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Eurovision Song Contest 1975
Dates
Final22 March 1975 (1975-03-22)
Host
VenueSankt Eriks-Mässan
Stockholm, Sweden
Presenter(s)Karin Falck
Musical directorMats Olsson
DirectorBo Billtén
EBU scrutineerClifford Brown
Executive producerRoland Eiworth
Host broadcasterSveriges Radio (SR)
Websiteeurovision.tv/event/stockholm-1975 Edit this at Wikidata
Participants
Number of entries19
Debuting countries Turkey
Returning countries
Non-returning countries Greece
  • A coloured map of the countries of EuropeBelgium in the Eurovision Song Contest 1975Italy in the Eurovision Song Contest 1975Netherlands in the Eurovision Song Contest 1975Switzerland in the Eurovision Song Contest 1975Germany in the Eurovision Song Contest 1975United Kingdom in the Eurovision Song Contest 1975Monaco in the Eurovision Song Contest 1975Luxembourg in the Eurovision Song Contest 1975Spain in the Eurovision Song Contest 1975Yugoslavia in the Eurovision Song Contest 1975Ireland in the Eurovision Song Contest 1975Denmark in the Eurovision Song ContestDenmark in the Eurovision Song ContestFinland in the Eurovision Song Contest 1975Norway in the Eurovision Song Contest 1975Portugal in the Eurovision Song Contest 1975Sweden in the Eurovision Song Contest 1975Israel in the Eurovision Song Contest 1975Greece in the Eurovision Song ContestMalta in the Eurovision Song Contest 1975Austria in the Eurovision Song ContestFrance in the Eurovision Song Contest 1975Turkey in the Eurovision Song Contest 1975
         Competing countries     Countries that participated in the past but not in 1975
Vote
Voting systemEach country awarded 12, 10, 8-1 points to their ten favourite songs
Winning song Netherlands
"Ding-a-dong"
1974 ← Eurovision Song Contest → 1976

The Eurovision Song Contest 1975 was the 20th edition of the Eurovision Song Contest, held on 22 March 1975 in the Sankt Eriks-Mässan in Stockholm, Sweden and presented by Karin Falck. Organised by the European Broadcasting Union (EBU) and host broadcaster Sveriges Radio (SR), the contest was held in Sweden following the country's victory at the 1974 contest with the song "Waterloo" by ABBA. Nineteen countries were represented at the contest – a new record number of participants. Turkey made its first entry in the contest, and France and Malta returned after a one- and two-year absence, respectively. Greece, after participating for the first time in the previous year's event, opted not to participate in 1975.

The winner was the Netherlands with the song "Ding-a-dong", composed by Dick Bakker, written by Will Luikinga [nl] and Eddy Ouwens, and performed by the group Teach-In. This was the Netherlands' fourth contest victory, matching the record number of contest wins previously set by France and Luxembourg. Having been the opening song of the contest, it was also the first time that a country had won from first position in the running order. The United Kingdom, Italy, France and Luxembourg rounded out the top five positions, with the UK achieving a record-extending ninth second-place finish. A new voting system was introduced at this contest; each country gave 12 points to its favourite, 10 points to its second favourite, and then 8 points to 1 point to other countries in descending order of preference. This numerical order of awarded points has since been used in every subsequent edition of the contest.

Location

[edit]
Sankt Eriks-Mässan, Stockholm – host venue of the 1975 contest

The 1975 contest took place in Stockholm, Sweden, following the country's victory at the 1974 contest with the song "Waterloo" performed by ABBA. It was the first time that Sweden had hosted the event.[1][2] The chosen venue was the Sankt Eriks-Mässan, an exhibition centre in the Älvsjö district of southern Stockholm opened in 1971; in 1976 the venue was renamed to Stockholmsmässan.[2][3]

The Swedish broadcaster Sveriges Radio (SR) had initially been reluctant to stage the event, mainly due to the high costs that came with it which would have been placed on the organisation. There had also been considerable pressure and disquiet from left-wing groups in the country that initially opposed the amount of money being spent by the public broadcaster on a commercial event, which subsequently developed into a wider protest against the general commercialisation of music in Sweden;[2][4] this led to street protests and a counter-festival, Alternativfestivalen [sv] ('the Alternative Festival'), being held during the week of Eurovision 1975.[5][6][7][8]

