Cyprus: Difference between revisions

Republic of Cyprus
Κυπριακή Δημοκρατία (Greek)
*Kypriakī́ Dīmokratía*
*Kıbrıs Cumhuriyeti* (Turkish)
Republic of Cyprus Κυπριακή Δημοκρατία (Greek); Kypriakī́ Dīmokratía; Kıbrıs Cumhuriyeti (Turkish);
	Flag Coat of arms
	Anthem: Hymn to Liberty
	Location of Cyprus (dark green) in the European Union (light green) – [Legend]
Capital and largest city	Nicosia
Official languages	Greek; Turkish;
Minority languages	Armenian; Cypriot Arabic;
Ethnic groups	Greek Cypriot (majority); Turkish Cypriot (most populous minority);
Demonym(s)	Cypriot
Government	Unitary presidential constitutional republic
• President	Nicos Anastasiades
Legislature	House of Representatives
Independence from the United Kingdom
• Zürich and London Agreement	19 February 1959
• Independence proclaimed	16 August 1960
• Independence Day	1 October 1960
Area
• Total	9,251 km2 (3,572 sq mi) (168th)
• Water (%)	negligible
Population
• 2011 estimate	1,117,000
• 2011 census	838,897
• Density	90.7/km2 (234.9/sq mi) (114th)
GDP (PPP)	2012 estimate
• Total	$23.613 billion
• Per capita	$27,085
GDP (nominal)	2012 estimate
• Total	$23.006 billion
• Per capita	$26,389
Gini (2011)	29.1; low inequality (19th)
HDI (2013)	0.848; very high (31st)
Currency	Euro (EUR)
Time zone	UTC+2 (EET)
• Summer (DST)	UTC+3 (EEST)
Drives on	left
Calling code	+357
ISO 3166 code	CY
Internet TLD	.cy
	^ a b Including Northern Cyprus, the UN buffer zone and Akrotiri and Dhekelia. ; ^ Excluding Northern Cyprus. ; ^ The .eu domain is also used, shared with other European Union member states. ;

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Cyprus /ˈsaɪprəs/ ^ⓘ (Template:Lang-el [ˈcipɾos] Kýpros; Template:Lang-tr [ˈkɯbɾɯs]), officially the Republic of Cyprus (Template:Lang-el [cipɾiaˈci ðimokɾaˈti.a] Kypriakī́ Dīmokratía; Template:Lang-tr [ˈkɯbɾɯs d͡ʒumhuɾijeˈti]), is an island country in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea.^[6] Cyprus is the third largest and third most populous island in the Mediterranean, and a member state of the European Union. It is located east of Greece, south of Turkey, west of Syria and Lebanon, northwest of Israel and the Gaza Strip, and north of Egypt. I hate when Wikipedia deletes my massages. I'm just trying to communicate with earth! I'm from the planet Vurtanurax, we come in peace! If anyone have 4 bananas, we could trade? We are able to guive you the ability to fly, if you are interested please contact this number: hudfs8ry9382rtvg452trwt32gdfase

The earliest known human activity on the island dates to around the 10th millennium BC. Archaeological remains from this period include the well-preserved Neolithic village of Khirokitia, and Cyprus is home to some of the oldest water wells in the world.^[7] Cyprus was settled by Mycenean Greeks in two waves in the 2nd millennium BC. As a strategic^[8]^[9]^[10] location in the Middle East,^[11]^[12]^[13]^[14] it was subsequently occupied by several major powers, including the empires of the Assyrians, Egyptians, and Persians, from whom the island was seized in 333 BC by Alexander the Great. Subsequent rule by Ptolemaic Egypt, the Roman Empire, the Byzantines, Arab caliphates for a short period, the French Lusignan dynasty, and the Venetians, was followed by over three centuries of Ottoman control. Cyprus was placed under British administration in 1878 until it was granted independence in 1960,^[15] becoming a member of the Commonwealth the following year. In 1974, seven years after the intercommunal violence between Greek Cypriots and Turkish Cypriots,^[16] an attempted coup d'état by Greek Cypriot nationalists^[17]^[18] and elements of the Greek military junta^[19] with the aim of achieving enosis (union of the island with Greece) took place.^[19] Turkey used this as a pretext to invade the northern portion of the island. Turkish forces remained after a cease-fire, resulting in the partition of the island; an objective of Turkey since 1955.^[19] The intercommunal violence and subsequent Turkish invasion led to the displacement of over 150,000 Greek Cypriots^[20]^[21] and 50,000 Turkish Cypriots,^[22] and the establishment of a separate Turkish Cypriots political entity in the north. These events and the resulting political situation are matters of a continuing dispute.

The Republic of Cyprus has de jure^[23] sovereignty over the island of Cyprus and its surrounding waters, except for the British Overseas Territory of Akrotiri and Dhekelia, administered as Sovereign Base Areas. However, the Republic of Cyprus is de facto partitioned into two main parts; the area under the effective control of the Republic, comprising about 59% of the island's area, and the Turkish-controlled area in the north,^[24] calling itself the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus and recognised only by Turkey, covering about 36% of the island's area. The international community considers the northern part of the island as occupied territory of the Republic of Cyprus by Turkish forces.

Cyprus is a major tourist destination in the Mediterranean.^[25]^[26]^[27] An advanced,^[28] high-income economy with a very high Human Development Index,^[29]^[30] the Republic of Cyprus was a founding member of the Non-Aligned Movement until it joined the European Union on 1 May 2004.^[31] On 1 January 2008, the Republic of Cyprus joined the Eurozone.

Etymology

The earliest attested reference to Cyprus is the 15th-century BC Mycenaean Greek ku-pi-ri-jo,^[32] meaning "Cypriot", written in Linear B syllabic script.^[33] The classical Greek form of the name is [Κύπρος Kýpros] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help).

The etymology of the name is unknown. Suggestions include:

the Greek word for the Mediterranean cypress tree (Cupressus sempervirens), κυπάρισσος (kypárissos)
the Greek name of the henna plant (Lawsonia alba), κύπρος (kýpros)
an Eteocypriot word for copper. Georges Dossin, for example, suggests that it has roots in the Sumerian word for copper (zubar) or for bronze (kubar), from the large deposits of copper ore found on the island.

