Whittle Rock

Whittle Rock is a granite corestone reef and navigation hazard in False Bay, Western Cape, South Africa.^[1]^[2]^[3] The reef rises from a sandy bottom at about 40 m, to a minimum depth of 3.2 m, and is a well known fishing site and recreational diving area. It has an area of about 1 km², and can affect the waves at the shore in Kalk Bay in special conditions of a long southeasterly swell. It is marked by a cardinal east buoy with sound and light signals.

Location and extent

Whittle Rock is about 8 km to the east of Miller's Point which is on the coast of the Cape Peninsula just south of Simon's Town, on the west side of False Bay, at 34°14.846′S 18°33.714′E / 34.247433°S 18.561900°E / -34.247433; 18.561900^[2] The contiguous reef is a bit over 1 km east to west, and a bit under 1 km north to south. There are several outliers in the order of 100 m size range, within 100m of the main reef, and a lot more that are smaller. Several other granite outcrops and clusters of smaller size and greater depth exist in the vicinity. The official depth of the top of the reef is 3.2m below datum.^[2]

Bathymetry and topography

Minimum depth according to the chart is 3.2 m at low tide, and maximum depth at the edge of the reef is about 42 m in the south. Almost the entire reef is above 40 m, the maximum depth for most recreational diving, Most of the reef is above 30 m, the general limit for recreational diving, and a fairly large amount above 18 m, the usual limit for most entry level scuba certification to ISO 24801-2 autonomous diver.^[4]

The reef comprises a series of primary ridges with approximately northwest–southeast alignment, and secondary jointing across the main ridges, with associated relatively narrow gullies in a generally north–south direction, as can be seen from the multibeam sonar image.

Geology

Whittle Rock and the other reefs of this part of False Bay are outcrops of the Peninsula Granite, a huge batholith that was intruded into the Malmesbury Group about 630 million years ago as molten rock and crystallised deep in the earth, but has since then been exposed by prolonged erosion. The characteristic spheroidal shapes of granite boulders are a result of preferential weathering along intersecting fractures and are well displayed above sea level around Llandudno and Simonstown. Close up, the granite is a coarse-grained rock consisting of large (2–5 cm) white or pink feldspar crystals, glassy brown quartz and flakes of black mica, and occasionally containing inclusions of dark Malmesbury hornfels.^[3]

Though initially intruded at great depth, prolonged erosion eventually exposed the granite at the surface, and it and what remains of the similarly eroded Malmesbury group now form a basement upon which younger sedimentary rocks of the Table Mountain Group were deposited.^[5]

Almost all the exposed granite has been extensively weathered and is in the form of rounded corestones. The colour is generally pale to medium grey, and the surface is typically fairly rough, with clearly visible crystals, and no layered structure. The massive rock is cracked on jointing planes, in directions which tend to be characteristic of the location, and weathering and erosion has accentuated these joints, in places widening them to form deep gullies. The general direction and spacing of joints in some areas is fairly consistent over quite large areas.

There are areas of rubble, gravel, pebbles, and shell along the edges of the reef, with much of the pebbled area to the north, but the surrounding surficial unconsolidated material is predominantly fine sand at depths from 30 to 42 m. There are also scattered sand patches in locally low areas, and these often have a relatively high shell content.

History

In 1672 the Dutch warship Goudvinck was stationed at the Cape and was instructed to survey False Bay, but it is not known how much was done before they were recalled. Simon van der Stel, appointed commander of the station in 1679, sailed False Bay in November 1687 on the ship De Noord, took the earliest recorded soundings, and described the islands, reefs and shoreline of the bay. By the end of the 17th century the general bathymetry was known.^[6]

The Whittle Rock reef is named after a lieutenant Whittle of the Royal Navy, who surveyed parts of False Bay after HMS Indent was damaged off Miller's Point soon after the first British occupation of the Cape in 1795.^[7]

There are two shipwrecks associated with the reef: The British East Indiaman Euphrates, and HMS Trident, both of which are reported to have sunk after striking the reef, but the positions of their wrecks are not recorded, though there are several large anchors of appropriate age known on the reef.^[8]

Navigational hazard

Whittle Rock is a significant navigational hazard due to its depth and position, though very few large ships enter the bay, as fishing is limited and it is off the shipping lanes. However False Bay is occasionally used for shelter in storms. The reef is marked by a cardinal east buoy, with sound and light signals. The seas occasionally break over the top of the reef, but the shallow area is small and not easily seen in a rough sea.^[2] The reef is marked by a Cardinal East marker moored at S34°14.876' E18°33.709', about 50 m south of the main pinnacle.