SR had attempted to negotiate with the European Broadcasting Union (EBU) and other participating broadcasters to enact a form of cost-sharing to fund the event, however a solution failed to materialise prior to the contest and SR was ultimately faced with funding the contest alone. These discussions, however, did eventually lead to the introduction of a new financing system for 1976 and future events, with the running costs of the event being split across all participating countries.[2][9] However, fears of the potential costs required to host the event should Sweden have won again, coupled with the pressure from left-wing groups, meant that SR ultimately decided not to participate in the 1976 event.[2][5][10]

Participating countries

[edit]
Further information: List of countries in the Eurovision Song Contest
Eurovision Song Contest 1975 – Participation summaries by country
Ellen Nikolaysen represented Norway for a second time

A total of 19 countries participated in the 1975 contest – a new record number of participants. This included the first ever appearance of Turkey, and entries from France and Malta, which last participated in 1973 and 1972, respectively.[2][11] Broadcasters in Greece, which participated for the first time in 1974, and Austria, last seen in the contest in 1972, had also considered participating in the contest, however no entries from these countries were ultimately submitted;[9][11] Greece had reportedly decided against participating at a late stage, and may have opted to refuse to compete alongside Turkey following the Turkish invasion of Cyprus.[6][7][9]

Ellen Nikolaysen competed in the contest for Norway for a second time, having previously participated in 1973 as a member of the Bendik Singers.[12] Additionally, John Farrar, a member of the Shadows representing the United Kingdom, had previously supported Cliff Richard at the 1973 contest as a backing vocalist.[13]

Eurovision Song Contest 1975 participants[12][14]
Country Broadcaster Artist Song Language Songwriter(s) Conductor
 Belgium BRT Ann Christy "Gelukkig zijn" Dutch, English Mary Boduin Francis Bay
 Finland YLE Pihasoittajat "Old Man Fiddle" English
  • Hannu Karlsson
  • Kim Kuusi
  • Arthur Ridgway Spencer
 Ossi Runne
 France TF1 Nicole "Et bonjour à toi l'artiste" French
Jean Musy
 Germany HR[a] Joy Fleming "Ein Lied kann eine Brücke sein" German, English
Rainer Pietsch
 Ireland RTÉ The Swarbriggs "That's What Friends Are For" English
Colman Pearce
 Israel IBA Shlomo Artzi "At Ve'Ani" (את ואני) Hebrew
Eldad Shrem
 Italy RAI Wess and Dori Ghezzi "Era" Italian
Natale Massara
 Luxembourg CLT Géraldine "Toi" French
Phil Coulter
 Malta MBA Renato "Singing This Song" English
  • Sammy Galea
  • M. Iris Misfud
 Vince Tempera
 Monaco TMC Sophie "Une chanson c'est une lettre" French
André Popp
 Netherlands NOS Teach-In "Ding-a-dong" English
Harry van Hoof
 Norway NRK Ellen Nikolaysen "Touch My Life with Summer" English
  • Svein Hundnes
  • Johnny Sareussen
 Carsten Klouman
 Portugal RTP Duarte Mendes "Madrugada" Portuguese José Luis Tinoco Pedro Osório
 Spain TVE Sergio and Estíbaliz "Tú volverás" Spanish Juan Carlos Calderón Juan Carlos Calderón
 Sweden SR Lars Berghagen "Jennie, Jennie" English Lars Berghagen Lars Samuelson
  Switzerland SRG SSR Simone Drexel "Mikado" German Simone Drexel Peter Jacques
 Turkey TRT Semiha Yankı "Seninle Bir Dakika" Turkish
  • Hikmet Münir Ebcioğlu
  • Kemal Ebcioğlu
 Timur Selçuk
 United Kingdom BBC The Shadows "Let Me Be the One" English Paul Curtis Alyn Ainsworth
 Yugoslavia JRT Pepel in kri[b] "Dan ljubezni" Slovene
Mario Rijavec

Production and format

[edit]

The Eurovision Song Contest 1975 was produced by SR.[11] Roland Eiworth [sv] served as executive producer, Bo Billtén [sv] served as producer and director, Bo-Ruben Hedwall [sv] served as designer and Mats Olsson served as musical director, leading the orchestra.[16] A separate musical director could be nominated by each country to lead the orchestra during their performance, with the host musical director also available to conduct for those countries which did not nominate their own conductor.[12] On behalf of the contest organisers, the EBU, the event was overseen by Clifford Brown as scrutineer.[16][17][18]