Through overseas trade, the island has given its name to the Classical Latin word for copper through the phrase aes Cyprium, "metal of Cyprus", later shortened to Cuprum.^[34]

Cyprus, more specifically the seashore at Paphos, was also one of the birthplaces given in Greek mythology for Aphrodite, who was known as Kýpria. This was because Astarte, goddess of love and beauty in Phoenician mythology, for whom Cyprus was an important cult centre, was later identified with Aphrodite.

The standard demonym relating to Cyprus or its people or culture is Cypriot. The terms Cypriote and Cyprian are also used, though less frequently.

History

Prehistoric and Ancient Cyprus

Archeologic site of Choirokoitia with early remains of human habitation during Aceramic Neolithic period (reconstruction)

The earliest confirmed site of human activity on Cyprus is Aetokremnos, situated on the south coast, indicating that hunter-gatherers were active on the island from around 10,000 BC,^[35] with settled village communities dating from 8200 BC. The arrival of the first humans correlates with the extinction of the dwarf hippos and dwarf elephants.^[36] Water wells discovered by archaeologists in western Cyprus are believed to be among the oldest in the world, dated at 9,000 to 10,500 years old.^[7]

Remains of an 8-month-old cat were discovered buried with a human body at a separate Neolithic site in Cyprus.^[37] The grave is estimated to be 9,500 years old (7500 BC), predating ancient Egyptian civilization and pushing back the earliest known feline-human association significantly.^[38] The remarkably well-preserved Neolithic village of Khirokitia is a UNESCO World Heritage Site dating to approximately 6800 BC.^[39]

During the late Bronze Age the island experienced two waves of Greek settlement.^[40] The first wave consisted of Mycenaean Greek traders who started visiting Cyprus around 1400 BC.^[41]^[42] A major wave of Greek settlement is believed to have taken place following the Bronze Age collapse of Mycenaean Greece from 1100 to 1050 BC, with the island's predominantly Greek character dating from this period.^[42]^[43] Cyprus occupies an important role in Greek mythology being the birthplace of Aphrodite and Adonis, and home to King Cinyras, Teucer and Pygmalion.^[44] Beginning in the 8th century BC Phoenician colonies were founded on the south coast of Cyprus, near present day Larnaca and Salamis.^[42]

Cyprus was ruled by Assyria for a century starting in 708 BC, before a brief spell under Egyptian rule and eventually Persian rule in 545 BC.^[42] The Cypriots, led by Onesilus, king of Salamis, joined their fellow Greeks in the Ionian cities during the unsuccessful Ionian Revolt in 499 BC against the Achaemenid Empire. The revolt was suppressed, but Cyprus managed to maintain a high degree of autonomy and remained oriented towards the Greek world.^[42]

The island was conquered by Alexander the Great in 333 BC. Following his death and the subsequent division of his empire between his successors, Cyprus became part of the Hellenistic empire of Ptolemaic Egypt. It was during this period that the island was fully Hellenized. In 58 BC Cyprus was annexed by the Roman Republic.^[42]

Middle Ages

When the Roman Empire was divided into Eastern and Western parts in 395, Cyprus became part of the East Roman, or Byzantine Empire, and would remain part of it until the Crusades some 800 years later. Under Byzantine rule, the Greek orientation that had been prominent since antiquity developed the strong Hellenistic-Christian character that continues to be a hallmark of the Greek Cypriot community.^[42]

Beginning in 649, Cyprus suffered from devastating raids launched by Arab armies from the Levant, which continued for the next 300 years.^[42] Many were quick piratical raids, but others were large-scale attacks in which many Cypriots were slaughtered and great wealth carried off or destroyed.^[42]

There are no Byzantine churches which survive from this period; thousands of people were killed, and many cities – such as Salamis – were destroyed and never rebuilt.^[42] Byzantine rule was restored in 965, when Emperor Nikephoros II Phokas scored decisive victories on land and sea.^[42]

In 1191, during the Third Crusade, Richard I of England captured the island from Isaac Komnenos of Cyprus^[45] He used it as a major supply base that was relatively safe from the Saracens. A year later Richard sold the island to the Knights Templar, who, following a bloody revolt, in turn sold it to Guy of Lusignan. His brother and successor Amalric was recognized as King of Cyprus by Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor.^[42]

Following the death in 1473 of James II, the last Lusignan king, the Republic of Venice assumed control of the island, while the late king's Venetian widow, Queen Catherine Cornaro, reigned as figurehead. Venice formally annexed Cyprus in 1489, following the abdication of Catherine.^[42] The Venetians fortified Nicosia by building the Venetian Walls, and used it as an important commercial hub. Throughout Venetian rule, the Ottoman Empire frequently raided Cyprus. In 1539 the Ottomans destroyed Limassol and so fearing the worst, the Venetians also fortified Famagusta and Kyrenia.^[42]

During the almost four centuries of Latin rule, there existed two societies on Cyprus. The first consisted of Frankish nobles and their retinue, as well as Italian merchants and their families. The second, the majority of the population, consisted of Greek Cypriots, serfs and labourers. Although a determined effort was made to supplant native traditions and culture, the effort failed.^[42]

Cyprus under the Ottoman Empire

In 1570, a full scale Ottoman assault with 60,000 troops brought the island under Ottoman control, despite stiff resistance by the inhabitants of Nicosia and Famagusta. The previous Latin elite was destroyed and the first significant demographic change since antiquity took place when Ottoman Janissaries were settled on the island.^[17] Ottoman forces capturing Cyprus massacred Greek and Armenian Christian inhabitants.^[46]

The Ottomans abolished the feudal system previously in place and applied the millet system to Cyprus, under which non-Muslim peoples were governed by their own religious authorities. In a reversal from the days of Latin rule, the head of the Church of Cyprus was invested as leader of the Greek Cypriot population and acted as mediator between Christian Greek Cypriots and the Ottoman authorities. This status ensured that the Church of Cyprus was in a position to end the constant encroachments of the Roman Catholic Church.^[47] Ottoman rule of Cyprus was at times indifferent, at times oppressive, depending on the temperaments of the sultans and local officials, and during this period the island fell into economic decline.^[48]

