Democracy is Freedom – The Daisy

Democracy is Freedom – The Daisy

Democrazia è Libertà – La Margherita
Democracy is Freedom – The Daisy Democrazia è Libertà – La Margherita
Leader	Francesco Rutelli
Founded	12 October 2000 (alliance); 24 March 2002 (party)
Dissolved	14 October 2007
Merger of	Italian People's Party; The Democrats; Italian Renewal
Merged into	Democratic Party
Headquarters	Via S. Andrea delle Fratte 16, Rome
Newspaper	Europa
Youth wing	Young People of the Daisy
Membership (2007)	430,000
Ideology	Social liberalism; Christian left;
Political position	Centre to centre-left
National affiliation	The Olive Tree (2002–07); The Union (2004–07)
European affiliation	European Democratic Party (2004–07)
European Parliament group	Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe; (2004–07)
International affiliation	Alliance of Democrats; (2004–07)
Colors	Green Azure
	Politics of Italy; Political parties; Elections;

Democracy is Freedom – The Daisy (Italian: Democrazia è Libertà – La Margherita, DL), commonly known simply as The Daisy (La Margherita), was a centrist^[7]^[8]^[9] political party in Italy. The party was formed from the merger of three parties within the centre-left coalition: the Italian People's Party, The Democrats and Italian Renewal.^[9] The party president and leader was Francesco Rutelli, former mayor of Rome and prime ministerial candidate during the 2001 general election for The Olive Tree coalition, within which The Daisy electoral list won 14.5% of the national vote.

The Daisy became a single party in February 2002. It was set up by former left-leaning Christian Democrats,^[10]^[11]^[12] centrists,^[13] social-liberals^[12] (former Liberals and former Republicans), as well as other left-wing politicians from the former Italian Socialist Party and Federation of the Greens.

On 14 October 2007, DL merged with the Democrats of the Left to form the Democratic Party (PD).

History

The idea of uniting the centrist components of The Olive Tree, which were divided in many parties, was discussed at least from 1996. In the 1996 general election, there were actually two centrist lists within the Italian centre-left coalition: the Populars for Prodi, an electoral list including the Italian People's Party (PPI), Democratic Union (UD), the Italian Republican Party (PRI) and the South Tyrolean People's Party (SVP), and that of Italian Renewal (RI), including the Segni Pact (PS) and Italian Socialists (SI), which later merged into the Italian Democratic Socialists (SDI) in 1998. In 1998 splinters from the centre-right coalition formed the Democratic Union for the Republic (UDR), later transformed into Union of Democrats for Europe (UDEUR), to support the D'Alema I Cabinet. In 1999 splinters of PPI, UD and other groups formed The Democrats (Dem).

Between 1998 and 2000, there were several precursors of such idea at the regional and local level in Northeast Italy, notably the Reformist Popular Centre in Friuli-Venezia Giulia, the Daisy Civic List in Trentino, the Autonomist Federation in Aosta Valley and Together for Veneto in Veneto. Initially some of these experiments were intended to include both Christian-inspired parties and secular ones, such as SDI and PRI.^[14] However, on 12 October 2000, only PPI, Dem, UDEUR and RI agreed to join forces with a joint list called "The Daisy" for the 2001 general election. The Daisy, led by Francesco Rutelli (who was also candidate for Prime Minister for the whole centre-left), won 14.5% of the vote, only two points less than the Democrats of the Left (DS).

Democracy is Freedom – The Daisy was established as a single party during the founding congress of Parma in March 2002. On that occasion the Italian People's Party, The Democrats and Italian Renewal merged to form the new party, while the UDEUR decided to remain separate.