Each participating broadcaster submitted one song, which was required to be no longer than three minutes in duration.[19][20] As in 1973 and 1974, artists were able to perform in any language, and not necessarily that of the country their represented.[21][22] A maximum of six performers were allowed on stage during each country's performance.[19][23] Each entry could utilise all or part of the live orchestra and could use instrumental-only backing tracks, however any backing tracks used could only include the sound of instruments featured on stage being mimed by the performers.[24]

Rehearsals in the contest venue for the competing began on 19 March 1975, with each participating act having a 50-minute slot on stage to perform through their entry with the orchestra.[9] The first rehearsals for all countries were held over two days on 19 and 20 March and were conducted without their stage costumes.[9] A second round of rehearsals, this time in costume, was held for all acts on 21 March, with each country given 20 minutes on stage.[9] This was followed that evening by a complete run-through of the whole show, including dummy voting.[9] Technical rehearsals were held on the morning of 22 March, and a second full dress rehearsal was held that afternoon ahead of the live contest.[9] Some of the participating acts performed their songs in a different language at the dress rehearsals, which were also heard by the juries, and in the live contest; specifically, the Yugoslav and Portuguese acts performed their entries in English in the dress rehearsal, and then in Slovene and Portuguese in the final, respectively.[6] The Dutch entrants were given an additional rehearsal shortly before the live transmission; this was requested by Dick Bakker, the composer of the Dutch song. Bakker felt that during the general rehearsals the sound quality was noticeably poorer during their entry, the first to perform each time, and that the sound technicians needed time to fix their equipment, which was generally done during their rehearsal slot.[9]

There was a tight security situation at the venue in the run-up to, and during, the event;[6][7][25] the Swedish Security Service (SÄPO) had received intelligence reports that the contest may become a target of the West German far-left militant group the Red Army Faction (RAF). The threat to the contest did not ultimately materialise, however one month after the event the RAF targeted the West German embassy in Stockholm.[6][7]

Voting procedure

[edit]
Further information: Voting at the Eurovision Song Contest

Following the abandoned attempt at introducing a new voting system at the previous year's event, plans for a new system to replace both the system used between 1971 and 1973 and that used in 1974 came to fruition in autumn 1974. A sub-group, comprising individuals from Germany's ARD, Sweden's SR, and Finland's YLE, was set-up, and various new voting systems were proposed: ARD suggested that each country should identify its top nine entries and award points ranging between 1 and 10, while YLE proposed a scoring system to award points to eight countries, with the favourite of each country given 14 points, then 10, 7 and 5–1. The Finnish broadcaster also proposed as a compromise awarding to nine countries 10 and 8–1 points. Based on the above ideas, the UK's BBC proposed the 12, 10 and 8–1 pattern which was later adopted for this contest, and which had been used in all subsequent editions as of 2024.[11][26]

Each country had a jury of eleven members ranging from ages 16 to 60, with a recommendation that there should be a balance between the sexes and that half should be under 25 years old. Each jury member awarded all songs a score between one and five immediately after they had been performed, with no abstentions allowed and without voting for the country they represented. The song which gained the most votes received 12 points, followed by 10 points to the song which got the second highest number of votes, and then between 8 and 1 points for the third- to tenth-placed songs. Ties for any of the positions would be decided by a show of hands.[11][27] The order of presenting the points by each country's spokesperson was done in performance order; it would not be until 1980 that the points would be awarded in ascending order, starting at 1 point and finishing with 12 points.[2][27]

Contest overview

[edit]
Members of Teach-In at Schipol Airport prior to the contest
Teach-In and the songwriters of "Ding-a-dong" at Schipol Airport following the contest, with the medallions awarded to the songwriters

The contest was held on 22 March 1975, beginning at 21:00 (CET) and lasting 2 hours and 12 minutes.[11][12] The contest was presented by the Swedish television presenter, producer and director Karin Falck.[2][28] Following the confirmation of the 19 participating countries, a draw was held in Geneva on 24 January 1975 to determine the running order (R/O) of the contest.[9]