In 1828, modern Greece's first president Ioannis Kapodistrias whose maternal ancestors were Greek Cypriots,^[49]^[50] called for union of Cyprus with Greece, and numerous minor uprisings took place.^[51] Reaction to Ottoman misrule led to uprisings by both Greek and Turkish Cypriots, although none was successful. By 1872, the population of the island had risen to 144,000 comprising 44,000 Muslims and 100,000 Christians.^[52] Centuries of neglect by the Turks, the unrelenting poverty of most of the people, and the ever-present tax collectors fuelled Greek nationalism, and by the 20th century the idea of enosis, or union, with newly independent Greece was firmly rooted among Greek Cypriots.^[48]

Cyprus under the British Empire

In the aftermath of the Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878) and the Congress of Berlin, Cyprus was leased to the British Empire which de facto took over its administration in 1878 (though, in terms of sovereignty, it remained a de jure Ottoman territory until 1914, together with Egypt and Sudan) in exchange for guarantees that Britain would use the island as a base to protect the Ottoman Empire against possible Russian aggression.^[42]

The island would serve Britain as a key military base in its colonial routes. By 1906, when the Famagusta harbour was completed, Cyprus was a strategic naval outpost overlooking the Suez Canal, the crucial main route to India which was then Britain's most important overseas possession. Following the outbreak of World War I and the decision of the Ottoman Empire to join the war on the side of the Central Powers, the British Empire formally annexed Cyprus, Egypt and Sudan on 5 November 1914 as a response.^[42]

In 1915, Britain offered Cyprus to Constantine I of Greece on condition that Greece join the war on the side of the British, which he declined. In 1923, under the Treaty of Lausanne, the nascent Turkish republic relinquished any claim to Cyprus,^[53] and in 1925 it was declared a British crown colony.^[42] Many Greek Cypriots fought in the British Army during both World Wars, in the hope that Cyprus would eventually be united with Greece.^[54] During World War II many enlisted in the Cyprus Regiment.

In January 1950, the Church of Cyprus organized a referendum, which was boycotted by the Turkish Cypriot community, where 96% of Greek Cypriots voted in favour of "enosis", meaning union with Greece.^[55]^[56]^[57] Restricted autonomy under a constitution was proposed by the British administration but eventually rejected. In 1955 the EOKA organisation was founded, seeking independence and union with Greece through armed struggle. At the same time the Turkish Resistance Organisation (TMT), calling for Taksim, or partition, was established by the Turkish Cypriots as a counterweight.^[58] Turmoil on the island was met with force by the British.

Independence

On 16 August 1960, Cyprus attained independence after the Zürich and London Agreement between the United Kingdom, Greece and Turkey. The UK retained the two Sovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia, while government posts and public offices were allocated by ethnic quotas, giving the minority Turkish Cypriots a permanent veto, 30% in parliament and administration, and granting the three mother-states guarantor rights.

In 1963, inter-communal violence broke out, partially sponsored by both "motherlands". As a result, Turkish Cypriots were forced into enclaves and Cypriot President Archbishop Makarios III called for unilateral constitutional changes as a means to ease tensions over the whole island. The United Nations deployed forces in Cyprus (UNFICYP) at flash points.^[59]

In 1964, Turkey tried to invade Cyprus^[60] in response to the continuing Cypriot intercommunal violence. But Turkey was stopped by a strongly worded telegram from the US President Lyndon B. Johnson on 5 June, warning that the United States would not stand beside Turkey in case of a consequential Soviet invasion of Turkish territory.^[61]

Turkish invasion and division

On 15 July 1974, the Greek military junta under Dimitrios Ioannides carried out a coup d'état in Cyprus, to unite the island with Greece. The coup ousted president Makarios III and replaced him with pro-enosis nationalist Nikos Sampson.^[62] Five days later, on 20 July 1974, the Turkish army invaded the island on the pretext of restoring the constitutional order of the Republic of Cyprus by claiming a right to intervene as one of the guarantors of the 1960 Treaty of Guarantee.

The Turkish air force began bombing Greek positions on Cyprus, hundreds of paratroops were dropped in the area between Nicosia and Kyrenia, where well-armed Turkish Cypriot enclaves had been long-established, while off the Kyrenia coast, 30 Turkish troop ships protected by destroyers landed 6,000 men as well as tanks, trucks, and armoured vehicles.

Three days later, when a ceasefire had been agreed, Turkey had landed 30,000 troops on the island and captured Kyrenia, the corridor linking Kyrenia to Nicosia, and Turkish Cypriot quarter of Nicosia itself. The junta in Athens, and then the Sampson regime in Cyprus fell from power. In Nicosia, Glafkos Clerides assumed the presidency and constitutional order was restored, removing the pretext for the Turkish invasion. But during the peace negotiations in Geneva, the Turkish government reinforced their Kyrenia bridgehead and prepared for a second invasion. The invasion began on 14 August and resulted in the seizure of Morphou, Karpass, Famagusta and the Mesaoria. The Greek-Cypriot forces were unable to resist the Turkish advance.

International pressure led to a ceasefire, and by then 37% of the island had been taken over by the Turks and 180,000 Greek-Cypriots had been evicted from their homes in the north.^[63] At the same time, around 50,000 Turkish Cypriots moved to the areas under the control of the Turkish Forces and settled in the properties of the displaced Greek Cypriots. Among a variety of sanctions against Turkey, in mid-1975 the US Congress imposed an arms embargo on Turkey for using American-supplied equipment during the Turkish invasion of Cyprus in 1974.^[64]

Post-division

After the restoration of constitutional order and the return of Archbishop Makarios III to Cyprus in December 1974, the Turkish troops remained on the island occupying the northeastern portion of the island. In 1983, Turkish Cypriots proclaimed the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus, which is recognised only by Turkey. There are 1,534 Greek Cypriots^[65] and 502 Turkish Cypriots^[66] missing as a result of the fighting.

