Jump to content

Timeline of medicine and medical technology

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Discoveries in medicine)

This is a timeline of the history of medicine and medical technology.[a]

Antiquity

[edit]
  • 3300 BC – During the Stone Age, early doctors used very primitive forms of herbal medicine in India.[1]
  • 3000 BC – Ayurveda The origins of Ayurveda have been traced back to around 3,000 BCE.[2]
  • c. 2600 BC – Imhotep the priest-physician who was later deified as the Egyptian god of medicine.[3][4]
  • 2500 BC – Iry Egyptian inscription speaks of Iry as eye-doctor of the palace, palace physician of the belly, guardian of the royal bowels, and he who prepares the important medicine (name cannot be translated) and knows the inner juices of the body.[5]
  • 1900–1600 BC Akkadian clay tablets on medicine survive primarily as copies from Ashurbanipal's library at Nineveh.[6]
  • 1800 BC – Code of Hammurabi sets out fees for surgeons and punishments for malpractice[5]
  • 1800 BC – Kahun Gynecological Papyrus
  • 1600 BC – Hearst papyrus, coprotherapy and magic[7]
  • 1551 BC – Ebers Papyrus, coprotherapy and magic[8]
  • 1500 BC – Saffron used as a medicine on the Aegean island of Thera in ancient Greece
  • 1500 BC – Edwin Smith Papyrus, an Egyptian medical text and the oldest known surgical treatise (no true surgery) no magic[5]
  • 1300 BC – Brugsch Papyrus and London Medical Papyrus
  • 1250 BC – Asklepios[5]
  • 9th century – Hesiod reports an ontological conception of disease via the Pandora myth. Disease has a "life" of its own but is of divine origin.[7]
  • 8th century – Homer tells that Polydamna supplied the Greek forces besieging Troy with healing drugs. Homer also tells about battlefield surgery Idomeneus tells Nestor after Machaon had fallen: A surgeon who can cut out an arrow and heal the wound with his ointments is worth a regiment.[5]
  • 700 BC – Cnidos medical school; also one at Cos
  • 500 BC – Darius I orders the restoration of the House of Life (First record of a (much older) medical school)[5]: 47 
  • 500 BC – Bian Que becomes the earliest physician known to use acupuncture and pulse diagnosis
  • 500 BC – The Sushruta Samhita is published, laying the framework for Ayurvedic medicine, giving many surgical procedures for first time such as lithotomy, forehead flap rhinoplasty, otoplasty and many more.
  • c. 490c. 430Empedocles four elements[8]
  • 500 BC – Pills were used. They were presumably invented so that measured amounts of a medicinal substance could be delivered to a patient.
  • 510–430 BC – Alcmaeon of Croton scientific anatomic dissections. He studied the optic nerves and the brain, arguing that the brain was the seat of the senses and intelligence. He distinguished veins from the arteries and had at least vague understanding of the circulation of the blood.[5] Variously described by modern scholars as Father of Anatomy; Father of Physiology; Father of Embryology; Father of Psychology; Creator of Psychiatry; Founder of Gynecology; and as the Father of Medicine itself.[9] There is little evidence to support the claims but he is, nonetheless, important.[8][10]
  • fl. 425 BC – Diogenes of Apollonia[8]
  • c. 484 – 425 BC – Herodotus tells us Egyptian doctors were specialists: Medicine is practiced among them on a plan of separation; each physician treats a single disorder, and no more. Thus the country swarms with medical practitioners, some undertaking to cure diseases of the eye, others of the head, others again of the teeth, others of the intestines, and some those which are not local.[5]
  • 496 – 405 BC – Sophocles "It is not a learned physician who sings incantations over pains which should be cured by cutting."[11]
  • 420 BC – Hippocrates of Cos maintains that diseases have natural causes and puts forth the Hippocratic Oath. Origin of rational medicine.

