Death and state funeral of Mao Zedong
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 A Finnish girl reading the magazine Punakaarti and Lokakuu which reports the death of Mao in 1976 | |
| Date | 9–18 September 1976 |
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| Location | Beijing, China |
| Participants | Hua Guofeng, party and state leaders, members of the Chinese Communist Party, Chinese military and civilians |
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Mao Zedong, the founder of the People's Republic of China (PRC) and Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party, died on 9 September 1976 at the age of 82, following a period of ill health. The government ordered a week of national mourning following his death.
Death
[edit]Mao's last public appearance — and the last known photograph of him alive — was on 27 May 1976. Frail and barely able to speak or walk, Mao met the visiting Pakistani Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto during the latter's visit to Beijing.[1][page needed] At around 17:00 on 2 September 1976,[2] Mao had a heart attack, far more severe than his previous two earlier that year which affected a much larger area of his heart, leaving him bedridden. On the afternoon of 7 September, Mao's condition completely deteriorated. Mao's organs failed quickly and he fell into a coma shortly before noon and was put on a ventilator and life support machines.
On 8 September, when it was clear the comatose Mao was beyond recovery, Chinese government officials decided to disconnect his life support machines at midnight. Mao died ten minutes later at 00:10 local time on 9 September 1976 at age 82.[3] The Chinese Communist Party (CCP) delayed the announcement of his death until 16:00 later that day, when a radio message broadcast across the nation announced the news of Mao's passing while appealing for party unity.[4]
The Chinese government ordered a week of national mourning with flags at half-mast. All entertainment and music activities were suspended and theaters were closed.[5]
Members of the funeral committee
[edit]- Hua Guofeng (member of the Standing Committee of the Political Bureau of the CCP Central Committee, First Vice Chairman of the CCP Central Committee, Premier of the State Council, Minister of Public Security)
- Wang Hongwen (Chairman of the Political Bureau of the CCP Central Committee, Vice Chairman of the CCP Central Committee)
- Ye Jianying (Chairman of the Political Bureau of the CCP Central Committee, Vice Chairman of the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party, Secretary General of the Central Military Commission, Minister of National Defense)
- Zhang Chunqiao (President of the Political Bureau of the CCP Central Committee, Vice Premier of the State Council, Standing Committee of the Central Military Commission, Director of the General Political Department of the PLA)
Wei Guoqing, Liu Bocheng, Jiang Qing, Xu Shiyou, Ji Dengkui, Wu De, Wang Dongxing, Chen Yonggui, Chen Xilian, Li Xiannian, Li Desheng, Yao Wenyuan, Wu Guixian, Su Zhenhua, Ni Zhifu, Saifuddin Azizi, Soong Ching Ling, Guo Moruo, Xu Xiangqian, Nie Rongzhen, Chen Yun, Tan Zhenlin, Li Jingquan, Zhang Dingzhen, Cai Chang, Ulanhu, Ngapoi Ngawang Jigme, Zhou Jianren, Xu Dezhen, Hu Yuwen, Li Suwen, Yao Lianwei, Wang Zhen, Yu Qiuli, Gu Mu, Sun Jian, Su Yu, Shen Yanbing, Pagbalha Geleg Namgyai, and Jiang Hua all partook in paying posthumous tributes to Mao.