The events of the summer of 1974 dominate the politics on the island, as well as Greco-Turkish relations. Around 150,000 settlers from Turkey are believed to be living in the north in violation of the Geneva Convention and various UN resolutions.^[67]^[68] Following the invasion and the capture of its northern territory by Turkish troops, the Republic of Cyprus announced that all of its ports of entry in the north were closed, as they were effectively not under its control.^{[citation needed]}

The Turkish invasion and occupation and the self-declaration of independence of the TRNC have been condemned by several United Nations Resolutions. The Security Council reaffirms this every year.^[69] The last major effort to settle the Cyprus dispute was the Annan Plan in 2004, drafted by the Secretary General at the time, Kofi Annan. The plan was put to a referendum in both the TRNC and the Republic of Cyprus. It gained the support of the Turkish Cypriots and passed in the TRNC but was rejected by the Greek Cypriots, who perceived it to disproportionately favour Turks.^[70]

On 1 May 2004 Cyprus joined the European Union together with nine other countries.^[71] The TRNC was not accepted into the EU. In July 2006, the island served as a safe haven for people fleeing Lebanon because of the conflict between Israel and Hezbollah (also called "The July war").^[72]

In March 2008, a wall that for decades had stood at the boundary between the Republic of Cyprus and the UN buffer zone was demolished.^[73] The wall had cut across Ledra Street in the heart of Nicosia and was seen as a strong symbol of the island's 32-year division. On 3 April 2008, Ledra Street was reopened in the presence of Greek and Turkish Cypriot officials.^[74]

Geography

Cyprus is the third largest island in the Mediterranean Sea, after the Italian islands of Sicily and Sardinia (both in terms of area and population). It is also the world's 81st largest by area and world's 51st largest by population. It measures 240 kilometres (149 mi) long from end to end and 100 kilometres (62 mi) wide at its widest point, with Turkey 75 kilometres (47 mi) to the north. It lies between latitudes 34° and 36° N, and longitudes 32° and 35° E.

Other neighbouring territories include Syria and Lebanon to the east (105 kilometres (65 mi) and 108 kilometres (67 mi), respectively), Israel 200 kilometres (124 mi) to the southeast, Egypt 380 kilometres (236 mi) to the south, and Greece to the northwest: 280 kilometres (174 mi) to the small Dodecanesian island of Kastelorizo (Megisti), 400 kilometres (249 mi) to Rhodes, and 800 kilometres (497 mi) to the Greek mainland.

The physical relief of the island is dominated by two mountain ranges, the Troodos Mountains and the smaller Kyrenia Range, and the central plain they encompass, the Mesaoria. The Mesaoria plain is drained by the Pedieos River, the longest on the island. The Troodos Mountains cover most of the southern and western portions of the island and account for roughly half its area. The highest point on Cyprus is Mount Olympus at 1,952 m (6,404 ft), located in the centre of the Troodos range. The narrow Kyrenia Range, extending along the northern coastline, occupies substantially less area, and elevations are lower, reaching a maximum of 1,024 m (3,360 ft).

Geopolitically, the island is subdivided into four main segments. The Republic of Cyprus occupies the southern two-thirds of the island (59.74%). The Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus occupies the northern third (34.85%), and the United Nations-controlled Green Line provides a buffer zone that separates the two and covers 2.67% of the island. Lastly, two bases under British sovereignty are located on the island: Akrotiri and Dhekelia, covering the remaining 2.74%.

Climate

Cyprus has a subtropical climate – Mediterranean and semi-arid type (in the north-eastern part of the island) – Köppen climate classifications Csa and Bsh,^[75]^[76] with very mild winters (on the coast) and warm to hot summers. Snow is possible only in the Troodos Mountains in the central part of island. Rain occurs mainly in winter, with summer being generally dry.

Cyprus has the warmest climate (and warmest winters) in the Mediterranean part of the European Union.^{[citation needed]} The average annual temperature on the coast is around 24 °C (75 °F) during the day and 14 °C (57 °F) at night. Generally, summers last about eight months, beginning in April with average temperatures of 21–23 °C (70–73 °F) during the day and 11–13 °C (52–55 °F) at night, and ending in November with average temperatures of 22–23 °C (72–73 °F) during the day and 12–14 °C (54–57 °F) at night, although in the remaining four months temperatures sometimes exceed 20 °C (68 °F).^[77]

Among all cities in the Mediterranean part of the European Union, Limassol has the warmest winters, in the period January – February average temperature is 17–18 °C (63–64 °F) during the day and 8–9 °C (46–48 °F) at night, in other coastal locations in Cyprus is generally 16–17 °C (61–63 °F) during the day and 7–9 °C (45–48 °F) at night. In March and December in Limassol average temperatures is 19–20 °C (66–68 °F) during the day and 10–11 °C (50–52 °F) at night, in other coastal locations in Cyprus is generally 17–19 °C (63–66 °F) during the day and 8–11 °C (46–52 °F) at night.^[77]

The middle of summer is hot – in July and August on the coast the average temperature is usually around 33 °C (91 °F) during the day and around 23 °C (73 °F) at night (inside the island, in the highlands average temperature exceeds 35 °C (95 °F)) while in the June and September on the coast the average temperature is usually around 30 °C (86 °F) during the day and around 20 °C (68 °F) at night. Large fluctuations in temperature are rare. Temperatures inside the island are more stringent, with colder winters and more hot summers compared with the coast of the island.^[77]

Average annual temperature of sea is 21–22 °C (70–72 °F), from 17 °C (63 °F) in February to 27–28 °C (81–82 °F) in August (depending on the location). In total 7 months – from May to November – the average sea temperature exceeds 20 °C (68 °F).^[78]

Sunshine hours on the coast are around 3,400 per year, from an average of 5–6 hours of sunshine per day in December to an average of 12–13 hours in July.^[78] This is about double that of cities in the northern half of Europe; for comparison, London receives about 1,461 per year.^[79] In December, London receives about 37 hours of sunshine^[79] while coastal locations in Cyprus about 180 hours (that is, as much as in May in London).