Medicine after Hippocrates

[edit]

After Galen 200 AD

[edit]

1200–1499

[edit]

1500–1799

[edit]
Hieronymus Fabricius, Operationes chirurgicae, 1685

1800–1899

[edit]

1900–1999

[edit]

2000–2022

[edit]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ The dates given for these medical works are uncertain. A Tribute to Hinduism suggests that Sushruta lived in the 5th century BC.

Citations

[edit]
  1. ^ Wilford, John Noble (8 December 1998). "Lessons in Iceman's Prehistoric Medicine Kit". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 7 December 2015.
  2. ^ Issues in Pharmaceuticals by Disease, Disorder, or Organ System (2011 ed.). ScholarlyEditions. 9 January 2012. ISBN 9781464967566.
  3. ^ a b Magill, Frank Northen; Aves, Alison (1998). Dictionary of World Biography. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9781579580407. Retrieved 1 September 2013.
  4. ^ "Imhotep". Collins Dictionary. n.d. Retrieved 30 December 2015.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h Silverberg, Robert (1967). The dawn of medicine. Putnam. Retrieved 18 August 2012.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i Colón, A. R.; Colón, P. A. (1999). Nurturing children: a history of pediatrics. Greenwood Press. p. 61. ISBN 9780313310805. Retrieved 19 October 2012.
  7. ^ a b c d e Loudon, Irvine (2001). Western Medicine: An Illustrated History. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199248131. Retrieved 16 December 2013.
  8. ^ a b c d e f g h Longrigg, James (1993). Greek Rational Medicine: Philosophy and Medicine from Alcmaeon to the Alexandrians. Psychology Press. ISBN 9780415025942. Retrieved 19 August 2012.
  9. ^ a b Harris, Charles Reginald Schiller (1973). The heart and the vascular system in ancient Greek medicine, from Alcmaeon to Galen. Clarendon Press. ISBN 9780198581352. Retrieved 19 August 2012.
  10. ^ a b c Magill, Frank N. (2003). Dictionary of World Biography: The Ancient World. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9781579580407. Retrieved 23 August 2012.
  11. ^ Carrick, Paul (2001). Medical Ethics in the Ancient World. Georgetown University Press. ISBN 9780878408498. Retrieved 19 August 2012.
  12. ^ Traver, Andrew G. (2002). From Polis to Empire, the Ancient World, C. 800 B.C.–A.D. 500: A Biographical Dictionary. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 9780313309427. Retrieved 19 October 2012.
  13. ^ a b c d e f g Nutton, Dr Vivian (2005). Ancient Medicine. Taylor & Francis US. ISBN 9780415368483. Retrieved 19 August 2012.
  14. ^ Philip II of Macedonia: Greater Than Alexander by Richard A. Gabriel, 2010, pg. 10
  15. ^ Adler, Robert E. (2004). Medical Firsts: From Hippocrates to the Human Genome. Wiley. ISBN 9780471401759. Retrieved 16 May 2014.
  16. ^ Celsus, Aulus Cornelius (1837). The first four books of Aur. Corn. Celsus de re medica, with an ordo verborum and tr. by J. Steggall. Retrieved 10 October 2014.
  17. ^ a b c d e f g h Durant, Will (1993). The Age of Faith: A History of Medieval Civilization-Christian, Islamic, and Judaic-From Constantine to Dante: A.D. 325–1300. Fine Communications. ISBN 9781567310153. Retrieved 9 September 2012.
  18. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Loudon, Irvine (2002). Western Medicine: An Illustrated History. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199248131. Retrieved 29 August 2012.
  19. ^ Flemming 2007, p. 265.
  20. ^ a b c d e f g h Prioreschi, Plinio (2001). A History of Medicine: Byzantine and Islamic medicine. Horatius Press. ISBN 9781888456042. Retrieved 10 September 2012.
  21. ^ Prioreschi, Plinio (1996). A History of Medicine: Medieval Medicine. Edwin Mellen Press. ISBN 9781888456059. Retrieved 28 December 2012.
  22. ^ Getz, Faye (1998). Medicine in the English Middle Ages. Princeton University Press. ISBN 9781400822676. Retrieved 2 April 2015.
  23. ^ Albala, Ken (2002). Eating Right in the Renaissance. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520927285. Retrieved 18 December 2013.
