup (1992)
Chrobry Głogów Football (men's) I liga (2nd tier) 0
Śląsk Wrocław Football (women's) Ekstraliga 0
Gwardia Wrocław Volleyball (men's) I liga (2nd tier) 3 Polish Championships
1 Polish Cup (1981)
Gwardia Wrocław Volleyball (women's) Tauron Liga 0
Cuprum Lubin Volleyball (men's) PlusLiga 0
Panthers Wrocław American football European League of Football 4 Polish Championships
Jaguars Kąty Wrocławskie American football Polish Football League 0

Since the establishment of the province, various major international sports competitions were co-hosted by the province, including the EuroBasket 2009, 2009 Women's European Volleyball Championship, 2010 Acrobatic Gymnastics World Championships, UEFA Euro 2012, 2014 FIVB Volleyball Men's World Championship, 2016 European Men's Handball Championship, 2017 World Games.

Curiosities

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b "Population. Size and structure and vital statistics in Poland by territorial division in 2019. As of 30th June". stat.gov.pl. Statistics Poland. 15 October 2019. Retrieved 14 February 2020.
  2. ^ "EU regions by GDP, Eurostat". Retrieved 18 September 2023.
  3. ^ "Sub-national HDI - Subnational HDI - Global Data Lab". globaldatalab.org. Radboud University Nijmegen. Retrieved 13 December 2021.
  4. ^ "Past and Present Regions of Poland – Lower Silesia". Archived from the original on 20 July 2016. Retrieved 10 March 2017.
  5. ^ Allen Kent, Harold Lancour, Jay E. Daily, Encyclopedia of Library and Information Science, CRC Press, 1978, pg. 3, [1]
  6. ^ Magdelena Sierocińska. "Eksterminacja "niewartościowych rasowo" dzieci polskich robotnic przymusowych na terenie III Rzeszy w świetle postępowań prowadzonych przez Oddziałową Komisję Ścigania Zbrodni przeciwko Narodowi Polskiemu w Poznaniu". Instytut Pamięci Narodowej (in Polish). Retrieved 28 May 2024.
  7. ^ "Jugendgefängnis Wohlau". Bundesarchiv.de (in German). Retrieved 28 May 2024.
  8. ^ "Kresowianie nie mieli wyboru, musieli jechać na zachód, interview with Professor Grzegorz Hryciuk,". wyborcza.pl (in Polish). 20 December 2010. Retrieved 27 December 2023.
  9. ^ "Położenie". dolnyslask.poland.com (in Polish). Retrieved 27 December 2023.
  10. ^ "Dolnośląskie (Lower Silesia)". paih.gov.pl. Retrieved 27 December 2023.
  11. ^ Rozporządzenie Prezydenta Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej z dnia 13 kwietnia 2005 r. w sprawie uznania za pomnik historii, Dz. U., 2005, vol. 64, No. 570
  12. ^ a b Rozporządzenie Prezydenta Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej z dnia 6 marca 2024 r. w sprawie uznania za pomnik historii "Kamieniec Ząbkowicki - zespół architektoniczno-krajobrazowy", Dz. U., 2024, No. 410
  13. ^ Rozporządzenie Prezydenta Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej z dnia 14 kwietnia 2004 r. w sprawie uznania za pomnik historii, Dz. U., 2004, vol. 102, No. 1057
  14. ^ Rozporządzenie Prezydenta Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej z dnia 14 kwietnia 2004 r. w sprawie uznania za pomnik historii, Dz. U., 2004, vol. 102, No. 1056
  15. ^ Rozporządzenie Prezydenta Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej z dnia 14 kwietnia 2004 r. w sprawie uznania za pomnik historii, Dz. U., 2004, vol. 102, No. 1058
  16. ^ Rozporządzenie Prezydenta Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej z dnia 22 października 2012 r. w sprawie uznania za pomnik historii "Strzegom - kościół pod wezwaniem św. św. Apostołów Piotra i Pawła", Dz. U., 2012, No. 1241
  17. ^ "Dolnośląski Szlak Piwa i Wina".
  18. ^ "Regional GDP per capita ranged from 30% to 263% of the EU average in 2018". Eurostat.
  19. ^ "Statistics Poland - National Censuses".
  20. ^ Internet, JSK. "Delegatury Urzędu – Dolnośląski Urząd Wojewódzki". Archived from the original on 31 May 2013. Retrieved 10 March 2017.
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Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Dolnośląskie.
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