Water supply

Cyprus suffers from a shortage of water. The country relies heavily on rain to provide household water, and for many years now the average annual rainfall seems to be decreasing. Between 2001 and 2004, exceptionally heavy annual rainfall pushed water reserves up, with supply exceeding demand, allowing total storage in the island's reservoirs to rise to an all-time high by the start of 2005. However, since then demand has increased annually – a result of local population growth, foreigners relocating to Cyprus and the number of visiting tourists – while supply has fallen. Cyprus has a total of 107 dams (plus one currently under construction) and reservoirs, with a total water storage capacity of about 330,000,000 m³ (1.2×10¹⁰ cu ft).^[80]

Dams remain the principal source of water both for domestic and agricultural use. Water desalination plants are gradually being constructed to deal with recent years of prolonged drought. The Government has invested heavily in the creation of water desalination plants which have supplied almost 50 per cent of domestic water since 2001. Efforts have also been made to raise public awareness of the situation and to encourage domestic water users to take more responsibility for the conservation of this increasingly scarce commodity.

Politics

Cyprus is a presidential republic. The head of state and of the government is elected by a process of universal suffrage for a five-year term. Executive power is exercised by the government with legislative power vested in the House of Representatives whilst the Judiciary is independent of both the executive and the legislature.

The 1960 Constitution provided for a presidential system of government with independent executive, legislative and judicial branches as well as a complex system of checks and balances including a weighted power-sharing ratio designed to protect the interests of the Turkish Cypriots. The executive was led by a Greek Cypriot president and a Turkish Cypriot vice-president elected by their respective communities for five-year terms and each possessing a right of veto over certain types of legislation and executive decisions. Legislative power rested on the House of Representatives who were also elected on the basis of separate voters' rolls.

Since 1965, following clashes between the two communities, the Turkish Cypriot seats in the House remain vacant. Turkish Cypriots refused to establish the state of affairs before the invasion of Cyprus as is evident in the Secretary-General of the United Nations who said "The Turkish Cypriot leaders have adhered to a rigid stand against any measures which might involve having members of the two communities live and work together, or which might place Turkish Cypriots in situations where they would have to acknowledge the authority of Government agents. Indeed, since the Turkish Cypriot leadership is committed to physical and geographical separation of the communities as a political goal, it is not likely to encourage activities by Turkish Cypriots which may be interpreted as demonstrating the merits of an alternative policy.^[81] By 1974 the two communities had returned to a more tolerant state of living.^[81]

In 1974 Cyprus was divided de facto when the Turkish army occupied the northern third of the island. The Turkish Cypriots subsequently declared independence in 1983 as the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus but were recognized only by Turkey. In 1985 the TRNC adopted a constitution and held its first elections. The United Nations recognises the sovereignty of the Republic of Cyprus over the entire island of Cyprus.

The House of Representatives currently has 59 members elected for a five-year term, 56 members by proportional representation and 3 observer members representing the Armenian, Latin and Maronite minorities. 24 seats are allocated to the Turkish community but remain vacant since 1964. The political environment is dominated by the communist AKEL, the liberal conservative Democratic Rally, the centrist^[82] Democratic Party, the social-democratic EDEK and the centrist EURO.KO. On 17 February 2008 Dimitris Christofias of the AKEL was elected President of Cyprus, on AKEL's first electoral victory without being part of a wider coalition. Christofias took over government from Tassos Papadopoulos of the Democratic Party who had been in office since February 2003.

Administrative divisions

The Republic of Cyprus is divided into six districts:^[83] Nicosia, Famagusta, Kyrenia, Larnaca, Limassol and Paphos. These are not the same as those of Northern Cyprus.

Exclaves and enclaves

Cyprus has four exclaves, all in territory that belongs to the British Sovereign Base Area of Dhekelia. The first two are the villages of Ormidhia and Xylotymvou. The third is the Dhekelia Power Station which is divided by a British road into two parts. The northern part is an exclave, like the two villages, whereas the southern part is located by the sea and therefore not an exclave although it has no territorial waters of its own.^[84]

The UN buffer zone runs up against Dhekelia and picks up again from its east side off Ayios Nikolaos and is connected to the rest of Dhekelia by a thin land corridor. In that sense the buffer zone turns the Paralimni area on the southeast corner of the island into a de facto, though not de jure, exclave.

Foreign relations

The Republic of Cyprus is a member of the following international groups: Australia Group, CN, CE, CFSP, EBRD, EIB, EU, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt, ITUC, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ITU, MIGA, NAM, NSG, OPCW, OSCE, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO.^[85]^[86]

Human rights

In "Freedom in the World 2011", Freedom House rated the democracy of Cyprus as "free".^[87] The constant focus on the division of the island can sometimes mask other human rights issues. Prostitution has been described as rife in both the Republic of Cyprus and the Turkish-controlled regions leading to criticism from the United States government for their alleged lack of controls on the sex trade^[88] and for the role of Cyprus as one of the main destinations for human trafficking from Eastern Europe.^[89]

Military

The Cypriot National Guard is the main military institution of the Republic of Cyprus. It is a combined arms force, with land, air and naval elements. The National Guard is a required 24-month service for all men upon completing their 18th birthday. The land forces of the Cypriot National Guard comprise the following units:

First Infantry Division (Ιη Μεραρχία ΠΖ)
Second Infantry Division (ΙΙα Μεραρχία ΠΖ)
Fourth Infantry Brigade (ΙVη Ταξιαρχία ΠΖ)
Twentieth Armoured Brigade (ΧΧη ΤΘ Ταξιαρχία)
Third Support Brigade (ΙΙΙη Ταξιαρχία ΥΠ)
Eighth Support Brigade (VIIIη Ταξιαρχία ΥΠ)

The air force includes the 449th Helicopter Gunship Squadron (449 ΜΑΕ) – operating SA-342L and Bell 206 and the 450th Helicopter Gunship Squadron (450 ME/P) – operating Mi-35P, BN-2B and PC-9. Current Senior officers include Supreme Commander, Cypriot National Guard, Lt. General Stylianos Nasis,^[90] and Chief of Staff, Cypriot National Guard: Maj. General Mihalis Flerianos.^{[citation needed]} The Evangelos Florakis Naval Base explosion was the worst peacetime military accident ever recorded in Cyprus. The incident occurred on 11 July 2011.