  24. ^ a b Russell, Gül. "Greece x. Greek Medicine in Persia – Encyclopaedia Iranica". Retrieved 19 May 2013.
  25. ^ Athens.), Stephanus (of; Dickson, Keith M. (1998). Stephanus the Philosopher and Physician: Commentary on Galen's Therapeutics to Glaucon. Brill. ISBN 9789004109353. Retrieved 9 December 2012.
  26. ^ Riggs, Christina (2012). The Oxford Handbook of Roman Egypt. Oxford University Press. pp. 311–312. ISBN 9780191626333. Retrieved 10 October 2014.
  27. ^ Pormann, P. E. (2004). The Oriental Tradition of Paul of Aegina's "Pragmateia". Brill. ISBN 9789004137578. Retrieved 19 May 2013.
  28. ^ Selin, Helaine, ed. (1997). Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures. Kluwer. p. 930. ISBN 0-7923-4066-3.
  29. ^ David W. Tschanz, PhD (2003), "Arab Roots of European Medicine", Heart Views 4 (2).
  30. ^ Graetz, Heinrich; Bloch, Philipp (1894). History of the Jews. Jewish Publication Society of America. Retrieved 30 October 2012.
  31. ^ Schulman, Jana K. (2002). The Rise of the Medieval World, 500–1300: A Biographical Dictionary. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 9780313308178. Retrieved 19 October 2012.
  32. ^ Howells, John G.; Osborn, M. Livia (1984). A Reference Companion to the History of Abnormal Psychology. Greenwood Press. ISBN 9780313221835. Retrieved 30 October 2012.
  33. ^ O'Leary, De Lacy (1939). Arabic Thought and Its Place in History. Forgotten Books. ISBN 9781605066943. Retrieved 5 September 2012.
  34. ^ a b French, Roger Kenneth (2003). Medicine Before Science: The Business of Medicine from the Middle Ages to the Enlightenment. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521007610. Retrieved 10 October 2014.
  35. ^ French, Roger (2003). Medicine before Science: The Business of Medicine from the Middle Ages to the Enlightenment. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521809771. Retrieved 19 November 2012.
  36. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa Zimmerman, Leo M.; Veith, Ilza (1993). Great Ideas in the History of Surgery. Norman Publishing. ISBN 9780930405533. Retrieved 7 December 2012.
  37. ^ a b Crombie, Alistair Cameron (1959). The History of Science From Augustine to Galileo. Courier Dover Publications. ISBN 9780486288505. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  38. ^ Vincent Ilardi, Renaissance Vision from Spectacles to Telescopes (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: American Philosophical Society, 2007), page 5.
  39. ^ Arderne, John; Millar, Eric (1922). De arte phisicali et de cirurgia of Master John Arderne, sugreon of Newark, dated 1412. W. Wood. Retrieved 7 December 2012.
  40. ^ Arderne, John (1999). Treatises of Fistula in Ano, Hemorrhoids, and Clysters. Elibron.com. ISBN 9781402196805. Retrieved 7 December 2012.
  41. ^ Chauliac), Guy (de; McVaugh, M. R. (Michael Rogers) (1997). Inventarium sive chirugia magna. BRILL. ISBN 9789004107847. Retrieved 7 December 2012.
  42. ^ Grant, Edward (1974). Source Book in Medieval Science. Harvard University Press. pp. 807–. ISBN 9780674823600. Retrieved 7 December 2012.
  43. ^ a b c d e f g McCallum, Jack E. (2008). Military Medicine: From Ancient Times to the 21st Century. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 9781851096930. Retrieved 7 December 2012.
  44. ^ a b Buck, Albert Henry; Fund, Williams Memorial Publication (1917). The growth of medicine from the earliest times to about 1800. Yale university press. p. 490. Retrieved 7 December 2012.
  45. ^ Benivieni, Antonio; Polybus; Guinterius, Joannes (1529). De abditis nonnullis ac mirandis morborum & sanationum causis. apud Andream Cratandrum. Retrieved 7 December 2012.
  46. ^ Thorndike, Lynn (1958). A History of Magic and Experimental Science: Fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. Columbia University Press. ISBN 9780231087971. Retrieved 7 December 2012.
  47. ^ Pagel, Walter (1958). Paracelsus: An Introduction to Philosophical Medicine in the Era of the Renaissance. Karger Publishers. pp. 15–. ISBN 9783805535182. Retrieved 7 December 2012.