The contest was opened by a film montage portraying various cultural stereotypes of Sweden and the Swedish people. Each entry was preceded by a video postcard, which served as an introduction to that country's entry and to create a transition between entries to allow stage crew to make changes on stage;[29][30] the postcards showed each country's entrant backstage painting a portrait of themselves and the flag of their nation onto a blank canvas.[31][32] The interval act was entitled "The World of John Bauer" (Swedish: John Bauers värld), comprising a montage of examples of the Swedish illustrator's work, particularly from his anthology Among Gnomes and Trolls, set to music from the orchestra.[31][33] The medallions awarded to the winning songwriters were presented by the Secretary-General of the European Broadcasting Union Henrik Hahr [sv].[31][33]

The winner was the Netherlands represented by the song "Ding-a-dong", composed by Bakker, written by Will Luikinga [nl] and Eddy Ouwens, and performed by Teach-In.[34] It was the Netherlands' fourth contest win, following victories in 1957, 1959 and 1969; the Netherlands thus joined France and Luxembourg as the countries with the most contest wins at that point.[27][35] It was additionally the first time that the song which was performed first had gone on to win the contest.[2][27] The UK came second for a record-extending ninth time, and Malta, which had come last in its two previous contest appearances, achieved their best result to date with a twelfth-place finish.[27][36] Turkey, meanwhile, finished in last place on its debut appearance.[37]

Results of the Eurovision Song Contest 1975[27][38]
R/O Country Artist Song Points Place
1  Netherlands Teach-In "Ding-a-dong" 152 1
2  Ireland The Swarbriggs "That's What Friends Are For" 68 9
3  France Nicole "Et bonjour à toi l'artiste" 91 4
4  Germany Joy Fleming "Ein Lied kann eine Brücke sein" 15 17
5  Luxembourg Géraldine "Toi" 84 5
6  Norway Ellen Nikolaysen "Touch My Life with Summer" 11 18
7   Switzerland Simone Drexel "Mikado" 77 6
8  Yugoslavia Pepel in kri[b] "Dan ljubezni" 22 13
9  United Kingdom The Shadows "Let Me Be the One" 138 2
10  Malta Renato "Singing This Song" 32 12
11  Belgium Ann Christy "Gelukkig zijn" 17 15
12  Israel Shlomo Artzi "At Ve'Ani" 40 11
13  Turkey Semiha Yankı "Seninle Bir Dakika" 3 19
14  Monaco Sophie "Une chanson c'est une lettre" 22 13
15  Finland Pihasoittajat "Old Man Fiddle" 74 7
16  Portugal Duarte Mendes "Madrugada" 16 16
17  Spain Sergio and Estíbaliz "Tú volverás" 53 10
18  Sweden Lars Berghagen "Jennie, Jennie" 72 8
19  Italy Wess and Dori Ghezzi "Era" 115 3

Spokespersons

[edit]

Each country nominated a spokesperson, connected to the contest venue via telephone lines and responsible for announcing, in English or French, the votes for their respective country.[19][39] Known spokespersons at the 1975 contest are listed below.

Detailed voting results

[edit]

Jury voting was used to determine the points awarded by all countries.[27] The announcement of the results from each country was conducted in the order in which they performed, with the spokespersons announcing their country's points in English or French in performance order.[27][31] The detailed breakdown of the points awarded by each country is listed in the tables below, with voting countries listed in the order in which they presented their votes.

Detailed voting results of the Eurovision Song Contest 1975[41][42]
Total score
Netherlands
Ireland
France
Germany
Luxembourg
Norway
Switzerland
Yugoslavia
United Kingdom
Malta
Belgium
Israel
Turkey
Monaco
Finland
Portugal
Spain
Sweden
Italy
Contestants
 Netherlands 152 8 5 8 10 12 6 8 12 12 3 12 4 10 10 7 12 12 1
Ireland 68 6 6 4 7 1 6 4 12 1 4 3 10 4
France 91 8 12 3 8 7 2 7 1 7 12 8 8 8
Germany 15 8 3 4
Luxembourg 84 12 10 3 7 3 5 6 5 5 8 6 4 10
Norway 11 2 2 7
Switzerland 77 7 2 10 6 2 1 5 6 8 7 5 4 2 12
Yugoslavia 22 3 4 2 5 1 7
United Kingdom 138 4 3 12 10 12 7 8 12 8 10 10 12 7 5 10 5 3
Malta 32 1 8 5 2 4 2 7 1 2
Belgium 17 5 7 3 2
Israel 40 10 1 1 1 1 5 2 1 1 6 3 6 2
Turkey 3 3
Monaco 22 3 4 2 1 2 2 3 5
Finland 74 5 12 6 10 12 5 4 8 8 1 3
Portugal 16 2 12 2
Spain 53 7 5 3 5 4 4 4 3 4 8 6
Sweden 72 7 7 8 1 6 7 2 3 8 6 6 6 5
Italy 115 6 4 4 3 6 10 10 10 10 6 5 10 1 12 10 7 1