Economy

The Cypriot economy has diversified and become prosperous in recent years.^[91] However, in 2012 it became affected by the Eurozone financial and banking crisis. In June 2012, the Cypriot government announced it would need €1.8 billion of foreign aid to support the Cyprus Popular Bank, and this was followed by Fitch downgrading Cyprus's credit rating to junk status.^[92] Fitch said Cyprus would need an additional €4 billion to support its banks and the downgrade was mainly due to the exposure of Bank of Cyprus, Cyprus Popular Bank and Hellenic Bank, Cyprus's three largest banks, to the Greek financial crisis.^[92]

The 2012–2013 Cypriot financial crisis led to an agreement with the Eurogroup in March 2013 to split the country's second largest bank, the Cyprus Popular Bank (also known as Laiki Bank), into a "bad" bank which would be wound down over time and a "good" bank which would be absorbed by the Bank of Cyprus. In return for a €10 billion bailout from the European Commission, the European Central Bank and the International Monetary Fund, the Cypriot government would be required to impose a significant haircut on uninsured deposits, a large proportion of which were held by wealthy Russians who used Cyprus as a tax haven. Insured deposits of €100,000 or less would not be affected.^[93]^[94]^[95]

According to the latest International Monetary Fund estimates, its per capita GDP (adjusted for purchasing power) at $28,381 is just above the average of the European Union.^[96] Cyprus has been sought as a base for several offshore businesses for its highly developed infrastructure. Tourism, financial services, and shipping are significant parts of the economy. Economic policy of the Cyprus government has focused on meeting the criteria for admission to the European Union. The Cypriot government adopted the euro as the national currency on 1 January 2008.^[91]

In recent years significant quantities of offshore natural gas have been discovered in the area known as Aphrodite in Cyprus' exclusive economic zone (EEZ),^[97] about 175 kilometres (109 miles) south of Limassol at 33°5′40″N and 32°59′0″E.^[98] Cyprus demarcated its maritime border with Egypt in 2003, and with Lebanon in 2007.^[99] Cyprus and Israel demarcated their maritime border in 2010,^[100] and in August 2011, the US-based firm Noble Energy entered into a production-sharing agreement with the Cypriot government regarding the block's commercial development.^[101]

Turkey, which does not recognize the border agreements of Cyprus with its neighbours,^[102] threatened to mobilize its naval forces in the event that Cyprus would proceed with plans to begin drilling at Block 12.^[103] Cyprus' drilling efforts have the support of the US, EU, and UN, and on 19 September 2011 drilling in Block 12 began without any incidents being reported.^[104]

The island has witnessed a massive growth in tourism over the years and as such the property rental market in Cyprus has grown. Added to this is the capital growth in property that has been created from the demand of incoming investors and property buyers to the island.^[105]

Transport

Available modes of transport are by road, sea, and air. Of the 10,663 km (6,626 mi) of roads in the Republic of Cyprus in 1998, 6,249 km (3,883 mi) were paved, and 4,414 km (2,743 mi) were unpaved. In 1996 the Turkish-occupied area had a similar ratio of paved to unpaved, with approximately 1,370 km (850 mi) of paved road and 980 km (610 mi) unpaved. Cyprus is one of only four EU nations in which vehicles drive on the left-hand side of the road, a remnant of British colonisation (the others being Ireland, Malta and the United Kingdom).

There are several modern motorways in Cyprus. A series of motorways runs along the coast from Paphos east to Ayia Napa, with two motorways running inland to Nicosia, one from Limassol and one from Larnaca.

A1 Nicosia to Limassol
A2 connects A1 near Pera Chorio with A3 by Larnaca
A3 Larnaca to Agia Napa
A5 connects A1 near Kofinou with A3 by Larnaca
A6 Pafos to Limassol
A9 Nicosia to Astromeritis

Per capita private car ownership is the 29th-highest in the world.^[106] There were approximately 344,000 privately owned vehicles, and a total of 517,000 registered motor vehicles in the Republic of Cyprus in 2006.^[107] In 2006 extensive plans were announced to improve and expand bus services and restructure public transport throughout Cyprus, with the financial backing of the European Union Development Bank. In 2010 the new revised and expanded bus network was implemented.^[108]

Cyprus has several heliports and two international airports: Larnaca International Airport and Paphos International Airport. A third airport, Ercan International Airport operates in the Turkish Cypriot administered area with direct flights only to Turkey (Turkish Cypriot ports are closed to international traffic apart from Turkey). Nicosia International Airport has been closed since 1974.

The main harbours of the island are Limassol and Larnaca, which service cargo, passenger, and cruise ships.

Communications

Cyta, the state-owned telecommunications company, manages most telecommunications and Internet connections on the island. However, following the recent liberalization of the sector, a few private telecommunications companies have emerged including MTN, Cablenet, OTEnet Telecom, Omega Telecom and PrimeTel. In the Turkish-controlled area of Cyprus, three companies are also present: Turkcell, Vodafone and Turk Telekom.

Demographics

Population growth (numbers for the entire island, excluding in recent years some 150,000 Turkish settlers residing in Northern Cyprus).

According to the CIA World Factbook, in 2001 Greek Cypriots comprised 77%, Turkish Cypriots 18%, and others 5% of the Cypriot population.^[109] At the time of the 2011 government census, there were 10,520 people of Russian origin living in Cyprus.^[110]^[111]^[112]^[113]

According to the first population census after the declaration of independence, carried out in December 1960 and covering the entire island, Cyprus had a total population of 573,566; of whom 442,138 (77.1%) were Greeks, 104,320 (18.2%) Turkish, and 27,108 (4.7%) others.^[114]^[115]

Due to the inter-communal ethnic tensions between 1963 and 1974, an island-wide census was regarded as impossible. Nevertheless, the Greek Cypriots conducted one in 1973, without the Turkish Cypriot populace.^[116] According to this census, the Greek Cypriot population was 482,000. One year later, in 1974, the Cypriot government's Department of Statistics and Research estimated the total population of Cyprus at 641,000; of whom 506,000 (78.9%) were Greeks, and 118,000 (18.4%) Turkish.^[117] After the partition of the island in 1974, Greeks conducted four more censuses: in 1976, 1982, 1992 and 2001; these excluded the Turkish population which was resident in the northern part of the island.^[114]

According to the Republic of Cyprus's latest estimate, in 2005, the number of Cypriot citizens currently living in the Republic of Cyprus is around 871,036. In addition to this, the Republic of Cyprus is home to 110,200 foreign permanent residents^[118] and an estimated 10,000–30,000 undocumented illegal immigrants currently living in the south of the island.^[119]

