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When a protein is denatured, the [[secondary structure|secondary]] and [[tertiary structure]]s are altered but the [[peptide bond]]s of the primary structure between the amino acids are left intact. Since all structural levels of the protein determines its function, the protein can no longer perform its function once it has been denatured. This is in contrast to [[intrinsically unstructured proteins]], which are unfolded in their [[native state]], but still functionally active.
When a protein is denatured, the [[secondary structure|secondary]] and [[tertiary structure]]s are altered but the [[peptide bond]]s of the primary structure between the amino acids are left intact. Since all structural levels of the protein determines its function, the protein can no longer perform its function once it has been denatured. This is in contrast to [[intrinsically unstructured proteins]], which are unfolded in their [[native state]], but still functionally active.
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=== How denaturation occurs at levels of protein structure ===
=== How denaturation occurs at levels of protein structure ===

Revision as of 19:22, 12 October 2012

This egg's protein has undergone denaturation and loss of solubility, caused by the high rise of the temperature of the egg during the cooking process.

Denaturation is a process in which proteins or nucleic acids lose the tertiary structure and secondary structure which is present in their native state, by application of some external stress or compound such as a strong acid or base, a concentrated inorganic salt, an organic solvent (e.g., alcohol or chloroform), or heat. If proteins in a living cell are denatured, this results in disruption of cell activity and possibly cell death. Denatured proteins can exhibit a wide range of characteristics, from loss of solubility to communal aggregation.

This concept is unrelated to denatured alcohol, which is alcohol that has been mixed with additives to make it unsuitable for human consumption.

Common examples

When food is cooked, some of its proteins become denatured. This is why boiled eggs become hard and cooked meat becomes firm.

A classic example of denaturing in proteins comes from egg whites, which are largely egg albumins in water. Fresh from the eggs, egg whites are transparent and liquid. Cooking the thermally unstable whites turns them opaque, forming an interconnected solid mass. The same transformation can be effected with a denaturing chemical. Pouring egg whites into a beaker of acetone will also turn egg whites translucent and solid. The skin that forms on curdled milk is another common example of denatured protein. The cold appetizer known as ceviche is prepared by chemically "cooking" raw fish and shellfish in an acidic citrus marinade, without heat.[1]

Although denaturing egg whites is irreversible, in many other cases denaturing is reversible.[citation needed]

Protein denaturation

Denatured proteins can exhibit a wide range of characteristics, from loss of solubility to communal aggregation. Communal aggregation is the phenomenon of aggregation of the hydrophobic proteins to come closer and form the bonding between them, so as to reduce the total area exposed to water.

Background

Proteins are amino acid polymers. A protein is created by ribosomes that "read" RNA that is encoded by codons in the gene and assemble the requisite amino acid combination from the genetic instruction, in a process known as translation. The newly created protein strand then undergoes posttranslational modification, in which additional atoms or molecules are added, for example copper, zinc, or iron. Once this post-translational modification process has been completed, the protein begins to fold (sometimes spontaneously and sometimes with enzymatic assistance), curling up on itself so that hydrophobic elements of the protein are buried deep inside the structure and hydrophilic elements end up on the outside. The final shape of a protein determines how it interacts with its environment.

When a protein is denatured, the secondary and tertiary structures are altered but the peptide bonds of the primary structure between the amino acids are left intact. Since all structural levels of the protein determines its function, the protein can no longer perform its function once it has been denatured. This is in contrast to intrinsically unstructured proteins, which are unfolded in their native state, but still functionally active. you are gay.

How denaturation occurs at levels of protein structure

  • In quaternary structure denaturation, protein sub-units are dissociated and/or the spatial arrangement of protein subunits is disrupted.
  • Tertiary structure denaturation involves the disruption of:

Loss of function

Most biological substrates lose their biological function when denatured. For example, enzymes lose their activity, because the substrates can no longer bind to the active site, and because amino acid residues involved in stabilizing substrates' transition states are no longer positioned to be able to do so. The denaturing process and the associated loss of activity can be measured using techniques such as dual polarization interferometry, CD, and QCMD.

Reversibility and irreversibility

In many proteins (unlike egg whites), denaturation is reversible (the proteins can regain their native state when the denaturing influence is removed). This process can be called renaturation.[3] This understanding has led to the notion that all the information needed for proteins to assume their native state was encoded in the primary structure of the protein, and hence in the DNA that codes for the protein, the so called "Anfinsen's thermodynamic hypothesis".[4]

Nucleic acid denaturation

The denaturation of nucleic acids such as DNA due to high temperatures is the separation of a double strand into two single strands, which occurs when the hydrogen bonds between the strands are broken. This may occur during polymerase chain reaction. Nucleic acid strands realign when "normal" conditions are restored during annealing. If the conditions are restored too quickly, the nucleic acid strands may realign imperfectly.

Denaturants

Acids

Acidic protein denaturants include:

Solvents

Most organic solvents are denaturing, including:

Cross-linking reagents

Cross-linking agents for proteins include:

Chaotropic agents

Chaotropic agents include:

Disulfide bond reducers

Agents that break disulfide bonds by reduction include:

Other

See also

References

  1. ^ "Ceviche: the new sushi," The Times.
  2. ^ Tanford C (1968). "Protein denaturation". Adv. Prot. Chem. (23): 121-282
  3. ^ Campbell, N. A., Reece, J.B., Meyers, N., Urry, L. A., Cain, M.L., Wasserman, S.A., Minorsky, P.V., Jackson, R.B. (2009). ‘Biology’ (8th edition Australian version). Sydney: Pearson Education Australia.
  4. ^ Anfinsen CB (1973). "Principles that govern the folding of protein chains". Science 181 (96): 223–230
  5. ^ López-Alonso JP, Bruix M, Font J, Ribó M, Vilanova M, Jiménez MA, Santoro J, González C, Laurents DV. (2010). "NMR spectroscopy reveals that RNase A is chiefly denatured in 40% acetic acid: implications for oligomer formation by 3D domain swapping." J. Am. Chem. Soc. 132: 1621-30.

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