Influence on wave propagation

The reef at Whittle Rock can focus longer period south-easterly waves on Kalk Bay. This is unusual and associated with a cut-off low pressure system causing the south-easterly winds to blow for an unusually long time over enough fetch to develop a sea sufficiently for it to be refracted by the shoal area.^[9]^: App3

Economic importance

Whittle Rock is a well known area for artisanal and recreational line fishing, and a moderately popular recreational scuba diving area.

Recreational dive sites

Most of the recreational dive sites of False Bay, including some on the Whittle Rock reef, are in the Table Mountain National Park Marine Protected Area. A permit is required to scuba dive in any MPA in South Africa. These permits are valid for a year and are available at some branches of the Post Office.^[10] Temporary permits, valid for a month, may be available at dive shops or from dive boat operators who operate in an MPA. A personal recreational scuba diving permit is valid in all South African MPAs where recreational diving is allowed. The business permit to operate recreational scuba business operations in an MPA is restricted to a specific MPA. Diving for commercial or scientific purposes is also subject to permit. Whittle Rock has a number of recreational dive sites which have been identified by position and named.^[11] Some of them are listed here (north to south):

North-west Passage: 34°14.650′S 18°33.125′E / 34.244167°S 18.552083°E / -34.244167; 18.552083
Kelly's Anchor: 34°14.687′S 18°33.612′E / 34.244783°S 18.560200°E / -34.244783; 18.560200
Shards Cluster: 34°14.704′S 18°33.763′E / 34.245067°S 18.562717°E / -34.245067; 18.562717
Riaan and Sven's anchor: 34°14.735′S 18°33.590′E / 34.245583°S 18.559833°E / -34.245583; 18.559833
East Ridge North Pinnacle: 34°14.742′S 18°33.843′E / 34.245700°S 18.564050°E / -34.245700; 18.564050
Fractal Zones: 34°14.750′S 18°33.200′E / 34.245833°S 18.553333°E / -34.245833; 18.553333
North-west corner pinnacles: 34°14.750′S 18°33.482′E / 34.245833°S 18.558033°E / -34.245833; 18.558033
September anchor: 34°14.762′S 18°33.575′E / 34.246033°S 18.559583°E / -34.246033; 18.559583
Whittle Rock North-west Pinnacle: 34°14.765′S 18°33.622′E / 34.246083°S 18.560367°E / -34.246083; 18.560367
Euphrates anchors: 34°14.776′S 18°33.801′E / 34.246267°S 18.563350°E / -34.246267; 18.563350, 34°14.783′S 18°33.790′E / 34.246383°S 18.563167°E / -34.246383; 18.563167 and 34°14.783′S 18°33.795′E / 34.246383°S 18.563250°E / -34.246383; 18.563250
Billy's anchor: 34°14.777′S 18°33.734′E / 34.246283°S 18.562233°E / -34.246283; 18.562233
JJ's anchor: 34°14.781′S 18°33.720′E / 34.246350°S 18.562000°E / -34.246350; 18.562000
Little anchor: 34°14.785″S 18°33.666′E / 34.00410694°S 18.561100°E / -34.00410694; 18.561100
Peter's Ridge: 34°14.800′S 18°33.160′E / 34.246667°S 18.552667°E / -34.246667; 18.552667
Criss-cross Cracks: 34°14.830′S 18°33.879′E / 34.247167°S 18.564650°E / -34.247167; 18.564650
Bruce's Reef: 34°14.824′S 18°33.318′E / 34.247067°S 18.555300°E / -34.247067; 18.555300
Whittle Rock West Pinnacle: 34°14.844′S 18°33.682′E / 34.247400°S 18.561367°E / -34.247400; 18.561367
Whittle Rock (Shallowest pinnacle): 34°14.846′S 18°33.714′E / 34.247433°S 18.561900°E / -34.247433; 18.561900, about 8 km offshore
Whaleback Pinnacles: 34°14.850′S 18°33.508′E / 34.247500°S 18.558467°E / -34.247500; 18.558467
Whittle Rock Western Reef Pinnacle: 34°14.856′S 18°33.269′E / 34.247600°S 18.554483°E / -34.247600; 18.554483, inside the TMNPMPA
Marc's anchor: 34°14.856′S 18°33.716′E / 34.247600°S 18.561933°E / -34.247600; 18.561933
Gullies: 34°14.872′S 18°33.454′E / 34.247867°S 18.557567°E / -34.247867; 18.557567
Whittle Rock South-east Pinnacle: 34°14.887′S 18°33.775′E / 34.248117°S 18.562917°E / -34.248117; 18.562917
Whaleback Rock: 34°14.900′S 18°33.635′E / 34.248333°S 18.560583°E / -34.248333; 18.560583
South east pinnacle chain (Neptune's bath plug): 34°14.917′S 18°33.753′E / 34.248617°S 18.562550°E / -34.248617; 18.562550
Flash pinnacle: 34°14.931′S 18°33.718′E / 34.248850°S 18.561967°E / -34.248850; 18.561967
Georgina's anchor: 34°14.935′S 18°33.784′E / 34.248917°S 18.563067°E / -34.248917; 18.563067
M&M Tower (the Spark plug): 34°14.943′S 18°33.549′E / 34.249050°S 18.559150°E / -34.249050; 18.559150
Cave Complex reef: 34°14.943′S 18°33.616′E / 34.249050°S 18.560267°E / -34.249050; 18.560267
Bus Stop (the Gnarly wall): 34°14.945′S 18°33.573′E / 34.249083°S 18.559550°E / -34.249083; 18.559550
Wreckless Rock and the Little Labyrinth: 34°14.949′S 18°33.707′E / 34.249150°S 18.561783°E / -34.249150; 18.561783
Table Top pinnacle: 34°14.968′S 18°33.668′E / 34.249467°S 18.561133°E / -34.249467; 18.561133
Mossie's Cave and pinnacle: 34°14.972′S 18°33.420′E / 34.249533°S 18.557000°E / -34.249533; 18.557000
Grant's Spike (South-western pinnacles): 34°14.991′S 18°33.450′E / 34.249850°S 18.557500°E / -34.249850; 18.557500
Grant's Wall: 34°15.003′S 18°33.445′E / 34.250050°S 18.557417°E / -34.250050; 18.557417
Labyrinth: 34°15.004′S 18°33.580′E / 34.250067°S 18.559667°E / -34.250067; 18.559667
Labyrinth South Pinnacle: 34°15.048′S 18°33.606′E / 34.250800°S 18.560100°E / -34.250800; 18.560100
Deep South Pinnacle: 34°15.103′S 18°33.603′E / 34.251717°S 18.560050°E / -34.251717; 18.560050