According to the 2006 census carried out by Northern Cyprus, there were 256,644 (de jure) people living in Northern Cyprus. 178,031 were citizens of Northern Cyprus, of whom 147,405 were born in Cyprus (112,534 from the north; 32,538 from the south; 371 did not indicate what part of Cyprus they were from); 27,333 born in Turkey; 2,482 born in the UK and 913 born in Bulgaria. Of the 147,405 citizens born in Cyprus, 120,031 say both parents were born in Cyprus; 16,824 say both parents born in Turkey; 10,361 have one parent born in Turkey and one parent born in Cyprus.^[120]

In 2010, the International Crisis Group estimated that the total population of Cyprus was 1.1 million,^[121] of which there was an estimated 300,000 residents in the north, perhaps half of whom were either born in Turkey or are children of such settlers.^[122] One source claims that the population in the north has reached 500,000,^[123] 50% of which are thought to be Turkish settlers or Cypriot-born children of such settlers.^[124]

The village of Pyla in the Larnaca District is the only settlement in the Republic of Cyprus with a mixed Greek and Turkish Cypriot population.^{[citation needed]}

Y-Dna haplogroups are found at the following frequencies in Cyprus : J (43.07% including 6.20% J1), E1b1b (20.00%), R1 (12.30% including 9.2% R1b), F (9.20%), I (7.70%), K (4.60%), A (3.10%).^[125] J, K, F and E1b1b haplogroups consist of lineages with differential distribution within Middle East, North Africa and Europe while R1 and I are typical in West European populations.

Outside Cyprus there is a significant and thriving Greek Cypriot diaspora and Turkish Cypriot diaspora in the United Kingdom, Australia, Canada, the United States, Greece and Turkey.

v t e Largest municipalities in Cyprus Cyprus 2021 Population and Housing Census^[126]
	Rank	Name	District	Pop.
Nicosia Limassol	1	Nicosia	Nicosia	173,175	Strovolos Larnaca
	2	Limassol	Limassol	124,054
	3	Strovolos	Nicosia	71,123
	4	Larnaca	Larnaca	68,194
	5	Lakatamia	Nicosia	53,273
	6	Agios Athanasios	Limassol	42,936
	7	Famagusta	Famagusta	42,526
	8	Paphos	Paphos	37,297
	9	Kyrenia	Kyrenia	33,207
	10	Paralimni	Famagusta	31,709

Religion

Religion in Cyprus^[127]
religion			percent
Greek Orthodoxy			78.0%
Islam			18.0%
Other			2.7%
Other Christian			1.3%

Almost all Greek Cypriots are members of the autocephalous Greek Orthodox Church of Cyprus,^[127]^[128]^[129] whereas most Turkish Cypriots are adherents of Sunni Islam. According to Eurobarometer 2005,^[130] Cyprus is one of the most religious states in the European Union, alongside Malta, Romania, Greece, and Poland. The first President of Cyprus, Makarios III, was an archbishop. The current leader of the Greek Orthodox Church of Cyprus is Archbishop Chrysostomos II.

Hala Sultan Tekke, situated near the Larnaca Salt Lake, is considered by some secular orientalists as the third holiest site in Sunni Islam^[131]^[132] and an object of pilgrimage for both Muslims^[133] and Christians.^[134]

According to the 2001 census carried out in the Government-controlled area,^[135] 94.8% of the population are Christian Orthodox, 0.9% Armenians and Maronites, 1.5% Roman Catholics, 1.0% Church of England, and 0.6% Muslims. The remaining 1.3% adhere to other religious denominations or did not state their religion.

Languages

Cyprus has two official languages, Greek and Turkish.^[136] Armenian and Cypriot Maronite Arabic are recognized as minority languages.^[137]^[138] Although without official status, Russian is widely spoken among the country's minorities, residents and citizens of post-Soviet countries, as well as Pontic Greeks. It is used and spoken by approximately 100,000 people, including Russians, Ukrainians, Belarusians, Armenians, Pontic Greeks, Georgians and Bulgarians.^{[citation needed]} Russian, after English and Greek, is the third language used on many signs of shops and restaurants, particularly in Limassol and Paphos. In addition to these languages, 76% of the population of Cyprus speak English, 12% speak French, and 5% speak German.^[139]

The everyday spoken language of Greek Cypriots is Cypriot Greek and that of Turkish Cypriots is Cypriot Turkish. These both differ from their respective standard register quite significantly.

Education

Cyprus has a highly developed system of primary and secondary education offering both public and private education. The high quality of instruction can be attributed to a large extent to the above-average competence of the teachers^{[citation needed]} but also to the fact that nearly 7% of the GDP is spent on education which makes Cyprus one of the top three spenders of education in the EU along with Denmark and Sweden.^[140]

State schools are generally seen as equivalent in quality of education to private-sector institutions. However, the value of a state high-school diploma is limited by the fact that the grades obtained account for only around 25% of the final grade for each topic, with the remaining 75% assigned by the teacher during the semester, in a minimally transparent way. Cypriot universities (like universities in Greece) ignore high school grades almost entirely for admissions purposes. While a high-school diploma is mandatory for university attendance, admissions are decided almost exclusively on the basis of scores at centrally administered university entrance examinations that all university candidates are required to take.

The majority of Cypriots receive their higher education at Greek, British, Turkish, other European and North American universities. It is noteworthy that Cyprus currently has the highest percentage of citizens of working age who have higher-level education in the EU at 30% which is ahead of Finland's 29.5%. In addition 47% of its population aged 25–34 have tertiary education, which is the highest in the EU. The body of Cypriot students is highly mobile, with 78.7% studying in a university outside Cyprus.

Culture

The culture of Cyprus is divided between the two distinct cultures of Greek and Turkish Cypriots. Each community maintains its own culture, linked to the cultures of Greece and Turkey, and there is little cultural interchange between the two groups. The Greek culture first has been present on the island since antiquity.^[42] The Turkish culture arrived with the invasion of the Ottoman Empire in 1570, and it was under this rule that the divide between the two communities became prominent and encouraged by government policies. The British did nothing to change this, leaving the island in its divided state with no unified culture.^[141]

Art

The art history of Cyprus can be said to stretch back up to 10,000 years, following the discovery of a series of Chalcolithic period carved figures in the villages of Khoirokoitia and Lempa.^[142] The island is the home to numerous examples of high quality religious icon painting from the Middle Ages as well as many painted churches. Cypriot architecture was heavily influenced by French Gothic and Italian renaissance introduced in the island during the era of Latin domination (1191–1571).