12 points

[edit]

The below table summarises how the maximum 12 points were awarded from one country to another. The winning country is shown in bold. The Netherlands received the maximum score of 12 points from six of the voting countries, with the UK receiving four sets of 12 points, Finland and France each receiving two sets of maximum scores, and Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Portugal and Switzerland receiving one maximum score each.[41][42]

Distribution of 12 points awarded at the Eurovision Song Contest 1975[41][42]
N. Contestant Nation(s) giving 12 points
6  Netherlands  Israel,  Malta,  Norway,  Spain,  Sweden,  United Kingdom
4  United Kingdom  France,  Luxembourg,  Monaco,  Yugoslavia
2  Finland  Germany,   Switzerland
 France  Ireland,  Portugal
1  Ireland  Belgium
 Italy  Finland
 Luxembourg  Netherlands
 Portugal  Turkey
  Switzerland  Italy

Broadcasts

[edit]

Broadcasters competing in the event were required to relay the contest via its networks; non-participating EBU member broadcasters were also able to relay the contest. Broadcasters were able to send commentators to provide coverage of the contest in their own native language and to relay information about the artists and songs to their television viewers.[20]

In addition to the participating nations, the contest was also reportedly aired, live or deferred, by broadcasters in Eastern European countries via Intervision, and in Australia, Denmark, Greece, Hong Kong, Iceland, Japan, Jordan, Morocco and South Korea.[2][9][43] The contest was reported to have had a possible maximum audience of over 700 million people.[25]

A planned broadcast in Chile by its public broadcaster Televisión Nacional de Chile was prevented by SR, following pressure from the Swedish Musicians' Union in opposition to the Chilean military dictatorship.[44][45][46][47] Rolf Rembe, spokesman for the union, said that broadcasting the festival to Chile "would give the impression that relations between Chile and world artists are normal".[48]

Known details on the broadcasts in each country, including the specific broadcasting stations and commentators are shown in the tables below.

Broadcasters and commentators in participating countries
Country Broadcaster Channel(s) Commentator(s) Ref.
 Belgium BRT BRT, BRT 1 [49][50]
RTB RTB [51]
 Finland YLE TV1 Heikki Seppälä [fi] [44][52]
Rinnakkaisohjelma [fi] Erkki Melakoski [fi]
 France TF1 Georges de Caunes [53][54]
 Germany ARD Deutsches Fernsehen Werner Veigel [55][56]
 Ireland RTÉ RTÉ Mike Murphy [57][58]
RTÉ Radio [59]
 Israel IBA Israeli Television [60]
 Italy RAI Programma Nazionale, Secondo Programma Silvio Noto [61][62]
 Luxembourg CLT RTL Télé-Luxembourg [63]
 Malta MBA TVM, Radio Malta Norman Hamilton [64][65]
 Netherlands NOS Nederland 2 Willem Duys [55][66]
 Norway NRK NRK Fjernsynet, NRK John Andreassen [67]
 Portugal RTP I Programa [68]
 Spain TVE TVE 1 José Luis Uribarri [69][70]
RNE RNE Canarias [71]
SER Radio Castellón [es] Joaquín Prat [72][73]
Radio Girona [ca] [72][74]
Radio Sevilla [es] [72][75]
Radio Valladolid [es] [72][76]
Radio Zaragoza [72][77]
 Sweden SR TV1 Åke Strömmer [78]
SR P3 Ursula Richter [sv] [79]
  Switzerland SRG SSR TV DRS [54]
TSR Georges Hardy [fr]
TSI[c] [80]
RSR 1 Robert Burnier [81]
 Turkey TRT TRT Televizyon [82]
 United Kingdom BBC BBC1 Pete Murray [83]
BBC Radio 1, BBC Radio 2 Terry Wogan [84][85]
BFBS BFBS Radio [12]
 Yugoslavia JRT TV Beograd 1 [86]
TV Koper-Capodistria [87]
TV Ljubljana 1 [sl]
TV Sarajevo [86]
TV Skopje[d]
TV Zagreb 1 [88]
Broadcasters and commentators in non-participating countries
Country Broadcaster Channel(s) Commentator(s) Ref.
 Austria ORF FS2 Ernst Grissemann [89][90]
 Denmark DR DR TV Per Møller Hansen [91]
 Greece ERT ERT[e] [92]
 Hungary MTV MTV1[f] [93]
 Iceland RÚV Sjónvarpið[g] Dóra Hafsteinsdóttir [94]
 Poland TP TP1[h] [95]
 South Korea KBS KBS[i] [96]