Ecology and conservation

False Bay is at the extreme western end of the inshore Agulhas marine ecoregion which extends from Cape Point to the Mbashe river over the continental shelf, in the overlap zone between Cape Agulhas and Cape Point where the warm Agulhas Current and the cooler South Atlantic waters mix. This ecoregion has the highest number of South African endemics, and is a breeding area for many species. The transition between the Agulhas ecoregion and the cooler Benguela ecoregion is at Cape Point, on the western boundary of False Bay.^[12]^: 103^[13]

Conservation

The eastern boundary of the controlled area of the Table Mountain National Park Marine Protected Area is at E 018°15.000'. which passes through Whittle Rock reef. Extraction and harvesting of marine life, and other activities, are allowed on condition that one has a valid permit allowing one or more of the following specific activities: spear fishing, angling, scuba diving, snorkelling for mollusc extraction, boating, commercial diving, salvage operations, scientific research, commercial fishing, whale watching, shark cage diving or filming. Specific conditions apply to each of these activities.^[14]

Habitats

There are three major types of habitat in the vicinity of the reef, based on type of substrate, the base on or in which benthic organisms can settle and anchor themselves. Rocky reefs provide a firm fixed substrate for the attachment of plants and animals. Sandy bottoms are a relatively unstable substrate and cannot anchor many benthic organisms. Open water, above the substrate and clear of the kelp forest, is where the organisms must drift or swim.^[15]

The benthic habitat types for Whittle Rock according to the National Biodiversity Assessment are hard inner shelf on the reef, and sandy inner shelf on the surrounding sand.^[1]

In general, marine organisms are not particular about the material of the substrate if the texture and strength is suitable and it is not toxic. For many marine organisms the substrate is another type of marine organism, and it is common for several layers to co-exist.^[15]^: Ch.2

The type of rock of the reef influences the range of possibilities for the local topography, which in turn influences the range of habitats provided, and therefore the diversity of inhabitants. Granite corestone reefs generally have a relatively smooth surface in the centimetre to decimetre scale, but are often high profile in the metre scale, so they provide macro-variations in habitat from relatively horizontal upper surface, near vertical sides, to overhangs, holes and tunnels, on a similar scale to the boulders and outcrops themselves. There are relatively few small crevices compared to the overall surface area, except in areas with many small boulders. The coastline in this region was considerably lower during the most recent ice-ages, and the detail topography of the reef was largely formed during the period of exposure above sea level.^[5]