  48. ^ Crone, Hugh D. (2004). Paracelsus: The Man who Defied Medicine : His Real Contribution to Medicine and Science. Albarello Press. p. 104. ISBN 9780646433271. Retrieved 7 December 2012.
  49. ^ Hamilton, William (1831). The history of medicine, surgery and anatomy. p. 358. Retrieved 24 December 2013. As a proof of his ignorance and his arrogance, he commenced his very first lecture by publicly consigning to the flames the works of Galen and Avicenna, impudently declaring that his cap contained more knowledge than all the physicians, and the hair of his beard more experience than all the universities in the world. "Greeks, Romans, French, and Italians," he exclaimed, "you Avicenna, you Galen, you Rhazes, you Mesne; you Doctors of Paris, of Montpellier, of Swabia, of Misnia, of Cologne, of Vienna, and all you through out the countries bathed by the Danube and the Rhine; and you who dwell in the islands of the sea, Athenian, Greek, Arab, and Jew! you shall all follow and obey me. I am your king; to me belongs the sceptre of physic."
  50. ^ M.D., FREDERIC S. DENNIS (1895). SYSTEM OF SURGERY. pp. 56–57. Retrieved 7 December 2012.
  51. ^ Schumpelick, Volker (2000). Hernien. Georg Thieme Verlag. ISBN 9783131173645. Retrieved 7 December 2012.
  52. ^ Barsky, Arthur Joseph (1964). "Pierre Franco, father of cleft lip surgery: his life and times". British Journal of Plastic Surgery. 17: 335–50. doi:10.1016/s0007-1226(64)80059-x. PMID 14218955. Retrieved 7 December 2012.
  53. ^ Franco, Pierre; Rosenman, Leonard D. (1 March 2006). The surgery of Pierre Franco: of Turriers in Provence : written in 1561. XLibris Corp. ISBN 9781599263885. Retrieved 7 December 2012.[self-published source]
  54. ^ Paget, Stephen (1897). Ambroise Paré and his times, 1510–1590. G.P. Putnam's sons. Retrieved 7 December 2012.
  55. ^ Paré, Ambroise; Spiegel, Adriaan van den (1649). The Workes of that Famous Chirurgion Ambrose Parey. R. Cotes and Willi Du-gard, and are to be sold by John Clarke. Retrieved 7 December 2012.
  56. ^ Tallett, Frank (1997). War and Society in Early-Modern Europe: 1495–1715. Routledge. ISBN 9780415160735. Retrieved 15 January 2013.
  57. ^ a b Wolf, Abraham; Dannemann, Friedrich; Armitage, Angus (1935). A history of science, technology and philosophy in the 16th & 17th centuries. Macmillan. Retrieved 6 September 2012.
  58. ^ a b Norton, Jeffrey A. (1 January 2008). Surgery: Basic Science and Clinical Evidence. Springer. ISBN 9780387681139. Retrieved 7 December 2012.
  59. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Ellis, Harold (2001). A History Of Surgery. Cambridge University Press. p. 47. ISBN 9781841101811. Retrieved 7 December 2012.
  60. ^ Asling, C. W. (September 2010). The Epitome of Andreas Vesalius. Kessinger Publishing. ISBN 9781163151303. Retrieved 15 October 2014.
  61. ^ Vesalius, Andreas (1633). Andreae Vesalii Bruxellensis Epitome anatomica. apud Henricum Laurentii bibliopolam. Retrieved 15 October 2014.
  62. ^ Finlayson, James (1889). Account of the life and works of Maister Peter Lowe: the founder of the Faculty of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow. J. Maclehose. Retrieved 7 December 2012.
  63. ^ Woodall, John (1617). The Surgions Mate. Kingsmead. ISBN 9780906230152. Retrieved 16 October 2014.
  64. ^ Longmore, Sir Thomas (1891). Richard Wiseman, surgeon and sergeant-surgeon to Charles II.: A biographical study. Longmans, Green and co. Retrieved 7 December 2012.
  65. ^ Wiseman, Richard (1734). Eight chirurgical treatises, on these following heads: viz. I. Of tumours. II. Of ulcers. III. Of diseases of the anus. IV. Of the king's evil. V. Of wounds. VI. Of gun-shot wounds. VII. Of fractures and luxations. VIII. Of the lues venerea. J. Walthoe. Retrieved 7 December 2012.
  66. ^ Heister, Lorenz (1763). A General System of Surgery: In Three Parts ... J. Clarke, [ect.] Retrieved 7 December 2012.
