Disemvoweling: Difference between revisions
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{{wikt|disemvowel}} |
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'''Disemvoweling''', '''disemvowelling''' (see [[American and British English spelling differences#Doubled in British English|doubled ''L'']]), or '''disemvowelment''' of a piece of [[alphabet]]ic text is rewriting it with all the [[vowel letter]]s removed.<ref name="Macmillan">{{cite web|url=http://www.macmillandictionaries.com/wordoftheweek/archive/070813-disemvowelling.htm |title=disemvowelling or disemvoweling|last=Maxwell|first=Kerry |date=13 August 2007|work=Word of the Week Archive |publisher=[[Macmillan Publishers|Macmillan]]|accessdate=6 October 2009}}</ref> This original sentence: |
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:The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog |
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would, after being disemvowelled, look like this: |
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:Th qck brwn fx jmps vr th lzy dg |
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Disemvoweling is a common feature of [[SMS language]].<ref name="Macmillan"/> |
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Because disemvoweling makes text legible only through significant [[cognitive load|cognitive effort]], it is used by [[forum moderation|moderators]] on [[internet forum]]s, [[newsgroup]]s and [[blog]]s as a way to limit the effectiveness of unwanted postings or comments, such as [[internet trolling]], rudeness or criticism. Disemvoweling maintains some transparency, both of the act and the underlying word, which would not be the case if the entire offending post is deleted. The word ''disemvoweling'' is a [[pun]] on ''vowel'' and ''[[Disembowelment|disembowel]]''.<ref name="Macmillan"/> |
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==History== |
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A technique dubbed ''splat out'' was used by [[Usenet]] moderators to prevent [[flamewar]]s, by substituting a "splat" (i.e., [[asterisk]]) for some letters, often the vowels, of highly-charged words in postings.<ref name="splatout">{{cite web|url=http://catb.org/jargon/html/S/splat-out.html|title=splat out|last=Raymond |first=Eric |authorlink=Eric S. Raymond |work=[[Jargon File|The Jargon File]] (version 4.4.7) |accessdate=6 October 2009}}</ref> Examples include ''[[Godwin's Law|Nazi]]''→''N*z*'', ''[[Creation–evolution controversy|evolution]]''→''*v*l*t**n'', ''[[gun control]]''→''g*n c*ntr*l''.<ref name="splatout"/> "The purpose is not to make the word unrecognizable but to make it [[use–mention distinction|a mention rather than a use]]."<ref name="splatout"/> The term "disemvoweling" —attested from 1990<ref>{{cite web |url=http://groups.google.com/group/comp.risks/browse_thread/thread/54ce5083f674fb96/0e53d1fd3574a017 |title=Risks Digest 10.37 |last=Thomas |first=Martyn |date=31 August 1990 |work=comp.risks |publisher=[[Google Groups]] |quote=Censored, even though disemvoweled (as in *br*dg*d or s*n*t*z*d) |accessdate=6 October 2009}}</ref>— was occasionally used for the splat-out of vowels.<ref name="splatout"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://catb.org/jargon/html/D/disemvowel.html |title=disemvowel |last=Raymond |first=Eric|authorlink=Eric S. Raymond |work=[[Jargon File|The Jargon File]] (version 4.4.7) |accessdate=6 October 2009}}</ref> |
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[[Teresa Nielsen Hayden]] used the vowel-deletion technique in 2002 for internet forum moderation on her blog ''Making Light''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://nielsenhayden.com/makinglight/archives/001551.html#8717 |work=Making Light |title=Housekeeping |date=19 November 2002|first= Teresa|last=Nielsen Hayden|authorlink=Teresa Nielsen Hayden |quote=I decided that since nobody was paying attention to PS's arguments anyway, and it's dreary having to scroll up and down past them, they'd be better shortened. So I took out the vowels.|accessdate=6 October 2009}}</ref> This was termed ''disemvoweling'' by Arthur D. Hlavaty later in the same thread.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nielsenhayden.com/makinglight/archives/001551.html#8725|first=Arthur D.|last= Hlavaty |date= 21 November 2002|accessdate = 6 October 2009|title=Comment 48}}</ref> |
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Nielsen Hayden joined the [[group blog]] ''[[Boing Boing]]'' as community manager in August 2007, when it re-enabled comments on its posts,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://boingboing.net/2007/08/welcome-to-the-new-b.html |title=Welcome to the new Boing Boing! |first=Mark |last=Frauenfelder |authorlink=Mark Frauenfelder |date=28 August 2007 |work=[[Boing Boing]] |accessdate=6 October 2009}}</ref> and implemented disemvoweling.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.boingboing.net/2007/09/03/witchcraft-practitio.html#comment-6383 |title=Witchcraft practitioner wins Mega Millions lottery: Comment 33 |first=Teresa |last=Nielsen Hayden |authorlink=Teresa Nielsen Hayden |date=4 September 2007 |work=[[Boing Boing]] |quote=Disemvowelling. You can still read it if you want to work at it, but you don't read it automatically. I prefer it to deleting posts that have objectionable material in them. Sometimes, if it's just a phrase or sentence or paragraph that's the problem, I'll disemvowel that and leave the rest in plaintext.|accessdate=6 October 2009}}</ref> [[Gawker Media]] sites adopted disemvoweling as a moderation tool in August 2008.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://kotaku.com/5034654/kotakus-new-tool-the-straight-razor-of-disemvoweling |title=Kotaku's New Tool: The Straight Razor of Disemvoweling |first=Brian |last=Crecente |date=8 August 2008 |work=[[Kotaku]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://consumerist.com/5034309/consumerist-site-design-tweaked |title=Consumerist Site Design Tweaked |first=Ben |last=Popken |date=7 August 2008 |work=[[Consumerist]]}}</ref> On 30 October 2008, ''[[Time (magazine)|TIME]]'' magazine listed disemvoweling as #42 of their "Top 50 Inventions of 2008".<ref>{{cite web |
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|title=42. Disemvoweling - 50 Best Inventions 2008 |
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|url=http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1852747_1854195_1854185,00.html |