Kelp forests are a variation of rocky reefs, as the kelp requires a fairly strong and stable substrate which can withstand the loads of repeated waves dragging on the kelp plants. The Split-fan kelp Laminaria pallida grows mostly on deeper reefs, where there is not so much competition from the sea bamboo. Both these kelp species provide food and shelter for a variety of other organisms.^[15]^: Ch.4 ^[16]

Sandy bottoms superficially appear to be fairly barren areas, as they lack the stability to support many of the spectacular reef based benthic species, and the variety of large organisms is relatively low. The sand is frequently being moved around by wave action, to a greater or lesser degree depending on depth, weather conditions, and exposure of the area. This means that sessile organisms must be specifically adapted to areas of relatively loose substrate to thrive in them, and the variety of species found on a sandy or gravel bottom will depend on all these factors. Sandy bottoms have one important compensation for their instability, animals can burrow into the sand and move up and down within its layers, which can provide feeding opportunities and protection from predation. Other species can dig themselves holes in which to shelter, or may feed by filtering water drawn through the tunnel, or by extending body parts adapted to this function into the water above the sand.^[15]^: Ch.3

The pelagic water column is the major part of the living space at sea. This is the water between the surface and the top of the benthic zone, where living organisms swim, float or drift, and the food chain starts with phytoplankton, the mostly microscopic photosynthetic organisms that convert the energy of sunlight into organic material which feeds everything else, directly or indirectly. In temperate seas there are distinct seasonal cycles of phytoplankton growth, based on the available nutrients and the available sunlight. Either can be a limiting factor. Phytoplankton tend to thrive where there is plenty of light, and they themselves are a major factor in restricting light penetration to greater depths, so the photosynthetic zone tends to be shallower in areas of high productivity.^[15]^: Ch.6 Zooplankton feed on the phytoplankton, and are in turn eaten by larger animals. The larger pelagic animals are generally faster moving and more mobile, giving them the option of changing depth to feed or to avoid predation, and to move to other places in search of a better food supply.

Marine life

The benthic communities are typical of offshore reefs of the region, and are distributed largely according to depth, slope, rugosity and exposure to illumination and water motion, which is mainly wave motion, and to a lesser extent, wind induced current, which is variable over the short term. The shallower areas tend to be dominated by split-fan kelp Laminaria pallida and red-bait ascidians Pyura stolonifera, particularly on the flatter upper surfaces, while deeper, steeper faces may have a heavy cover of the elegant feather star Tropiometra carinata. Below about 25 m, the proportion of sponges increases.

The fish life also varies a bit with depth, and can vary seasonally and with weather and water conditions, such as temperature, visibility, and light levels.