  67. ^ Houstoun, Robert; Cheselden, William; Arbuthnot, John (1723). Lithotomus castratus; or Mr. Cheselden's Treatise on the high operation for the stone: thoroughly examin'd and plainly found to be Lithotomia Douglassiana, under another title: in a letter to Dr. John Arbuthnot. With an appendix, wherein both authors are fairly compar'd. T. Payne. Retrieved 7 December 2012.
  68. ^ Cheselden, William (10 June 2010). Anatomical Tables of the Human Body. by William Cheselden, Surgeon to His Majesty's Royal Hospital at Chelsea, Fellow of the Royal Society, and Member. BiblioBazaar. ISBN 9781170888018. Retrieved 7 December 2012.
  69. ^ Dran, Henri-François Le (1768). The operations in surgery. printed for Hawes Clarke and Collins, J. Dodsley, W. Johnston, B. Law and T. Becket. Retrieved 7 December 2012.
  70. ^ Pott, Percivall; (Sir.), James Earles (1808). The chirurgical works of Percival Pott ...: to which are added a short account of the life of the author, a method of curing the hydrocele by injection and occasional notes and observations by Sir James Earle. J. Johnson. Retrieved 7 December 2012.
  71. ^ Pott, Percivall; Earle, Sir James (1819). The chirurgical works of Percivall Pott: with his last corrections. Published by James Webster; William Brown, printer. Retrieved 7 December 2012.
  72. ^ Mostof, Seyed Behrooz (1 January 2005). Who's Who in Orthopedics. Springer. p. 278. ISBN 9781846280702. Retrieved 7 December 2012.
  73. ^ International Journal of Surgery: Devoted to the Theory and Practice of Modern Surgery and Gynecology. The International Journal of Surgery Co. 1919. p. 392.
  74. ^ Paget, Stephen (1897). John Hunter, man of science and surgeon (1728–1793). T. Fisher Unwin. ISBN 9780598677426. Retrieved 7 December 2012.
  75. ^ Moore, Wendy (13 September 2005). The Knife Man: The Extraordinary Life and Times of John Hunter, Father of Modern Surgery. Random House Digital, Inc. ISBN 9780767916523. Retrieved 7 December 2012.
  76. ^ London, Hunterian Museum; curator.), Elizabeth Allen (George Qvist; England, Royal College of Surgeons of (1993). A guide to the Hunterian Museum: John Hunter, 1728–1793. Royal College of Surgeons of England. Retrieved 7 December 2012.
  77. ^ Desault, Pierre-Joseph (1794). Parisian Chirurgical Journal. Printed for the translator. Retrieved 7 December 2012.
  78. ^ Porter, Roy (30 July 2001). The Cambridge Illustrated History of Medicine. Cambridge University Press. p. 221. ISBN 9780521002523. Retrieved 7 December 2012.
  79. ^ Bell, Benjamin (May 2010). A System of Surgery. by Benjamin Bell, ... Illustrated with Copperplates. ... the Fifth Edition. Volume 6 of 6. BiblioLife. ISBN 9781140774365. Retrieved 7 December 2012.
  80. ^ a b Kingsnorth, Andrew N.; Majid, Aljafri A. (2006). Fundamentals of Surgical Practice. Cambridge University Press. p. 265. ISBN 9780521677066. Retrieved 7 December 2012.
  81. ^ Scarpa, Antonio (1808). A treatise on the anatomy, pathology and surgical treatment of aneurism, with engravings. Printed for Mundell, Doig, & Stevenson. Retrieved 7 December 2012.
  82. ^ a b Garrison, Fielding Hudson (1921). An Introduction to the history of medicine. W.B. Saunders Company. pp. 508–. Retrieved 7 December 2012.
  83. ^ Bell, John (1808). The principles of surgery. Printed for Longman, Hurst, Rees and Orme. Retrieved 7 December 2012.
  84. ^ M.D., Ann M. Berger; Shuster, John L.; M.D., Jamie H. Von Roenn (2007). Principles and Practice of Palliative Care and Supportive Oncology , 3e. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 322. ISBN 9780781795951. Retrieved 7 December 2012.
  85. ^ Larrey, baron Dominique Jean (1814). Memoirs of Military Surgery, and Campaigns of the French Armies, on the Rhine, in Corsica, Catalonia, Egypt, and Syria; at Boulogne, Ulm, and Austerlitz; in Saxony, Prussia, Poland, Spain, and Austria. Joseph Cushing, 6, North Howard street. Retrieved 7 December 2012.
  86. ^ (baron), Dominique Jean Larrey; Waller, John Augustine (1815). Memoirs of military surgery: Containing the practice of the French military surgeons during the principal campaigns of the late war. Abridged and translated from the French by John Waller. In two parts. Cox. Retrieved 7 December 2012.