Funeral and memorial service
[edit]| External videos | |
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 Official Chinese documentary on Mao's funeral |
Mao's embalmed, CCP-flag-draped body lay in state at the Great Hall of the People for one week.[6] During this period, an estimated one million people, including diplomatic envoys, leaders of foreign communist parties, and foreign nationals in China, filed past Mao to pay their final respects. Chairman Mao's official portrait was hung on the wall, with a banner reading: "Carry on the cause left by Chairman Mao and carry on the cause of proletarian revolution to the end", until September 17.[6] On September 17, Chairman Mao's body was taken in a minibus from the Great Hall of the people to Maojiawan to the 305 Hospital that Li Zhisui directed, and Mao's internal organs were preserved in formaldehyde.[6]
Reactions
[edit]
Albania – The Central Committee of the Albanian Party of Labour and the Albanian Government declared the period from September 16 to 18 as days of national mourning, during which flags would be flown at half-mast and there would be no recreational or sports activities.[7]
Australia – Governor-General Sir John Kerr said "I know that every member of the Chinese nation today is like a family who lost one of the most respected parents," Prime Minister Malcolm Fraser said "With his guidance and encouragement, China has regained its national dignity and international prestige."[8]
PR Congo – The highest supreme body met on September 10 when a five-point decision was made laid the national mourning after the death of Mao. September 13 was declared a day of national mourning.[7]
France – President Valéry Giscard d'Estaing said that Mao "freed China from the humiliation of the past and restored China's central position given to her by history. France will not forget that it was Chairman Mao Zedong and General De Gaulle who deeply admired him that led to the mutual development of our two countries."[9]
India – Prime Minister Indira Gandhi said, "The Government and people of India join me in sending you our sincere condolences on the death of Chairman Mao Tse-tung. He was an eminent statesman who led the resurgence and progress of the Chinese people."[10]
Japan – Prime Minister Takeo Miki and others went to the Chinese Embassy to personally mourn and issued a statement saying that "Now, when Japan-China relations are developing, they have lost this great leader and sincerely feel sorry", and Xinhua News Agency is also official in Japan. After releasing great goodwill, he reiterated Beijing's support for Japan's claim to recover the four northern islands occupied by the Soviet Union.[citation needed]
Kampuchea – The government of Democratic Kampuchea decided on national mourning from September 12 to 18.[7]
DPR Korea – General Secretary Kim Il Sung sent a telegram of condolence to the Chinese Communist Party which said, "During the liberation of the motherland and the fierce struggle of the Korean people against the US imperialist armed aggressors, Comrade Mao Zedong smashed all obstacles of the domestic and foreign enemies, set off a campaign against the United States and aided the DPRK, and used blood to aid the just struggle of our people."[11] The North Korean government also designated September 10–18 as a national mourning period, with a half-flag mourning and a large-scale mourning event.[11]
Maldives – President Ibrahim Nasir sent a message of condolence to the Chinese Communist Party, offering sympathies to him and the people of China on Mao Zedong's death. He announced three days of national mourning with flags half-masted.
Pakistan – On September 9, President Fazal Ilahi Chaudhry issued a statement: "As the father of the Chinese revolution that has changed the lives of a quarter of the human race, Chairman Mao is one of the most outstanding leaders of all time. As a politician and thinker, he has left an indelible mark on the annals of mankind. His death is not only a huge loss to the Chinese people, but also to the people of all countries in the world." Pakistani Prime Minister Bhutto said, "Chairman Mao Zedong has always been concerned about the happiness and progress of Pakistan. This makes him live forever in our hearts. The Pakistani people mourn the death of this great man together with the brotherly Chinese people."[12] Pakistani government has ordered seven days of mourning with flags half mast.
Romania – General Secretary and President Nicolae Ceaușescu said in a telegram, "Mao Zedong was a close friend of the Romanian people. He has worked hard to develop the relationship between our two parties, the two countries and the two peoples, to benefit the people of both countries and to the cause of socialism and peace."[13] Romanian government declared September 18 a day of national mourning.[14]
Sierra Leone – The Sierra Leone government declared nine days of national mourning.[7]
Soviet Union – Due to the strained Sino-Soviet relations, the Soviet Union only briefly mentioned the death of Mao Zedong in the corner of the official newspaper, and criticized Maoism on TASS.[15]
Sri Lanka – Sri Lankan government declared nine days of national mourning with the flags half-masted.[7]
Tanzania – Tanzanian President Julius Nyerere declared nine days of national mourning.[7]
Taiwan – The National Assembly of the Republic of China issued a statement on September 10 encouraging anti-communist rebels in the PRC to take advantage of the CCP's internal power struggles. Li Yuzhen, chairman of the Republic of China Sports Association, and forty-five individual sports associations encouraged mainland athletes to use international competitions to defect.[16]
United Kingdom – Queen Elizabeth II and Prime Minister James Callaghan said "[Mao’s] influence far exceeds China's borders, and he will undoubtedly be remembered as a world-famous great politician."[17]
United States – President Gerald Ford first sent a message to Beijing which said "When I visited Beijing in December 1975, I had the privilege of meeting Chairman Mao. Our conversation has promoted the development of US-China relations along the lines envisioned by our two countries. Please let me declare now as I did then, that the United States is determined to complete the normalization of our relationship on the basis of the Shanghai Communiqué. This will be an appropriate channel to praise his vision and will benefit the people of both countries."[18] In addition, he made the following remarks: "The People's Republic of China, announced today the passing away of Chairman Mao Tse-Tung. Chairman Mao was a giant figure in modern Chinese History. He was a leader whose actions profoundly affected the development of his country. His influence on history will extend far beyond the borders of China. Americans will remember that it was under Chairman Mao that China moved together with the United States to end a generation of hostility and to launch a new and more positive era in relations between our two countries. I am confident that the trend of improved relations between the People's Republic of China and the United States, which Chairman Mao helped create, will continue to contribute to world peace and stability. On behalf of the United States government and the American peoples, I offer condolences to the government and people of the People's Republic of China."[19]
Venezuela – Venezuelan President Carlos Andrés Pérez announced three days of national mourning with flags half-masted.[7]
Vietnam – The Communist Party of Vietnam issued a statement saying "The Vietnamese people will always remember the respectful speech that Chairman Mao said that "the 700 million Chinese people have the strong backing of the Vietnamese people and the vast Chinese territory is the reliable rear of the Vietnamese people." We Vietnamese people are extremely grateful to Mao Zedong. The chairman, the Chinese Communist Party, the Chinese government and the fraternal Chinese people have given us tremendous and valuable support and assistance to the revolutionary cause."[20]
Yugoslavia – President Josip Broz Tito commented: "The death of Chairman Mao Zedong has caused the Chinese people to lose their most outstanding leader. Without him, modern China would be unimaginable."[21]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Chang, Jung; Halliday, Jon (2005). Mao: The Unknown Story. London: Jonathan Cape. ISBN 978-0224071260.
