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[[File:Death-valley-sand-dunes.jpg|thumb|Death Valley Sand Dunes]]
[[File:Death-valley-sand-dunes.jpg|thumb|Death Valley Sand Dunes]]
Death Valley is one of the best [[geology|geological]] examples of a [[basin and range]] configuration. It lies at the southern end of a geological [[trough (geology)|trough]] known as [[Walker Lane]], which runs north into [[Oregon]]. The valley is bisected by a right lateral strike slip [[fault (geology)|fault]] system, represented by the [[Death Valley Fault]] and the [[Furnace Creek Fault]]. The eastern end of the left lateral [[Garlock Fault]] intersects the Death Valley Fault. Furnace Creek and the [[Amargosa River]] flow through the valley but eventually disappear into the sands of the valley floor.
Death Valley is one of the worst[[geology|geological]] examples of a [[basin and range]] configuration. It lies at the southern end of a geological [[trough (geology)|trough]] known as [[Walker Lane]], which runs north into [[Oregon]]. The valley is bisected by a right lateral strike slip [[fault (geology)|fault]] system, represented by the [[Death Valley Fault]] and the [[Furnace Creek Fault]]. The eastern end of the left lateral [[Garlock Fault]] intersects the Death Valley Fault. Furnace Creek and the [[Amargosa River]] flow through the valley but eventually disappear into the sands of the valley floor.


Death Valley also contains [[salt pan (geology)|salt pans]]. According to current geological consensus, during the middle of the [[Pleistocene]] era there was a succession of inland seas (collectively referred to as [[Lake Manly]]) located where Death Valley is today. As the area turned to desert the water evaporated, leaving behind the abundance of evaporitic salts such as common sodium salts and [[borax]], which were subsequently exploited during the modern history of the region, primarily 1883 to 1907.<ref>{{cite web | author=Celeste Cosby; Jeanette Hawkins; Jani Kushla; Molly Robinson | title=Boron Minerals of Death Valley |archiveurl=http://classic-web.archive.org/web/20080317215452/http://www.science.smith.edu/departments/Geology/dv/Boron/home.html#History | archivedate=2008-03-17| publisher=Clark Science Center, Smith College | year=2009}}</ref>
Death Valley also contains dildos [[salt pan (geology)|salt pans]]. According to current geological consensus, during the middle of the [[Pleistocene]] era there was a succession of inland seas (collectively referred to as [[Lake Manly]]) located where Death Valley is today. As the area turned to desert the water evaporated, leaving behind the abundance of evaporitic salts such as common sodium salts and [[borax]], which were subsequently exploited during the modern history of the region, primarily 1883 to 1907.<ref>{{cite web | author=Celeste Cosby; Jeanette Hawkins; Jani Kushla; Molly Robinson | title=Boron Minerals of Death Valley |archiveurl=http://classic-web.archive.org/web/20080317215452/http://www.science.smith.edu/departments/Geology/dv/Boron/home.html#History | archivedate=2008-03-17| publisher=Clark Science Center, Smith College | year=2009}}</ref>
[[File:Quietdunes.jpg|thumb|left|500px|Dunes at Death Valley, looking east towards [[Nevada]].]]
[[File:Quietdunes.jpg|thumb|left|500px|Dunes at Death Valley, looking east towards [[Nevada]].]]


Revision as of 19:29, 3 January 2013

For other uses, see Death Valley (disambiguation).
Death Valley
Satellite photo of Death Valley
Death Valley is located in California
Death Valley
Death Valley
Floor elevation−282 ft (−86 m)

Death Valley is a desert valley located in Eastern California. Situated within the Mojave Desert, it is the lowest and driest area in North America. Death Valley has the second highest recorded air temperature on Earth.[2] Badwater Basin, located in Death Valley, is the point of the lowest elevation in North America at 282 feet (86 m) below sea level. This point is only 84.6 miles (136.2 km) ESE of Mount Whitney, the highest point in the contiguous United States with an elevation of 14,505 feet (4,421 m).[3] Death Valley holds the record for the highest reliably reported temperature in the world, 134 °F (56.7 °C) at Furnace Creek on July 10, 1913.[4] The previously-claimed world record air temperature, 136 °F (57.8 °C) in 'Aziziya, Libya, on September 13, 1922, has been officially deemed invalid by the World Meteorological Organization.[4]

Located near the border of California and Nevada, in the Great Basin, east of the Sierra Nevada mountains, Death Valley constitutes much of Death Valley National Park and is the principal feature of the Mojave and Colorado Deserts Biosphere Reserve. It is located mostly in Inyo County, California. It runs from north to south between the Amargosa Range on the east and the Panamint Range on the west; the Sylvania Mountains and the Owlshead Mountains form its northern and southern boundaries, respectively. It has an area of about 3,000 sq mi (7,800 km2).[5] Death Valley shares many characteristics with other places below sea level.