In the 2006 general election, The Daisy was member of the victorious alliance The Union, and won 39 out of 315 senators. The Olive Tree list, of which DL was a member since the 2004 European Parliament election, won 220 seats out of 630 in the Chamber of Deputies. On 14 October 2007, DL, DS and numerous minor parties merged to form the Democratic Party (PD), a unitary centre-left party in anticipation of a move to a two-party system.^[7]^[3]

Ideology

Democracy Is Freedom was a pro-European centrist party, with a strong support among Catholics, especially progressive ones: the party was described as "social Christian".^[15] The party put together social conservatives with social progressives, economic liberals and social democrats.^[16] Many former members of the Italian People's Party, one of the ancestor parties of DL, were members or close supporters of the Italian Confederation of Workers' Trade Unions (CISL), the Catholic trade union.

After the 2004 European elections the new party decided not to become a member of the European Liberal Democrat and Reform Party (ELDR) or of the European People's Party, but founded the European Democratic Party (EDP) together with the Union for French Democracy. In the European Parliament, the EDP and ELDR European parties established the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe group (ALDE).

In 2005, DL participated in the foundation of the Alliance of Democrats, a worldwide network of centrist parties, along with the New Democrat Coalition of the United States Democratic Party, the EDP member parties and the Council of Asian Liberals and Democrats.

Members

Leading members of the party included:

Former Christian Democrats: Gerardo Bianco, Rosy Bindi, Enzo Carra, Pierluigi Castagnetti, Luigi Cocilovo, Sergio D'Antoni, Ciriaco De Mita, Giuseppe Fioroni, Dario Franceschini, Enrico Letta, Renzo Lusetti, Nicola Mancino, Franco Marini, Sergio Mattarella, Lapo Pistelli, Vittorio Prodi, Rosa Russo Jervolino, Patrizia Toia
Former Socialists: Laura Fincato, Giuseppe La Ganga, Linda Lanzillotta, Enrico Manca, Pierluigi Mantini, Tiziano Treu
Former Social Democrats: Franco Bruno, Andrea Papini, Italo Tanoni
Former Liberals: Cinzia Dato, Natale D'Amico, Lamberto Dini, Valerio Zanone
Former Republicans: Enzo Bianco, Sandro Gozi, Antonio Maccanico, Roberto Manzione
Former Radicals: Francesco Rutelli, Roberto Giachetti
Former Greens: Paolo Gentiloni, Ermete Realacci, Francesco Rutelli, Gianni Vernetti
Former Communists: Willer Bordon, Massimo Cacciari, Maurizio Fistarol, Antonio Polito

Factions

DL was mainly composed of four factions, the first three of them supporting Francesco Rutelli's leadership:

Rutelliani. Rutelli's own group, composed of Paolo Gentiloni, Roberto Giachetti, Renzo Lusetti, Ermete Realacci, Gianni Vernetti, Luigi Lusi, Rino Piscitello, Maurizio Fistarol and Riccardo Villari. This group was supportive of the idea of forming a 'Democratic Party' with DS, but they wanted to model it on the United States Democratic Party and for this reason they supported the foundation of the European Democratic Party. Many Rutelliani, including Francesco Rutelli himself, eventually left the Democratic Party to found the Alliance for Italy on 11 November 2009.
Popolari. This group represented the core of the former Italian People's Party (a leftist Christian democratic party), as Franco Marini, Ciriaco De Mita, Pierluigi Castagnetti, Gerardo Bianco, Nicola Mancino, Enrico Letta, Dario Franceschini, Giuseppe Fioroni, Rosy Bindi, Lapo Pistelli and Sergio D'Antoni. This group supported Rutelli as leader of the party, although there were some differences about the future Democratic Party with DS, as Popolari were proud of their supposedly Christian-democratic identity and some of them preferred to re-join the European People's Party, rejecting the idea of joining the Party of European Socialists.
Teodem. This was a group of socially conservative Christian democrats, formed by Paola Binetti, Luigi Bobba, Enzo Carra, Patrizia Toia, Emanuela Baio Dossi and Marco Calgaro. Usually considered the right wing of the party, they supported Rutelli as leader of the party.
Ulivisti. This group represented the core of the former Democrats, as Arturo Parisi, Enzo Bianco, Willer Bordon, Antonio Maccanico, Franco Monaco, Pierluigi Mantini, Marina Magistrelli, Roberto Manzione, Cinzia Dato and Giovanni Procacci. This group, very close to Romano Prodi, was the most supportive of the Democratic Party project and tended to be more secular, although most of its members had Catholic connections.