Notes and references

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ On behalf of the German public broadcasting consortium ARD[15]
  2. ^ a b Credited on screen as "Ashes and Blood"
  3. ^ Delayed broadcast the following day at 15:15 (CET)[80]
  4. ^ Deferred broadcast at 22:45 (CET)[86]
  5. ^ Deferred broadcast the following day[92]
  6. ^ Delayed broadcast on 20 April 1975 at 16:05 (CET)[93]
  7. ^ Delayed broadcast on 13 April 1975 at 21:10 (WET)[94]
  8. ^ Deferred broadcast in a shortened format on 26 April 1975 at 00:20 (CET)[95]
  9. ^ Delayed broadcast on 25 April 1975 at 19:35 (KST)[96]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Sweden – Participation history". European Broadcasting Union (EBU). Archived from the original on 21 June 2022. Retrieved 24 November 2023.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Recalling Sweden's first staging of the contest in 1975". European Broadcasting Union (EBU). 22 March 2013. Archived from the original on 17 October 2017. Retrieved 10 April 2024.
  3. ^ "Stockholmsmässan – Our history". Stockholmsmässan. Retrieved 10 April 2024.
  4. ^ "All eyes on Stockholm". European Broadcasting Union (EBU). 4 January 2016. Archived from the original on 17 October 2017. Retrieved 10 April 2024.
  5. ^ a b "Swedish protests against hosting Eurovision Song Contest". Sveriges Radio (SR). 1 July 2015. Archived from the original on 14 January 2023. Retrieved 10 April 2024.
  6. ^ a b c d e f Thorsson & Verhage 2006, pp. 118–119.
  7. ^ a b c d West 2020, pp. 91–94, "1975".
  8. ^ "Alternativfestivalen" [The Alternative Festival]. Mellopedia. Sveriges Television (SVT). Retrieved 10 April 2024.
  9. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Roxburgh 2014, pp. 180–182.
  10. ^ Roxburgh 2014, p. 227.
  11. ^ a b c d e f "Stockholm 1975". European Broadcasting Union (EBU). Archived from the original on 31 May 2022. Retrieved 10 April 2024.
  12. ^ a b c d e Roxburgh 2014, pp. 182–189.
  13. ^ Nissim, Mayer (12 May 2023). "When The Shadows represented the UK at Eurovision without Cliff Richard". Gold. Archived from the original on 14 May 2023. Retrieved 10 April 2024.
  14. ^ "Stockholm 1975 – Participants". European Broadcasting Union (EBU). Archived from the original on 29 March 2023. Retrieved 6 July 2023.
  15. ^ "Alle deutschen ESC-Acts und ihre Titel" [All German ESC acts and their songs] (in German). ARD. Archived from the original on 12 June 2023. Retrieved 12 June 2023.
  16. ^ a b Roxburgh 2014, p. 193.
  17. ^ "The Organisers behind the Eurovision Song Contest". European Broadcasting Union (EBU). 27 March 2019. Archived from the original on 25 September 2024. Retrieved 31 October 2024.
  18. ^ O'Connor 2010, p. 210.
  19. ^ a b c "How it works". European Broadcasting Union (EBU). 18 May 2019. Archived from the original on 31 May 2022. Retrieved 4 April 2024.
  20. ^ a b "The Rules of the Contest". European Broadcasting Union (EBU). 31 October 2018. Archived from the original on 4 October 2022. Retrieved 24 October 2023.
  21. ^ "Luxembourg 1973". European Broadcasting Union (EBU). Archived from the original on 31 May 2022. Retrieved 3 April 2024.
  22. ^ Roxburgh 2014, pp. 113–116.