- ^ Palmer, James (3 January 2012). "6 You die, I live". Heaven Cracks, Earth Shakes: The Tangshan Earthquake and the Death of Mao's China. New York: Basic. p. 196. ISBN 9780465023493.
- ^ Spence, Jonathan (1999). Mao Zedong. Penguin Lives. New York: Viking Press. pp. 176–177. ISBN 978-0670886692.
- ^ "Mao Tse-Tung Dies In Peking At 82; Leader Of Red China Revolution; Choice Of Successor Is Uncertain". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 27 October 2014. Retrieved 25 October 2014.
- ^ Bill Savadove (20 May 2008). "Biggest mourning since Mao died". South China Morning Post. Archived from the original on 9 June 2022. Retrieved 9 June 2022.
- ^ a b c Christine Quigley (1998). Modern Mummies: The Preservation of the Human Body in the Twentieth Century (illustrated, reprint ed.). McFarland. pp. 40–42. ISBN 978-0-7864-2851-9. Archived from the original on 19 January 2023. Retrieved 28 July 2015.
- ^ a b c d e f g "Solemn Mass Memorial Meeting to Mourn the Great Leader and Teacher Chairman Mao Tsetung" (PDF). 北京周報 [Peking Review]. No. 39. 24 September 1976. p. 7. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 April 2021. Retrieved 3 September 2023.
- ^ 澳大利亚总理弗雷泽的唁电 [Australian Prime Minister Fraser's condolences]. 人民日報. 12 September 1976.
- ^ "法国总统德斯坦的唁电". 人民日報. 12 September 1976.
- ^ "Death of Chairman Mao Tse-tung, P.M.'s Condolence Message" (PDF). Press Information Bureau of India - Archive (Press release). 9 September 1976. Retrieved 17 April 2020.
- ^ a b 金日成 (11 September 1976). "金日成同志的唁电". 人民日報.
- ^ "巴基斯坦總統、總理發來的唁電". 人民日報. 11 September 1976.
- ^ 齊奧塞斯庫 (11 September 1976). "齐奥塞斯库同志的唁电". 人民日報.
- ^ "罗马尼亚隆重举行毛泽东主席追悼大会 毛泽东主席永远活在世界人民心中 博布、尼古列斯库等领导人出席 勒杜列斯库同志致悼词". 人民日報. 19 September 1976.
- ^ "共匪拒收 俄共唁電". 聯合報. 15 September 1976.
- ^ "國代呼籲大陸同胞 及時奮起摧毀暴政". 聯合報. 11 September 1976.
- ^ 詹姆斯·卡拉汉 (12 September 1976). "英国首相卡拉汉的唁电". 人民日報.
- ^ "美国总统福特的唁电". 人民日報. 14 September 1976.
- ^ Remarks on the Death of Chairman Mao Tse Tung (PDF). 9 September 1976. Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 August 2022. Retrieved 18 November 2020.
- ^ "越南劳动党中央、国会常务委员会和政府会议的唁电". 人民日報. 12 September 1976.
- ^ 约瑟普·布罗兹·铁托 (11 September 1976). "南斯拉夫总统铁托的唁电". 人民日報.