Popular support

The electoral results of Democracy is Freedom – The Daisy in the 10 most populated regions of Italy are shown in the table below. As DL was founded in 2002, the electoral results from 1994 to 2001 refer to the combined result of the precursor parties.

The results of 1994 (general) refer to the combined result of PPI, Segni Pact and AD, those of 1994 to the combined result of PPI and Pact of Democrats (joint-list of Segni Pact and AD, including also SI), those of 1996 (general and Sicilian regional) to the combined result of the joint-list of PPI and UD and RI (whose list was composed of the Segni Pact and SI), those of 1999 (European) and 2000 (regional) to the combined result of PPI, Dem and RI, those of 2001 (general and Sicilian regional) the DL federation (comprising at the time PPI, Dem, UDEUR and RI).

From 2004 (European) the results refer to DL, formed by PPI, Dem and RI, after the defection of UDEUR. The result for the 2006 general election refers to the election for the Senate, indeed DL contested the election for the Chamber of Deputies in a joint list with Democrats of the Left.

	1994 general	1995 regional	1996 general	1999 European	2000 regional	2001 general	2004 European	2005 regional	2006 general
Piedmont	13.1	9.7	9.7	11.3	7.9	15.1	with Ulivo	10.4	11.7
Lombardy	15.0	9.4	10.4	10.1	with Ulivo	15.1	with Ulivo	with Ulivo	10.0
Veneto	21.1	15.0	13.3	12.7	13.7	14.9	with Ulivo	with Ulivo	11.9
Emilia-Romagna	14.8	9.3	11.8	10.9	7.7	15.5	with Ulivo	with Ulivo	9.4
Tuscany	15.7	6.4	10.0	9.1	6.9	13.4	with Ulivo	with Ulivo	9.0
Lazio	14.4	6.0	10.0	11.9	9.6	16.1	with Ulivo	with Ulivo	9.1
Campania	16.8	13.8	12.2	17.9	18.7	12.1	with Ulivo	16.0	12.8
Apulia	22.2^[17]	13.6	8.9	16.7	13.7	16.1	with Ulivo	9.7	11.1
Calabria	19.8	15.1	11.0	18.0	13.4	10.7	with Ulivo	14.5	10.3
Sicily	14.2	12.3 (1996)	10.1	19.6	12.3 (2001)	13.9	with Ulivo	12.0 (2006)	11.8
ITALY	18.9	-	11.1	14.6	-	14.5	-	-	10.5

Electoral results

Italian Parliament

Election year	Votes	%	Seats	+/−	Leader
Chamber of Deputies
2001	5,391,827 (3rd)	14.5	80 / 630	–	Francesco Rutelli
2006	with Ulivo	–	90 / 630	10	Francesco Rutelli

Election year	Votes	%	Seats	+/−	Leader
Senate of the Republic
2001	with Ulivo	–	43 / 315	–	Francesco Rutelli
2006	3,664,622 (4th)	10.5	39 / 315	4	Francesco Rutelli

European Parliament

Election year	Votes	%	Seats	+/−	Leader
European Parliament
2004	with Ulivo	–	7 / 72	–	Francesco Rutelli