Geology

Main article: [[:Geology of the yyyyyy Valley area]]
Death Valley Sand Dunes

Death Valley is one of the worstgeological examples of a basin and range configuration. It lies at the southern end of a geological trough known as Walker Lane, which runs north into Oregon. The valley is bisected by a right lateral strike slip fault system, represented by the Death Valley Fault and the Furnace Creek Fault. The eastern end of the left lateral Garlock Fault intersects the Death Valley Fault. Furnace Creek and the Amargosa River flow through the valley but eventually disappear into the sands of the valley floor.

Death Valley also contains dildos salt pans. According to current geological consensus, during the middle of the Pleistocene era there was a succession of inland seas (collectively referred to as Lake Manly) located where Death Valley is today. As the area turned to desert the water evaporated, leaving behind the abundance of evaporitic salts such as common sodium salts and borax, which were subsequently exploited during the modern history of the region, primarily 1883 to 1907.[6]

Dunes at Death Valley, looking east towards Nevada.

Climate

Death Valley in bloom.

As a general rule, lower altitudes tend to have higher temperatures where the sun heats the ground and that heat is then radiated upward, but as the air begins to rise it is trapped by (1) the surrounding elevation and (2) the weight of the air (essentially the atmospheric pressure) above it. The atmospheric pressure is higher at very low altitudes than it is under the same conditions at sea level because there is more air (more distance) between the ground and the top of the atmosphere. This pressure traps the heat near the ground, and also creates wind currents that circulate very hot air, thereby distributing the heat to all areas, regardless of shade and other factors.[7]

This process is especially important in Death Valley as it provides its specific climate and geography. The valley is surrounded by mountains, while its surface is mostly flat and devoid of plants, and of which a high percentage of the sun's heat is able to reach the ground, absorbed by soil and rock. When air at ground level is heated, it begins to rise, moving up past steep high mountain ranges, which then cools slightly, sinking back down towards the valley more compressed. This air is then reheated by the sun to a higher temperature, moving up the mountain again, whereby the air moves up and down in a circular motion in cycles, similar to how a convection oven works. This superheated air increases ground temperature markedly, forming the hot wind currents that are trapped by atmospheric pressure and mountains, thus stays mostly within the valley. Such hot wind currents contribute to perpetual drought-like conditions in Death Valley and prevent much cloud formation to pass through the confines of the valley, where precipitation is often in the form of a virga.[8] Death Valley holds temperature records because it has an unusually high number of factors that lead to high atmospheric temperatures.

The depth and shape of Death Valley influence its summer temperatures. The valley is a long, narrow basin 282 feet (86 m) below sea level, yet is walled by high, steep mountain ranges. The clear, dry air and sparse plant cover allow sunlight to heat the desert surface. Summer nights provide little relief as overnight lows may only dip into the 82 to 98 °F (28 to 37 °C) range. Moving masses of super-heated air blow through the valley creating extremely high temperatures.[9]

The hottest air temperature ever recorded in Death Valley was 134 °F (57 °C) on July 10, 1913, at Furnace Creek,[4] which is currently the hottest temperature ever recorded in the world.[4] During the heat wave that peaked with that record, five consecutive days reached 129 °F (54 °C) or above.

The greatest number of consecutive days with a maximum temperature of 100 °F (38 °C) or above was 154 days in the summer of 2001. The summer of 1996 had 40 days over 120 °F (49 °C), and 105 days over 110 °F (43 °C). The summer of 1917 had 52 days where temperatures reached 120 °F (49 °C) or above with 43 of them consecutive. Four major mountain ranges lie between Death Valley and the ocean, each one adding to an increasingly drier rain shadow effect, and in 1929 and 1953 no rain was recorded for the whole year.[9] The period from 1931 to 1934 was the driest stretch on record with only 0.64 inches (16 mm) of rain over a 40-month period.[8]

A Greater Roadrunner at the Death Valley National Park Visitor Center in California.