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|work=[[Time (magazine)|TIME]] |
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|publisher=[[Time Inc.]] |
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|date=30 October 2008 |
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|accessdate=30 October 2008}}</ref> |
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==Criticism== |
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[[Xeni Jardin]], co-editor of ''[[Boing Boing]]'', said of the practice, "the dialogue stays, but the misanthrope looks ridiculous, and the emotional sting is neutralized."<ref>{{cite web |
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|title=Online Communities Rot Without Daily Tending By Human Hands |
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|first=Xeni |
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|last=Jardin |
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|authorlink=Xeni Jardin |
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|publisher=Edge |
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|work=The Edge Annual Question 2008 |
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|year=2008 |
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|url=http://www.edge.org/q2008/q08_7.html#jardin|accessdate=6 October 2009}}</ref> Also, ''Boing Boing'' producers claim that disemvoweling sends a clear message to internet forums as to types of behavior that are unacceptable.<ref>{{cite web |
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|title=How To Keep Hostile Jerks From Taking Over Your Online Community |
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|url=http://www.informationweek.com/shared/printableArticle.jhtml?articleID=199600005 |
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|first=Cory |
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|last=Doctorow |
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|authorlink=Cory Doctorow |
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|work=[[InformationWeek]] |
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|publisher=TechWeb Business Technology Network |
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|date=14 May 2007 |
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|accessdate=15 May 2007}}</ref> |
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In July 2008, ''New York Times'' reporter Noam Cohen criticized disemvoweling as a moderation tool, citing a June 2008 dispute about the deletion of all posts on ''Boing Boing'' that mentioned sex columnist [[Violet Blue (author)|Violet Blue]]. In the ''Boing Boing'' comment threads resulting from this controversy, Nielsen Hayden used the disemvoweling technique. Cohen noted that disemvoweling was "Not quite censorship, but not quite unfettered commentary either."<ref>{{cite news|last=Cohen|first=Noam|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/07/business/media/07link.html|title=Poof! You're Unpublished|date=7 July 2008|accessdate=6 October 2009|work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> A subsequent unsigned case study on online crisis communication asserted that "removing the vowels from participants’ comments only increased the gulf between the editors and the community" during the controversy.<ref>{{cite web |
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|title=Online Crisis Communications: Your First Statement Is Crucial |
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|url=http://www.prnewsonline.com/digitalpr/casestudies/dpr11933.html |
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|author= |
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|work=PR News Online |
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|date=21 July 2008 |
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|accessdate=4 November 2008}}</ref> |
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Matt Baumgartner, a blogger at the [[Times Union (Albany)|Albany ''Times Union'']], reported in August 2009 that the newspaper's lawyers had told him to stop disemvoweling comments.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blog.timesunion.com/baumgartner/a-e-i-o-u-and-sometimes-why/1641/|title=A, E, I, O, U and sometimes why|last=Baumgartner |first=Matt |date=31 August 2009|work=City Brights|publisher=[[Times Union (Albany)|Times Union]] |accessdate=6 October 2009 |location=Albany}}</ref> |
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==Implementation== |
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Nielsen Hayden originally disemvoweled postings manually, using [[Microsoft Word]].<ref name="tnh-technique">{{cite web|url=http://nielsenhayden.com/makinglight/archives/008862.html#181688|title=Moderation certificate: Comment #10|last=Nielsen Hayden |first=Teresa |date=18 April 2007|work=Making Light |authorlink=Teresa Nielsen Hayden |accessdate=6 October 2009}}</ref> There are web pages for disemvoweling text, see [http://www.petersprogramming.com/NoVowels/NoVowels.aspx Vowel Eliminator]. Because the letter Y is sometimes a vowel and sometimes a consonant, there are a variety of ways to treat it. Nielsen Hayden's policy was never to remove Y, in order to maintain legibility.<ref name="tnh-technique"/> |
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The technique has been facilitated by [[plug-in (computing)|plug-in]] [[filter (software)|filters]] to automate the process. The first, for [[MovableType]], was written in 2002;<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bryant.livejournal.com/669399.html|title=Deprecating Disemvowelment|author=Bryant|date=8 March 2009|accessdate=6 October 2009}}</ref> others are available for [[WordPress]]<ref>[http://wordpress.org/extend/plugins/search.php?q=Disemvowel Disemvowel plugins]</ref> and other content management systems. |
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==References== |
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{{Reflist|2}} |
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[[Category:Internet terminology]] |
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[[Category:Internet forum terminology]] |
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[[Category:Censorship]] |
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[[Category:Vowel letters]] |
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