Leadership

President: Francesco Rutelli (2001–2007)
President of the Federal Assembly: Arturo Parisi (2001–2006), Willer Bordon (2006–2007), Enzo Bianco (2007)
Executive Coordinator: Dario Franceschini (2001–2006), Antonello Soro (2006–2007)
Organizational Secretary: Franco Marini (2001–2006), Nicodemo Nazzareno Oliverio (2006–2007)
Party Treasurer: Luigi Lusi (2001–2007)
Party Leader in the Chamber of Deputies: Pierluigi Castagnetti (2001–2006), Dario Franceschini (leader of The Olive Tree's group, 2006–2007)
Party Leader in the Senate: Willer Bordon (2001–2006), Luigi Zanda (deputy-leader of The Olive Tree's group, 2006–2007)
Party Leader in the European Parliament: Lapo Pistelli (2004–2007), Alfonso Andria (2007–2008), Gianluca Susta (2008–2009)

An election campaign street stall for DL in Milan, 2004

References

^ "Margherita al 20 per cento Rutelli garante dell' intesa – la Repubblica.it". Archivio – la Repubblica.it.
^ Corriere della Sera, 18 April 2007
^ ^a ^b Daniele Albertazzi, ed. (2009). "Glossary". Resisting the Tide: Cultures of Opposition Under Berlusconi (2001-06). A&C Black. p. Xvii. ISBN 978-0-8264-9291-3.
^ Daniela Giannetti; Naoko Taniguchi (2011). "The Changing Bases of Party Support in Italy and Japan: Similarities and Differences". In Daniela Giannetti; Bernard Grofman (eds.). A Natural Experiment on Electoral Law Reform: Evaluating the Long Run. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 58. ISBN 9781441972286. Retrieved 18 June 2013.
^ Donatella Campus (2009). "Defeated and Divided? The Left in Opposition". In Daniele Albertazzi (ed.). Resisting the Tide: Cultures of Opposition Under Berlusconi (2001-06). A&C Black. p. 71. ISBN 978-0-8264-9291-3.
^ Robert Leonardi; Paolo Alberti (2004). "From Dominance to Doom? Christian Democracy in Italy". In Steven Van Hecke; Emmanuel Gerard (eds.). Christian Democratic Parties in Europe Since the End of the Cold War. Leuven University Press. p. 122. ISBN 978-90-5867-377-0.
^ ^a ^b Arch Puddington; Aili Piano; Camille Eiss; Katrina Neubauer; Tyler Roylance, eds. (2008). Freedom in the World 2008: The Annual Survey of Political Rights & Civil Liberties. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 363. ISBN 978-0-7425-6306-3. Retrieved 24 August 2012.
^ Clodagh Brook; Charlotte Ross; Nina Rothenberg (2009). Resisting the Tide: Cultures of Opposition Under Berlusconi (2001-06). Continuum International Publishing Group. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-8264-9291-3. Retrieved 24 August 2012.
^ ^a ^b Claire Annesley, ed. (2013). Political and Economic Dictionary of Western Europe. Routledge. p. 32. ISBN 978-1-135-35547-0. Retrieved 13 July 2013.
^ Hans Slomp (2011). Europe, A Political Profile: An American Companion to European Politics: An American Companion to European Politics. ABC-CLIO. p. 407. ISBN 978-0-313-39181-1. Retrieved 19 August 2012.
^ Maurizio Cotta; Luca Verzichelli (12 May 2007). Political Institutions of Italy. Oxford University Press. p. 39. ISBN 978-0-19-928470-2. Retrieved 24 August 2012.
^ ^a ^b Paolo Segatti (2013). "Italy's Majoritarian Experiment: continuities and discontinuities in Italian electoral behaviour between the First and Second republics". In Hideko Magara; Stefano Sacchi (eds.). The Politics of Structural Reforms: Social and Industrial Policy Change in Italy and Japan. Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 113. ISBN 978-0-85793-293-8.
^ Mark Kesselman; Joel Krieger; Christopher S. Allen; Stephen Hellman (2008). European Politics in Transition. Cengage Learning. p. 301. ISBN 978-0-618-87078-3. Retrieved 17 August 2012.
^ Sarah Rose (2003). "The Parties of the Centre-left". In James Newell (ed.). The Italian General Election of 2001: Berlusconi's Victory. Manchester University Press. pp. 82–85. ISBN 978-0-7190-6100-4. Retrieved 24 August 2012.
^ Agnes Blome (2016). The Politics of Work-Family Policy Reforms in Germany and Italy. Taylor & Francis. p. 117. ISBN 978-1-31-755437-0.
^ Alberta Giorgi (2014). "Ahab and the white whale: the contemporary debate around the forms of Catholic political commitment in Itay". In Luca Ozzano; Francesco Cavatorta (eds.). Religiously Oriented Parties and Democratization. Routledge. p. 102. ISBN 978-1-317-68240-0.
^ Forza Italia failed to present a list and thus some centre-right voters voted for PPI and Segni Pact.