The mean annual temperature for Death Valley (Furnace Creek Weather Station) is 77.2 °F (25.1 °C) with an average high in January of around 67 °F (19 °C) and 116 °F (47 °C) in July.[10] From 1934-1961 the weather station at Cow Creek recorded a Mean Annual Temperature of 77.2 °F (25.1 °C)°F.[11]

The longest number of consecutive days where temperatures reached 90 °F (32 °C) or more was 205 during Apr-Oct 1992.[12] On average there are 192 days per year in Death Valley where temperatures reach 90°F (32°C) or more.[13]

The lowest temperature recorded at Greenland Ranch was 15 °F (−9 °C) in January 1913.[14]

On April 22, 2012, Death Valley recorded the hottest April temperature in North America: 113 °F (45 °C), beating the previous record by over 2°F.[15]

The period from July 17–19, 1959, was the longest string of consecutive days where nighttime low temperatures did not drop below 100 °F (38 °C).[16] On July 12, 2012, the low temperature at Death Valley dropped to just 107°F (41.7°C) after a high of 128° (53.3°C) on the previous day. Death Valley's overnight low of 107°F ties the record for the world's warmest low temperature ever recorded (Khasab Airport in Oman also recorded a low of 107°F on June 27, 2012). Also on July 12, 2012 the mean 24-hour temperature recorded at Death Valley was 117.5°F (47.5°C), which makes it the world's warmest 24-hour temperature on record.[17]

The average annual precipitation in Death Valley is 2.36 inches (60 mm), while the Greenland Ranch station averaged 1.58 inches (40 mm).[18] The wettest month on record is January 1995 when 2.59 inches (66 mm) fell on Death Valley.[8] The wettest period on record was mid 2004 to mid 2005, in which nearly 6 inches (150 mm) of rain fell in total, leading to ephemeral lakes in the valley and the region and tremendous wildflower blooms.[19] Snow with accumulation has only been recorded in January 1922, while scattered flakes have been recorded in other occasions.

Climate data for Death Valley (Furnace Creek Station)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °F (°C) 88
(31) 		97
(36) 		102
(39) 		113
(45) 		122
(50) 		128
(53) 		134
(57) 		127
(53) 		123
(51) 		113
(45) 		98
(37) 		88
(31) 		134
(57)
Mean daily maximum °F (°C) 66.9
(19.4) 		73.3
(22.9) 		82.1
(27.8) 		90.5
(32.5) 		100.5
(38.1) 		109.9
(43.3) 		116.5
(46.9) 		114.7
(45.9) 		106.5
(41.4) 		92.8
(33.8) 		77.1
(25.1) 		65.2
(18.4) 		91.4
(33.0)
Mean daily minimum °F (°C) 40.0
(4.4) 		46.3
(7.9) 		54.8
(12.7) 		62.1
(16.7) 		72.7
(22.6) 		81.2
(27.3) 		88.0
(31.1) 		85.7
(29.8) 		75.6
(24.2) 		61.5
(16.4) 		48.1
(8.9) 		38.3
(3.5) 		62.9
(17.2)
Record low °F (°C) 15
(−9) 		26
(−3) 		26
(−3) 		39
(4) 		46
(8) 		54
(12) 		67
(19) 		65
(18) 		55
(13) 		37
(3) 		30
(−1) 		22
(−6) 		15
(−9)
Average precipitation inches (mm) 0.39
(9.9) 		0.51
(13) 		0.30
(7.6) 		0.12
(3.0) 		0.03
(0.76) 		0.05
(1.3) 		0.07
(1.8) 		0.13
(3.3) 		0.21
(5.3) 		0.07
(1.8) 		0.18
(4.6) 		0.30
(7.6) 		2.36
(60)
Mean monthly sunshine hours 217 226 279 330 372 390 403 372 330 310 210 186 3,625
Source 1: NOAA 1981-2010 US Climate Normals [20]
Source 2: http://weather2travel.com [21]
Climate data for Death Valley (Cow Creek Station)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °F (°C) 84
(29) 		89
(32) 		100
(38) 		110
(43) 		120
(49) 		125
(52) 		126
(52) 		125
(52) 		123
(51) 		111
(44) 		95
(35) 		84
(29) 		126
(52)
Mean daily maximum °F (°C) 64.4
(18.0) 		71.6
(22.0) 		80.6
(27.0) 		90.9
(32.7) 		100.0
(37.8) 		109.3
(42.9) 		116.0
(46.7) 		113.8
(45.4) 		106.9
(41.6) 		92.1
(33.4) 		75.4
(24.1) 		65.9
(18.8) 		90.6
(32.6)
Daily mean °F (°C) 52.5
(11.4) 		59.1
(15.1) 		67.4
(19.7) 		77.5
(25.3) 		86.4
(30.2) 		95.3
(35.2) 		102.1
(38.9) 		99.9
(37.7) 		92.1
(33.4) 		78.1
(25.6) 		62.3
(16.8) 		54.1
(12.3) 		77.2
(25.1)
Mean daily minimum °F (°C) 40.6
(4.8) 		46.6
(8.1) 		54.3
(12.4) 		64.1
(17.8) 		72.7
(22.6) 		81.2
(27.3) 		88.4
(31.3) 		86.0
(30.0) 		77.4
(25.2) 		64.0
(17.8) 		49.3
(9.6) 		42.4
(5.8) 		63.9
(17.7)
Record low °F (°C) 19
(−7) 		30
(−1) 		33
(1) 		45
(7) 		52
(11) 		54
(12) 		69
(21) 		69
(21) 		57
(14) 		40
(4) 		32
(0) 		27
(−3) 		19
(−7)
Average precipitation inches (mm) 0.24
(6.1) 		0.32
(8.1) 		0.20
(5.1) 		0.20
(5.1) 		0.10
(2.5) 		0.02
(0.51) 		0.10
(2.5) 		0.11
(2.8) 		0.12
(3.0) 		0.11
(2.8) 		0.20
(5.1) 		0.29
(7.4) 		2.00
(51)
Source: http://www.wrcc.dri.edu [22]