  87. ^ (baron), Dominique Jean Larrey (1861). Memoir of Baron Larrey, surgeon-in-chief of the Grande Armée, from the French. H. Renshaw. Retrieved 7 December 2012.
  88. ^ bart.), Astley Paston Cooper (sir, 1st (1824). The lectures of sir Astley Cooper, bart ... on the principles and practice of surgery, with additional notes and cases, by F. Tyrrell. Retrieved 7 December 2012.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  89. ^ Cooper, Sir Astley; Green, Joseph Henry (1832). A manual of surgery: founded upon the principles and practice lately taught by Sir Astley Cooper ... and Joseph Henry Green ... Printed for E. Cox. Retrieved 7 December 2012.
  90. ^ Bell, John; Bell, Sir Charles; Godman, John Davidson (1827). The anatomy and physiology of the human body. Collins & co. Retrieved 7 December 2012.
  91. ^ Eaton, Charles; Seegenschmiedt, M. Heinrich; Bayat, Ardeshir; Giulio Gabbiani; Paul Werker; Wolfgang Wach (20 March 2012). Dupuytren's Disease and Related Hyperproliferative Disorders: Principles, Research, and Clinical Perspectives. Springer. pp. 200–. ISBN 9783642226960. Retrieved 7 December 2012.
  92. ^ Wylock, Paul (1 September 2010). The Life and Times of Guillaume Dupuytren, 1777-1835. Asp / Vubpress / Upa. ISBN 9789054875727. Retrieved 7 December 2012.
  93. ^ Dupuytren, Guillaume (1847). On the injuries and diseases of bones. Sydenham Society. Retrieved 7 December 2012.
  94. ^ Rutkow, Ira M. (1992). History of Surgery in the United States 1775–1900: Periodical and Pamphlet Literature. Norman Publishing. pp. 98–. ISBN 9780930405489. Retrieved 7 December 2012.
  95. ^ Sims, James Marion (1886). Clinical notes on uterine surgery c. 3. William Wood. Retrieved 7 December 2012.
  96. ^ Biography: Sims, James Marion (1888). The story of my life. D. Appleton and Company. Retrieved 7 December 2012.
  97. ^ Pasteur, Louis; Lister, Joseph (2008). Collected Writings. Kaplan Publishing. ISBN 9781427798008. Retrieved 7 December 2012.
  98. ^ Truax, Rhoda (2010). Joseph Lister: Father of Modern Surgery. Kessinger Publishing. ISBN 9781164499572. Retrieved 7 December 2012.
  99. ^ "History of the Institution," Drexel University College of Medicine Legacy Center. Retrieved 25 June 2015.
  100. ^ Barold, S. Serge (January 2003). "Willem Einthoven and the birth of clinical electrocardiography a hundred years ago". Cardiac Electrophysiology Review. 7 (1): 99–104. doi:10.1023/a:1023667812925. PMID 12766530.
  101. ^ "Flashback: The First ECG | Pfizer".
  102. ^ a b "Evolution and Revolution: The Past, Present, and Future of Contraception". Contraception Online (Baylor College of Medicine). 10 (6). February 2000. Archived from the original on 6 June 2009.
  103. ^ Louis, Erik K. St; Frey, Lauren C.; Britton, Jeffrey W.; Frey, Lauren C.; Hopp, Jennifer L.; Korb, Pearce; Koubeissi, Mohamad Z.; Lievens, William E.; Pestana-Knight, Elia M.; Louis, Erik K. St (2016). "Appendix 6. A Brief History of EEG". Electroencephalography (EEG): An Introductory Text and Atlas of Normal and Abnormal Findings in Adults, Children, and Infants. American Epilepsy Society.
  104. ^ Wolfgang Saxon (25 August 2001). "Harry Martin Meyer Jr., 72; Helped Create Rubella Vaccine". New York Times. Retrieved 6 July 2013.
  105. ^ Pennington H (2003). "Smallpox and bioterrorism". Bull World Health Organ. 81 (10): 762–7. PMC 2572332. PMID 14758439. S2CID 315574.
  106. ^ Oliver, Melvin J; Dowd, Scot E; Zaragoza, Joaquin; Mauget, Steven A; Payton, Paxton R (16 November 2004). "The rehydration transcriptome of the desiccation-tolerant bryophyte Tortula ruralis: transcript classification and analysis". BMC Genomics. 5: 89. doi:10.1186/1471-2164-5-89. PMC 535811. PMID 15546486.
  107. ^ Albion Street Centre. "Resource Packages: Hepatitis A". South Eastern Sydney Illawarra Health, NSW Health Department. Archived from the original on 22 February 2012. Retrieved 11 May 2009.