External links

Official website

[1] "Margherita al 20 per cento Rutelli garante dell' intesa – la Repubblica.it". Archivio – la Repubblica.it.

[2] Corriere della Sera, 18 April 2007

[Albertazzi2009-3] Daniele Albertazzi, ed. (2009). "Glossary". Resisting the Tide: Cultures of Opposition Under Berlusconi (2001-06). A&C Black. p. Xvii. ISBN 978-0-8264-9291-3.

[GiannettiTaniguchi2011-4] Daniela Giannetti; Naoko Taniguchi (2011). "The Changing Bases of Party Support in Italy and Japan: Similarities and Differences". In Daniela Giannetti; Bernard Grofman (eds.). A Natural Experiment on Electoral Law Reform: Evaluating the Long Run. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 58. ISBN 9781441972286. Retrieved 18 June 2013.

[Campus2009-5] Donatella Campus (2009). "Defeated and Divided? The Left in Opposition". In Daniele Albertazzi (ed.). Resisting the Tide: Cultures of Opposition Under Berlusconi (2001-06). A&C Black. p. 71. ISBN 978-0-8264-9291-3.

[LeonardiAlberti2004-6] Robert Leonardi; Paolo Alberti (2004). "From Dominance to Doom? Christian Democracy in Italy". In Steven Van Hecke; Emmanuel Gerard (eds.). Christian Democratic Parties in Europe Since the End of the Cold War. Leuven University Press. p. 122. ISBN 978-90-5867-377-0.

[PuddingtonPiano2008-7] Arch Puddington; Aili Piano; Camille Eiss; Katrina Neubauer; Tyler Roylance, eds. (2008). Freedom in the World 2008: The Annual Survey of Political Rights & Civil Liberties. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 363. ISBN 978-0-7425-6306-3. Retrieved 24 August 2012.

[BrookRoss2009-8] Clodagh Brook; Charlotte Ross; Nina Rothenberg (2009). Resisting the Tide: Cultures of Opposition Under Berlusconi (2001-06). Continuum International Publishing Group. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-8264-9291-3. Retrieved 24 August 2012.

[Annesley2013-9] Claire Annesley, ed. (2013). Political and Economic Dictionary of Western Europe. Routledge. p. 32. ISBN 978-1-135-35547-0. Retrieved 13 July 2013.

[Slomp2011-10] Hans Slomp (2011). Europe, A Political Profile: An American Companion to European Politics: An American Companion to European Politics. ABC-CLIO. p. 407. ISBN 978-0-313-39181-1. Retrieved 19 August 2012.

[CottaVerzichelli2007-11] Maurizio Cotta; Luca Verzichelli (12 May 2007). Political Institutions of Italy. Oxford University Press. p. 39. ISBN 978-0-19-928470-2. Retrieved 24 August 2012.

[Segatti2013-12] Paolo Segatti (2013). "Italy's Majoritarian Experiment: continuities and discontinuities in Italian electoral behaviour between the First and Second republics". In Hideko Magara; Stefano Sacchi (eds.). The Politics of Structural Reforms: Social and Industrial Policy Change in Italy and Japan. Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 113. ISBN 978-0-85793-293-8.

