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In [[plate tectonics]], a '''divergent boundary''' or '''divergent plate boundary''' (also known as a '''constructive boundary''' or an ''' |
''''''''Bold text'''In [[plate tectonics]], a '''divergent boundary''' or '''divergent plate boundary''' (also known as a '''constructive boundary''' or an '''hmmmm yay .ary''') is a linear feature that exists between two [[List of tectonic plates|tectonic plates]] that are moving away from each other. Divergent boundaries within [[continents]] initially produce [[rift (geology)|rifts]] which produce [[rift valley]]s. Most active divergent plate boundaries occur between [[Oceanic crust|oceanic plate]]s and exist as [[mid-oceanic ridge]]s. Divergent boundaries also form [[volcanic islands]] which occur when the plates move apart to produce gaps which molten lava rises to fill. |
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Current research indicates that complex [[convection]] within the [[Earth]]'s [[Mantle (geology)|mantle]] allows material to rise to the base of the [[lithosphere]] beneath each divergent plate boundary.<ref> |
Current research indicates that complex [[convection]] within the [[Earth]]'s [[Mantle (geology)|mantle]] allows material to rise to the base of the [[lithosphere]] beneath each divergent plate boundary.<ref> |
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[[Image:Bridge across continents iceland.jpg|thumb|250px|Bridge across the [[Álfagjá]] [[rift valley]] in southwest [[Iceland]], that is part of the boundary between the Eurasian and North American continental tectonic plates.]] |
[[Image:Bridge across continents iceland.jpg|thumb|250px|Bridge across the [[Álfagjá]] [[rift valley]] in southwest [[Iceland]], that is part of the boundary between the Eurasian and North American continental tectonic plates.]] |
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At divergent boundaries, two plates move apart from each other and the space that this creates is filled with new crustal material sourced from molten [[magma]] that forms below. The origin of new divergent boundaries at [[triple junction]]s is sometimes thought to be |
At divergent boundaries, two plates move apart from each other and the space that this creates is filled with new crustal material sourced from molten [[magma]] that forms below. The origin of new divergent boundaries at [[triple junction]]s is sometimes thought to be ass'''ociated with''''''Italic text'''' the phenomenon known as [[hotspot (geology)|hotspots]]. Here, exceedingly large convective cells bring very large quantities of hot asthenospheric material near the surface and the [[kinetic energy]] is thought to be sufficient to break apart the lithosphere. The hot spot which may have initiated the Mid-Atlantic Ridge system currently underlies Iceland which is widening at a rate of a few centimeters per year. |
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Divergent boundaries are typified in the oceanic lithosphere by the rifts of the oceanic ridge system, including the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and the [[East Pacific Rise]], and in the continental lithosphere by [[rift valley]]s such as the famous East African [[East African Rift|Great Rift Valley]]. Divergent boundaries can create massive fault zones in the oceanic ridge system. Spreading is generally not uniform, so where spreading rates of adjacent ridge blocks are different, massive transform faults occur. These are the [[fracture zone]]s, many bearing names, that are a major source of [[submarine]] earthquakes. A sea floor map will show a rather strange pattern of blocky structures that are separated by [[:File:World Distribution of Mid-Oceanic Ridges.gif|linear features]] perpendicular to the ridge axis. If one views the sea floor between the fracture zones as conveyor belts carrying the ridge on each side of the rift away from the spreading center the action becomes clear. Crest depths of the old ridges, parallel to the current spreading center, will be older and deeper... (from thermal contraction and [[subsidence]]).{{Citation needed|date=January 2008}} |
Divergent boundaries are typified in the oceanic lithosphere by the rifts of the oceanic ridge system, including the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and the [[East Pacific Rise]], and in the continental lithosphere by [[rift valley]]s such as the famous East African [[East African Rift|Great Rift Valley]]. Divergent boundaries can create massive fault zones in the oceanic ridge system. Spreading is generally not uniform, so where spreading rates of adjacent ridge blocks are different, massive transform faults occur. These are the [[fracture zone]]s, many bearing names, that are a major source of [[submarine]] earthquakes. A sea floor map will show a rather strange pattern of blocky structures that are separated by [[:File:World Distribution of Mid-Oceanic Ridges.gif|linear features]] perpendicular to the ridge axis. If one views the sea floor between the fracture zones as conveyor belts carrying the ridge on each side of the rift away from the spreading center the action becomes clear. Crest depths of the old ridges, parallel to the current spreading center, will be older and deeper... (from thermal contraction and [[subsidence]]).{{Citation needed|date=January 2008}} |
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Revision as of 13:12, 5 March 2013
'''Bold textIn plate tectonics, a divergent boundary or divergent plate boundary (also known as a constructive boundary or an hmmmm yay .ary) is a linear feature that exists between two tectonic plates that are moving away from each other. Divergent boundaries within continents initially produce rifts which produce rift valleys. Most active divergent plate boundaries occur between oceanic plates and exist as mid-oceanic ridges. Divergent boundaries also form volcanic islands which occur when the plates move apart to produce gaps which molten lava rises to fill.