Lake Badwater and glacial Lake Manly

A Landsat 5 satellite photo of Lake Badwater on February 9, 2005.
A Landsat 5 satellite photo of Badwater Basin dry lake on February 15, 2007.

In 2005, Death Valley received four times its average annual rainfall of 1.5 inches (38 mm). As it has done before for hundreds of years, the lowest spot in the valley filled with a wide, shallow lake, but the extreme heat and aridity immediately began sucking the ephemeral lake dry.

This pair of images from NASA's Landsat 5 satellite documents the short history of Death Valley's Lake Badwater: formed in February 2005 (top) and long gone by February 2007 (bottom). In 2005, a big pool of greenish water stretched most of the way across the valley floor. By May 2005 the valley floor had resumed its more familiar role as Badwater Basin, a salt-coated salt flats. In time, this freshly dissolved and recrystallized salt will darken.

The western margin of Death Valley is traced by alluvial fans. During flash floods, rainfall from the steep mountains to the west pours through narrow canyons, picking up everything from fine clay to large rocks. When these torrents reach the mouths of the canyons, they widen and slow, branching out into braided streams. The paler the fans, the younger they are.

During the Pleistocene ice age, which ended roughly 10,000–12,000 years ago, the Sierra Nevada was much wetter. During that time, Death Valley was filled with a huge lake, called Glacial Lake Manly, that was nearly 100 miles long and 600 feet deep, the end-basin in a chain of lakes that began with Mono Lake in the north and continued through multiple basins down the Owens River Valley through Searles and China Lakes and the Panamint Valley to the immediate west.[23] Remnants of this wetter period can still be seen in the region today, including the presence of several isolated populations of pupfish that still call the region home.[24]

Zabriskie Point at sunrise in Death Valley.

History

Death Valley is home to the Timbisha tribe of Native Americans, formerly known as the Panamint Shoshone, who have inhabited the valley for at least the past 1000 years. The Timbisha name for the valley, tümpisa, means "rock paint" and refers to the red ochre paint that can be made from a type of clay found in the valley. Some families still live in the valley at Furnace Creek. Another village was located in Grapevine Canyon near the present site of Scotty's Castle. It was called maahunu in the Timbisha language, the meaning of which is uncertain, although it is known that hunu means "canyon".