[KesselmanKrieger2008-13] Mark Kesselman; Joel Krieger; Christopher S. Allen; Stephen Hellman (2008). European Politics in Transition. Cengage Learning. p. 301. ISBN 978-0-618-87078-3. Retrieved 17 August 2012.

[Rose2003-14] Sarah Rose (2003). "The Parties of the Centre-left". In James Newell (ed.). The Italian General Election of 2001: Berlusconi's Victory. Manchester University Press. pp. 82–85. ISBN 978-0-7190-6100-4. Retrieved 24 August 2012.

[Blome2016-15] Agnes Blome (2016). The Politics of Work-Family Policy Reforms in Germany and Italy. Taylor & Francis. p. 117. ISBN 978-1-31-755437-0.

[Giorgi2014-16] Alberta Giorgi (2014). "Ahab and the white whale: the contemporary debate around the forms of Catholic political commitment in Itay". In Luca Ozzano; Francesco Cavatorta (eds.). Religiously Oriented Parties and Democratization. Routledge. p. 102. ISBN 978-1-317-68240-0.

[17] Forza Italia failed to present a list and thus some centre-right voters voted for PPI and Segni Pact.

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v t e Historical political parties in Italy
Communist	Proletarian Unity Party (1972–1984) Italian Communist Party (1921–1991) Proletarian Democracy (1978–1991) Party of Italian Communists (1998–2014)
Democratic socialist	Italian Revolutionary Socialist Party (1881–1893) Italian Workers' Party (1882–1892) Italian Socialist Party of Proletarian Unity (1964–1972) Democratic Party of the Left (1991–1998) Democratic Left (2007–2010) Left Ecology Freedom (2010-2016)
Green	Rainbow Greens (1989–1990) Federation of Green Lists (1986–1990) Federation of the Greens (1990–2021)
Social-democratic and liberal-socialist	Italian Reformist Socialist Party (1912–1926) Unitary Socialist Party (1922–1930) Action Party (1929–1947) Labour Democratic Party (1943–1948) Union of Socialists (1948–1949) Unitary Socialist Party (1949–1951) Unified Socialist Party (1966–1969) Italian Socialist Party (1892–1994) Italian Democratic Socialist Party (1947–1998) Labour Federation (1994–1998) Democrats of the Left (1998–2007) Italian Democratic Socialists (1998–2007) Article One (2017–2023)
Radical and social-liberal	Action Party (1853–1867) Italian Radical Party (1904–1922) Democratic Party (1913–1919) Social Democracy (1922–1926) Republican Democratic Concentration (1946) Radical Party (1955–1989) Democratic Alliance (1993–1997) The Network (1991–1999)
Centrist and centrist liberal	Constitutional Democratic Party (1913–1919) Italian Democratic Liberal Party (1919–1926) Democratic Union for the Republic (1998–1999) Union for the Republic Italian Renewal (1996–2002) The Democrats (1999–2002) Segni Pact (1993–2003) Democracy is Freedom – The Daisy (2002–2007) Civic Choice (2013–2019) Liberal Popular Alliance (2015–2018)
Regionalist and federalist	Movement for the Independence of Sicily (1943–1951) Italian Unionist Movement (1944–1948) Federalists and Liberal Democrats (1994–1996) Federalist Italian League (1995–1996) Great South (2011–2013)
Christian-democratic	Italian Catholic Electoral Union (1906–1919) Conservative Catholics (1913–1919) Italian People's Party (1919–1926) Christian Democracy (1943–1994) Italian People's Party (1994–2002) Christian Democrats for the Republic (1998) Christian Democratic Centre (1994–2002) United Christian Democrats (1995–2002) European Democracy (2001–2002) Christian Democracy for Autonomies (2005–2009) Union of Democrats for Europe (1999–2013)
Conservative-liberal	Liberal Union (1913–1922) Italian Liberal Party (1922–1994) National Democratic Alliance (1953–1954) Union of the Centre
Liberal-conservative	Economic Party (1919–1924) Forza Italia (1994–2009) The People of Freedom (2009–2013) Future and Freedom (2010–2014) New Centre-Right (2013–2017) Conservatives and Reformists (2015–2017) Direction Italy (2017–2019) Cambiamo! (2019–2022)
National-conservative	Common Man's Front (1946–1949) Monarchist National Party (1946–1959) People's Monarchist Party (1954–1959) Italian Democratic Party of Monarchist Unity (1959–1972) National Democracy (1977–1979) National Alliance (1995–2009)
Nationalist	Italian Nationalist Association (1910–1923) Combatants' Party (1919–1923) National Fascist Party (1921–1943) Republican Fascist Party (1943–1945) Italian Social Movement (1946–1995)
List of political parties in Italy 19th-century Italian political groups Early 20th-century Italian political parties 1950s–1990s Italian political parties Current Italian political parties