Reference:

  • 1. International patent USA. .wef 1995. US PTO no.6227202 and 20020007223.
  • 2. R. Maingot's Text Book of Abdominal operations.1997 USA.
  • 3. Text book of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2010 J P Publishers.

References

[edit]

Matapurkar B G. (1995). US international Patent 6227202 and 20020007223.medical use of Adult Stem cells. A new physiological phenomenon of Desired Metaplasia for regeneration of tissues and organs in vivo. Annals of NYAS 1998.

  • Bynum, W. F. and Roy Porter, eds. Companion Encyclopedia of the History of Medicine (2 vol. 1997); 1840pp; 72 long essays by scholars excerpt and text search
  • Conrad, Lawrence I. et al. The Western Medical Tradition: 800 BC to AD 1800 (1995); excerpt and text search
  • Loudon, Irvine, ed. Western Medicine: An Illustrated History (1997) online Archived 26 September 2017 at the Wayback Machine
  • McGrew, Roderick. Encyclopedia of Medical History (1985)
  • Porter, Roy (1997). The Greatest Benefit to Mankind: A Medical History of Humanity from Antiquity to the Present. Harper Collins. ISBN 0-00-215173-1.
  • Porter, Roy, ed. The Cambridge History of Medicine (2006); 416pp; excerpt and text search
  • Singer, Charles, and E. Ashworth Underwood. A Short History of Medicine (2nd ed. 1962)
  • Watts, Sheldon. Disease and Medicine in World History (2003), 166pp online Archived 26 September 2017 at the Wayback Machine

Further reading

[edit]
[edit]