Current research indicates that complex convection within the Earth's mantle allows material to rise to the base of the lithosphere beneath each divergent plate boundary.[1] This supplies the area with vast amounts of heat and a reduction in pressure that melts rock from the asthenosphere (or upper mantle) beneath the rift area forming large flood basalt or lava flows. Each eruption occurs in only a part of the plate boundary at any one time, but when it does occur, it fills in the opening gap as the two opposing plates move away from each other.
Over millions of years, tectonic plates may move many hundreds of kilometers away from both sides of a divergent plate boundary. Because of this, rocks closest to a boundary are younger than rocks further away on the same plate.
Description
At divergent boundaries, two plates move apart from each other and the space that this creates is filled with new crustal material sourced from molten magma that forms below. The origin of new divergent boundaries at triple junctions is sometimes thought to be ass'ociated with'Italic text' the phenomenon known as hotspots. Here, exceedingly large convective cells bring very large quantities of hot asthenospheric material near the surface and the kinetic energy is thought to be sufficient to break apart the lithosphere. The hot spot which may have initiated the Mid-Atlantic Ridge system currently underlies Iceland which is widening at a rate of a few centimeters per year.
Divergent boundaries are typified in the oceanic lithosphere by the rifts of the oceanic ridge system, including the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and the East Pacific Rise, and in the continental lithosphere by rift valleys such as the famous East African Great Rift Valley. Divergent boundaries can create massive fault zones in the oceanic ridge system. Spreading is generally not uniform, so where spreading rates of adjacent ridge blocks are different, massive transform faults occur. These are the fracture zones, many bearing names, that are a major source of submarine earthquakes. A sea floor map will show a rather strange pattern of blocky structures that are separated by linear features perpendicular to the ridge axis. If one views the sea floor between the fracture zones as conveyor belts carrying the ridge on each side of the rift away from the spreading center the action becomes clear. Crest depths of the old ridges, parallel to the current spreading center, will be older and deeper... (from thermal contraction and subsidence).[citation needed]
It is at mid-ocean ridges that one of the key pieces of evidence forcing acceptance of the seafloor spreading hypothesis was found. Airborne geomagnetic surveys showed a strange pattern of symmetrical magnetic reversals on opposite sides of ridge centers. The pattern was far too regular to be coincidental as the widths of the opposing bands were too closely matched. Scientists had been studying polar reversals and the link was made by Lawrence W. Morley, Frederick John Vine and Drummond Hoyle Matthews in the Morley–Vine–Matthews hypothesis. The magnetic banding directly corresponds with the Earth's polar reversals. This was confirmed by measuring the ages of the rocks within each band. The banding furnishes a map in time and space of both spreading rate and polar reversals.
Examples
- The Mid-Atlantic Ridge
- Red Sea Rift
- Baikal Rift Zone
- East African Rift
- East Pacific Rise
- Gakkel Ridge
- Galapagos Rise
- Explorer Ridge
- Juan de Fuca Ridge
- Pacific-Antarctic Ridge
- West Antarctic Rift
Other plate boundary types
See also
References
- ^ Toshiro Tanimoto, Thorne Lay (November 7, 2000). "Mantle dynamics and seismic tomography". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 97 (23): 12409–10. Bibcode:2000PNAS...9712409T. doi:10.1073/pnas.210382197. PMC 34063. PMID 11035784.