v t e Italian Socialist Party
Secretary	Carlo Dell'Avalle (1892–1894) Filippo Turati (1895–1896) Enrico Ferri (1896) Carlo Dell'Avalle (1896–1898) Alfredo Bertesi (1898–1899) Enrico Bertini (1899–1900) Savino Varazzani (1900–1904) Enrico Ferri (1904–1906) Oddino Morgari (1906–1908) Pompeo Ciotti (1908–1912) Costantino Lazzari (1912–1918) Egidio Gennari (1918) Costantino Lazzari (1918–1919) Arturo Vella (1919) Nicola Bombacci (1919–1920) Egidio Gennari (1920–1921) Giovanni Bacci (1921) Domenico Fioritto (1921–1923) Tito Oro Nobili (1923–1925) Olindo Vernocchi (1925–1930) Ugo Coccia (1930–1932) Pietro Nenni (1933–1939) Giuseppe Saragat, Oddino Morgari and Angelo Tasca (1939–1942) Giuseppe Romita (1942–1943) Pietro Nenni (1943–1945) Sandro Pertini (1945) Rodolfo Morandi (1945–1946) Ivan Matteo Lombardo (1946–1947) Lelio Basso (1947–1948) Alberto Jacometti (1948–1949) Pietro Nenni (1949–1963) Francesco De Martino (1963–1968) Mario Tanassi (1966–1968) Mauro Ferri (1968–1969) Francesco De Martino (1969–1970) Giacomo Mancini (1970–1972) Francesco De Martino (1972–1976) Bettino Craxi (1976–1993) Giorgio Benvenuto (1993) Ottaviano Del Turco (1993–1994) Valdo Spini (1994)
Related articles	Italian Workers' Party Italian Revolutionary Socialist Party Fasci Siciliani Avanti! Critica Sociale Red Guards Marxism Revolutionary socialism Maximalists National syndicalism Reformist socialism Social democracy Democratic socialism Division over World War I National Liberation Committee Italian resistance movement Craxism Sigonella incident Banco Ambrosiano scandal Mani pulite
Derivatives	Italian Reformist Socialist Party Fascio d'Azione Rivoluzionaria / Fasci Italiani di Combattimento / National Fascist Party / Republican Fascist Party Italian Communist Party / International Communist Party Unitary Socialist Party Maximalist Italian Socialist Party Socialist Unity Italian Democratic Socialist Party Italian Socialists / Italian Democratic Socialists / Socialist League Labour Federation Reformist Socialist Party Socialist Party / New Italian Socialist Party Italian Socialist Party (2007) Forza Italia (social-democrats faction) Democracy is Freedom – The Daisy (social-democrats faction)
Alliances	Popular Democratic Front (1947-1948) Organic centre-left (1962-1976) Unified Socialist Party (1966-1971) Pentapartito (1981-1993) Alliance of Progressives (1994)