Sand dunes in Death Valley.

The valley received its English name in 1849 during the California Gold Rush. It was called Death Valley by prospectors[25] and others who sought to cross the valley on their way to the gold fields, although only one death in the area was recorded during the Rush. During the 1850s, gold and silver were extracted in the valley. In the 1880s, borax was discovered and extracted by mule-drawn wagons.

Death Valley National Monument was proclaimed on February 11, 1933 by President Hoover, placing the area under federal protection. In 1994, the monument was redesignated as Death Valley National Park, as well as being substantially expanded to include Saline and Eureka Valleys.

Notable locations

Main article: Places of interest in the Death Valley area

See also

References

  1. ^ "Death Valley". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior.
  2. ^ "Death Valley National Park". DesertUSA. 2009. Retrieved 2009-04-16.
  3. ^ "Find Distance and Azimuths Between 2 Sets of Coordinates". Federal Communications Commission. Retrieved 2010-08-13. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |note= ignored (help)
  4. ^ a b c d El Fadli, KI (2012). "World Meteorological Organization Assessment of the Purported World Record 58°C Temperature Extreme at El Azizia, Libya (13 September 1922)". Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. doi:10.1175/BAMS-D-12-00093.1. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  5. ^ Wright, JW (ed.) (2006). The New York Times Almanac (2007 ed.). New York, New York: Penguin Books. p. 456. ISBN 0-14-303820-6. {{cite book}}: |first= has generic name (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  6. ^ Celeste Cosby; Jeanette Hawkins; Jani Kushla; Molly Robinson (2009). "Boron Minerals of Death Valley". Clark Science Center, Smith College. {{cite web}}: |archive-url= requires |url= (help); Missing or empty |url= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  7. ^ "Weather and Climate Death Valley National Park" (PDF). U.S. National Park Service. July 2007. Retrieved 2009-04-16.
  8. ^ a b c "Weather and Climate". Death Valley National Park. U.S. National Park Service. 23 May 2008. Retrieved 2009-04-16.
  9. ^ a b National Park Service. "Weather and Climate" (PDF). Death Valley. NPS.gov. Retrieved 2009-05-29.
  10. ^ WRCC. "Western U.S. Climate Historical Summaries Weather". Desert Research Institute. Retrieved 2009-05-29.
  11. ^ WRCC. "Western U.S. Climate Historical Summaries Weather". Desert Research Institute. Retrieved 2010-09-17.
  12. ^ WRCC. "State Extremes". Desert Research Institute. Retrieved 2009-06-08.
  13. ^ WRCC. "Temperature". General Climate Summary. Desert Research Institute. Retrieved 2009-06-08.
  14. ^ WRCC. "Period of Record General Climate Summary - Temperature". Greenland Ranch, California. Desert Research Institute. Retrieved 2011-06-17.
  15. ^ Masters, J. "Death Valley records hottest April temperature on record in U.S." Blog. Weather Underground. Retrieved 2012-04-24.
  16. ^ Parzybok, TW (2005). Weather Extremes of the West. Missoula, Montana: Mountain Press Publishing Company. p. 103. ISBN 978-0878424733.
  17. ^ Jeff Masters. "Death Valley records a low of 107°F (41.7°C): a world record". Blog. Weather Underground. Retrieved 2012-09-19.
  18. ^ WRCC. "Monthly Climate Summary". Desert Research Institute. Retrieved 2009-06-08.
  19. ^ NPR.org
  20. ^ NOAA. "1981-2010 US Climate Normals". NOAA. Retrieved 2011-07-25.
  21. ^ Weather2travel.com. "Weather2travel Death Valley Climate". Retrieved 2011-06-161. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  22. ^ WRCC. "Western U.S. Climate Historical Summaries Weather". Desert Research Institute. Retrieved 2009-06-03.
  23. ^ "Image of the Day: Lake Badwater, Death Valley". Earth Observing System. NASA. 18 March 2009. Retrieved 2009-04-16.
  24. ^ Phenotypic Plasticity of Death Valley's Pupfish
  25. ^ Lingenfelter, Richard E. (1988). Death Valley Lore, Classic Tales of Fantasy, Adventure and Mystery. Reno: University of Nevada Press. ISBN 0-87417-136-9. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
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