References

^ ^a ^b Pfaff, Maya C.; Logston, Renae C.; Raemaekers, Serge J. P. N.; Hermes, Juliet C.; Blamey, Laura K.; Cawthra, Hayley C.; Colenbrander, Darryl R.; Crawford, Robert J. M.; Day, Elizabeth; du Plessis, Nicole; Elwen, Simon H.; Fawcett, Sarah E.; Jury, Mark R.; Karenyi, Natasha; Kerwath, Sven E.; Kock, Alison A.; Krug, Marjolaine; Lamberth, Stephen J.; Omardien, Aaniyah; Pitcher, Grant C.; Rautenbach, Christo; Robinson, Tamara B.; Rouault, Mathieu; Ryan, Peter G.; Shillington, Frank A.; Sowman, Merle; Sparks, Conrad C.; Turpie, Jane K.; van Niekerk, Lara; Waldron, Howard N.; Yeld, Eleanor M.; Kirkman, Stephen P. (2019). "A synthesis of three decades of socio-ecological change in False Bay, South Africa: setting the scene for multidisciplinary research and management". Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene. 7 (32). doi:10.1525/elementa.367. hdl:2263/75633. Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC-BY 4.0)
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d SAN 1016 - Valsbaai (Map). Cape Town: SA Navy Hydrographic Office. 1978.
^ ^a ^b Theron, J.N.; Gresse, P.G.; Siegfried, H.P.; Rogers, J. (1992). Explanation sheet 3318 – The Geology of the Cape Town Area. Pretoria: Geological Survey, Department of Mineral and Energy Affairs, Government Printer. ISBN 978-0-621-14284-6.
^ "Recreational diving services — Requirements for the training of recreational scuba divers — Part 2: Level 2 — Autonomous diver (ISO 24801-2)". ISO. Retrieved 2015-04-29.
^ ^a ^b Compton, John S. (2004). The Rocks & Mountains of Cape Town. Cape Town: Double Story. ISBN 978-1-919930-70-1.
^ Gründlingh, M.L.; Largier, J.L. (1988). "Fisiese Oseanografie in Valsbaai: 'n Oorsig". South African Journal of Science and Technology (in Afrikaans). 7 (3): 133–143. doi:10.4102/satnt.v7i3.914. ISSN 0254-3486.
^ Stibbe, George R.; Moss, Iain (1998). A Traditional Way of Life – The story of the Kalk Bay Fishermen (PDF). Cape Town: G.R. Stibbe. p. 5. ISBN 0-620-22706-0.
^ Rawe, J.; Crabtree, A. (1978). Shipwrecks of the Southern Cape. Cape Town: Atlantic Underwater Club. Ref: L.G. Green, 1965, "Almost Fogotten, Never Told" p32, Euphrates, English East India ship, struck Whittle Rock in False Bay and went down. p 31, HMS Trident Struck Whittle Rock in False Bay and went down.
^ Brundrit, Geoff (December 2009). Global Climate Change and Adaptation: City of Cape Town sea-level rise risk assessment (PDF) (Report). Vol. Phase 5: Full investigation of alongshore features of vulnerability on the City of Cape Town coastline, and their incorporation into the City of Cape Town Geographic Information System (GIS).
^ "Government Notice 695: Marine Living Resources Act (18/1998): Notice declaring the Table Mountain National Park Marine Protected Area under section 43" (PDF). Government Gazette: 3–9. 4 June 2004.
^ "Standard positions for SeaKeys dive sites: Dive sites of the Cape Town region". iNaturalist.org. Retrieved 15 August 2023.
^ Sink, K.; Harris, J.; Lombard, A. (October 2004). Appendix 1. South African marine bioregions (PDF). South African National Spatial Biodiversity Assessment 2004: Technical Report Vol. 4 Marine Component DRAFT (Report). pp. 97–109.
^ Sink, K; Holness, S; Harris, L; Majiedt, P; Atkinson, L; Robinson, T; Kirkman, S; Hutchings, L; Leslie, R; Lamberth, S; Kerwath, S; von der Heyden, S; Lombard, A; Attwood, C; Branch, G; Fairweather, T.; Taljaard, S.; Weerts, S.; Cowley, P.; Awad, A.; Halpern, B.; Grantham, H; Wolf, T. (2012). National Biodiversity Assessment 2011: Technical Report (PDF) (Report). Vol. 4: Marine and Coastal Component. Pretoria: South African National Biodiversity Institute. p. 325. Note: This is the full document, with numbered pages.
^ "Marine Protected Areas". World Wildlife Fund. Retrieved 24 May 2018.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Branch, G.M.; Branch, M.L. (1985). The Living Shores of Southern Africa (3rd impression ed.). Cape Town: C. Struik. ISBN 0-86977-115-9.
^ Branch, G.M.; Branch, M.L.; Griffiths, C.L.; Beckley, L.E. (2010). Two Oceans: a guide to the marine life of southern Africa (2nd ed.). Cape Town: Struik Nature. ISBN 978-1-77007-772-0.

External links

Diving the Cape Peninsula and False Bay/Whittle Rock travel guide from Wikivoyage
Multibeam sonar images of Whittle Rock

[Pfaff_et_al_2019-1] Pfaff, Maya C.; Logston, Renae C.; Raemaekers, Serge J. P. N.; Hermes, Juliet C.; Blamey, Laura K.; Cawthra, Hayley C.; Colenbrander, Darryl R.; Crawford, Robert J. M.; Day, Elizabeth; du Plessis, Nicole; Elwen, Simon H.; Fawcett, Sarah E.; Jury, Mark R.; Karenyi, Natasha; Kerwath, Sven E.; Kock, Alison A.; Krug, Marjolaine; Lamberth, Stephen J.; Omardien, Aaniyah; Pitcher, Grant C.; Rautenbach, Christo; Robinson, Tamara B.; Rouault, Mathieu; Ryan, Peter G.; Shillington, Frank A.; Sowman, Merle; Sparks, Conrad C.; Turpie, Jane K.; van Niekerk, Lara; Waldron, Howard N.; Yeld, Eleanor M.; Kirkman, Stephen P. (2019). "A synthesis of three decades of socio-ecological change in False Bay, South Africa: setting the scene for multidisciplinary research and management". Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene. 7 (32). doi:10.1525/elementa.367. hdl:2263/75633. Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC-BY 4.0)

[SAN_1016-2] SAN 1016 - Valsbaai (Map). Cape Town: SA Navy Hydrographic Office. 1978.