  23. ^ "Dublin 1971". European Broadcasting Union (EBU). Archived from the original on 31 May 2022. Retrieved 3 April 2024.
  24. ^ Roxburgh 2014, pp. 51–53.
  25. ^ a b Van Dijk, Ale (22 March 1975). "Songfestival-vesting" [Eurovision fortress]. Het Vrije Volk (in Dutch). Rotterdam, Netherlands. p. 9. Retrieved 11 April 2024 – via Delpher.
  26. ^ Roxburgh 2014, pp. 165–116.
  27. ^ a b c d e f g h i Roxburgh 2014, pp. 189–193.
  28. ^ "Karin Falck". Mellopedia (in Swedish). Sveriges Television (SVT). Retrieved 10 April 2024.
  29. ^ Egan, John (22 May 2015). "All Kinds of Everything: a history of Eurovision Postcards". ESC Insight. Archived from the original on 24 May 2015. Retrieved 24 June 2022.
  30. ^ Kurris, Denis (1 May 2022). "Eurovision 2022: The theme of this year's Eurovision postcards". ESC Plus. Archived from the original on 1 May 2022. Retrieved 24 June 2022.
  31. ^ a b c d Eurovision Song Contest 1975 (Television programme) (in English, French, and Swedish). Stockholm, Sweden: Sveriges Radio (SR). 22 March 1975.
  32. ^ O'Connor 2010, pp. 60–63.
  33. ^ a b O'Connor 2010, p. 217.
  34. ^ "Stockholm 1975 – Teach-In". European Broadcasting Union (EBU). Archived from the original on 6 October 2022. Retrieved 11 April 2024.
  35. ^ "Netherlands – Participation history". European Broadcasting Union (EBU). Archived from the original on 27 November 2023. Retrieved 11 April 2024.
  36. ^ "Malta – Participation history". European Broadcasting Union (EBU). Archived from the original on 27 November 2023. Retrieved 11 April 2024.
  37. ^ "Türkiye – Participation history". European Broadcasting Union (EBU). Archived from the original on 4 October 2023. Retrieved 11 April 2024.
  38. ^ "Stockholm 1975 – Scoreboard". European Broadcasting Union (EBU). Archived from the original on 9 April 2021. Retrieved 9 April 2021.
  39. ^ "Lugano to Liverpool: Broadcasting Eurovision". National Science and Media Museum. 24 May 2021. Archived from the original on 12 May 2023. Retrieved 23 October 2023.
  40. ^ Tobin 2022, p. 180.
  41. ^ a b c "Stockholm 1975 – Detailed voting results". European Broadcasting Union (EBU). Archived from the original on 9 April 2021. Retrieved 9 April 2021.
  42. ^ a b c "Eurovision Song Contest 1975 – Scoreboard". European Broadcasting Union (EBU). Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 13 July 2021.
  43. ^ "Grandes medidas de seguridad" [Great security measures] (PDF). Aragón expres (in Spanish). Zaragoza, Spain. 21 March 1975. p. 8. Retrieved 18 December 2024 – via Ayuntamiento de Zaragoza [es].
  44. ^ a b "Viulu-ukko loppusuoralla" [Old man fiddle on the final stretch]. Helsingin Sanomat (in Finnish). Helsinki, Finland. 22 March 1975. p. 41. Retrieved 23 December 2022.
  45. ^ Van Dijk, Ale (22 March 1975). "Zweedse tv: geen beelden van songfestival naar Chili" [Swedish TV: no footage from the Eurovision Song Contest to Chile]. Het Vrije Volk (in Dutch). Rotterdam, Netherlands. p. 1. Retrieved 9 January 2023 – via Delpher.
  46. ^ "'Affaire' Eurovisión probó solidaridad de la TV chilena" [Eurovision 'affair' tested solidarity of Chilean TV]. El Mercurio (in Spanish). Santiago, Chile. 22 March 1975. p. 33.
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Bibliography

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