[sheet_3318-3] Theron, J.N.; Gresse, P.G.; Siegfried, H.P.; Rogers, J. (1992). Explanation sheet 3318 – The Geology of the Cape Town Area. Pretoria: Geological Survey, Department of Mineral and Energy Affairs, Government Printer. ISBN 978-0-621-14284-6.

[ISO24801-2-4] "Recreational diving services — Requirements for the training of recreational scuba divers — Part 2: Level 2 — Autonomous diver (ISO 24801-2)". ISO. Retrieved 2015-04-29.

[Compton_2004-5] Compton, John S. (2004). The Rocks & Mountains of Cape Town. Cape Town: Double Story. ISBN 978-1-919930-70-1.

[Grundlingh_and_Largier_1988-6] Gründlingh, M.L.; Largier, J.L. (1988). "Fisiese Oseanografie in Valsbaai: 'n Oorsig". South African Journal of Science and Technology (in Afrikaans). 7 (3): 133–143. doi:10.4102/satnt.v7i3.914. ISSN 0254-3486.

[Stibbe_and_Moss_1998-7] Stibbe, George R.; Moss, Iain (1998). A Traditional Way of Life – The story of the Kalk Bay Fishermen (PDF). Cape Town: G.R. Stibbe. p. 5. ISBN 0-620-22706-0.

[Rawe_and_Crabtree_1978-8] Rawe, J.; Crabtree, A. (1978). Shipwrecks of the Southern Cape. Cape Town: Atlantic Underwater Club. Ref: L.G. Green, 1965, "Almost Fogotten, Never Told" p32, Euphrates, English East India ship, struck Whittle Rock in False Bay and went down. p 31, HMS Trident Struck Whittle Rock in False Bay and went down.

[Brundrit_2009-9] Brundrit, Geoff (December 2009). Global Climate Change and Adaptation: City of Cape Town sea-level rise risk assessment (PDF) (Report). Vol. Phase 5: Full investigation of alongshore features of vulnerability on the City of Cape Town coastline, and their incorporation into the City of Cape Town Geographic Information System (GIS).

[Gazette_26431-10] "Government Notice 695: Marine Living Resources Act (18/1998): Notice declaring the Table Mountain National Park Marine Protected Area under section 43" (PDF). Government Gazette: 3–9. 4 June 2004.

[iNaturalist_sitelist-11] "Standard positions for SeaKeys dive sites: Dive sites of the Cape Town region". iNaturalist.org. Retrieved 15 August 2023.

[Sink_et_al_2004-12] Sink, K.; Harris, J.; Lombard, A. (October 2004). Appendix 1. South African marine bioregions (PDF). South African National Spatial Biodiversity Assessment 2004: Technical Report Vol. 4 Marine Component DRAFT (Report). pp. 97–109.

[NBA_2011_vol_4-13] Sink, K; Holness, S; Harris, L; Majiedt, P; Atkinson, L; Robinson, T; Kirkman, S; Hutchings, L; Leslie, R; Lamberth, S; Kerwath, S; von der Heyden, S; Lombard, A; Attwood, C; Branch, G; Fairweather, T.; Taljaard, S.; Weerts, S.; Cowley, P.; Awad, A.; Halpern, B.; Grantham, H; Wolf, T. (2012). National Biodiversity Assessment 2011: Technical Report (PDF) (Report). Vol. 4: Marine and Coastal Component. Pretoria: South African National Biodiversity Institute. p. 325. Note: This is the full document, with numbered pages.

[WWF-14] "Marine Protected Areas". World Wildlife Fund. Retrieved 24 May 2018.

[Branch_1985-15] Branch, G.M.; Branch, M.L. (1985). The Living Shores of Southern Africa (3rd impression ed.). Cape Town: C. Struik. ISBN 0-86977-115-9.

[Branch_2010-16] Branch, G.M.; Branch, M.L.; Griffiths, C.L.; Beckley, L.E. (2010). Two Oceans: a guide to the marine life of southern Africa (2nd ed.). Cape Town: Struik Nature. ISBN 978-1-77007-772-0.

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