In modern times Cypriot art history begins with the painter Vassilis Vryonides (1883–1958) who studied at the Academy of Fine Arts in Venice.^[143] Arguably the two founding fathers of modern Cypriot art were Adamantios Diamantis (1900–1994) who studied at London's Royal College of Art and Christopheros Savva (1924–1968) who also studied in London, at Saint Martin's School of Art.^[144] In many ways these two artists set the template for subsequent Cypriot art and both their artistic styles and the patterns of their education remain influential to this day. In particular the majority of Cypriot artists still train in England^[145] while others train at art schools in Greece and local art institutions such as the Cyprus College of Art, University of Nicosia and the Frederick Institute of Technology.

Aphrodite; Greek goddess of love, beauty and sexuality, is said to have been born in Cyprus.

One of the features of Cypriot art is a tendency towards figurative painting although conceptual art is being rigorously promoted by a number of art "institutions" and most notably the Nicosia Municipal Art Centre [12]. Municipal art galleries exist in all the main towns and there is a large and lively commercial art scene. Cyprus was due to host the international art festival Manifesta in 2006 but this was cancelled at the last minute following a dispute between the Dutch organizers of Manifesta and the Cyprus Ministry of Education and Culture over the location of some of the Manifesta events in the Turkish sector of the capital Nicosia.^[146]^[147]

Other notable Cypriot artists include Rhea Bailey, Mihail Kkasialos, Ioannis Kissonergis, Theodoulos Gregoriou, Helene Black, George Skoteinos, Kalopedis family, Panayiotis Kalorkoti, Nicos Nicolaides, Stass Paraskos, Arestís Stasí, Telemachos Kanthos, Konstantia Sofokleous and Chris Achilleos.

Music

File:ReinassanceLute.jpg

Lute; dominant instrument of the Cypriot traditional music.

The traditional folk music of Cyprus has several common elements with Greek, Turkish, and Arabic music including Greco-Turkish dances such as the sousta, syrtos, zeibekikos, tatsia, and karsilamas as well as the Middle Eastern-inspired tsifteteli and arapies. There is also a form of musical poetry known as chattista which is often performed at traditional feasts and celebrations. The instruments commonly associated with Cyprus folk music are the bouzouki, oud ("outi"), violin ("fkiolin"), lute ("laouto"), accordion, Cyprus flute ("pithkiavlin") and percussion (including the "toumperleki"). Composers associated with traditional Cypriot music include Evagoras Karageorgis, Marios Tokas, Solon Michaelides and Savvas Salides. Among musicians is also the acclaimed pianist Cyprien Katsaris.

Popular music in Cyprus is generally influenced by the Greek Laïka scene; artists who play in this genre include international platinum star Anna Vissi,^[148]^[149]^[150]^[151] Evridiki, and Sarbel. Hip Hop, R&B and reggae have been supported by the emergence of Cypriot rap and the urban music scene at Ayia Napa. Cypriot rock music and Éntekhno rock is often associated with artists such as Michalis Hatzigiannis and Alkinoos Ioannidis. Metal also has a small following in Cyprus represented by bands such as Armageddon (rev.16:16), Blynd, Winter's Verge and Quadraphonic.

Literature

Literary production of the antiquity includes the Cypria, an epic poem, probably composed in the late 7th century BC and attributed to Stasinus. The Cypria is one of the very first specimens of Greek and European poetry.^[152] The Cypriot Zeno of Citium was the founder of the Stoic School of Philosophy.

Epic poetry, notably the "acritic songs", flourished during Middle Ages. Two chronicles, one written by Leontios Machairas and the other by Georgios Voustronios, cover the entire Middle Ages until the end of Frankish rule (4th century–1489). Poèmes d'amour written in medieval Greek Cypriot date back from the 16th century. Some of them are actual translations of poems written by Petrarch, Bembo, Ariosto and G. Sannazzaro.^[154] Many Cypriot scholars fled Cyprus at troubled times such as Ioannis Kigalas (c. 1622–1687) who migrated from Cyprus to Italy in the 17th century, several of his works have survived in books of other scholars.^[155]

Hasan Hilmi Efendi, a Turkish Cypriot poet, was rewarded by the Ottoman sultan Mahmud II and said to be the "sultan of the poems".^[156]

Modern literary figures from Cyprus include the poet and writer Kostas Montis, poet Kyriakos Charalambides, poet Michalis Pasiardis, writer Nicos Nicolaides, Stylianos Atteshlis, Altheides, Loukis Akritas^[157] and Demetris Th. Gotsis. Dimitris Lipertis, Vasilis Michaelides and Pavlos Liasides are folk poets who wrote poems mainly in the Cypriot-Greek dialect.^[158]^[159] Lawrence Durrell lived in Northern Cyprus from 1952 until 26 August 1956 and wrote the book Bitter Lemons concerning his time there which won the second Duff Cooper Prize in 1957. The majority of the play Othello by William Shakespeare is set on the island of Cyprus. Cyprus also figures in religious literature such as the Acts of the Apostles according to which the Apostles Barnabas and Paul preached on the island.

Cinema

The most renowned Cypriot director to have worked abroad is Michael Cacoyannis.

Cypriot cinema was born much later than that of other countries. In the late 1960s and early 1970s, George Filis produced and directed Gregoris Afxentiou, Etsi Prodothike i Kypros (Cyprus Betrayal), and The Mega Document.

In 1994, cinematographic production received a boost with the establishment of the Cinema Advisory Committee. As of the year 2000, the annual amount set aside in the national budget stands at Cy Pounds 500,000 (about 850,000 Euros). In addition to government grants, Cypriot co-productions are eligible for funding from the Council of Europe's Eurimages Fund, which finances European film co-productions. To date, four feature-length films in which a Cypriot was executive producer have received funding from Eurimages. The first was I Sphagi tou Kokora (1992), completed in 1996, Hellados (And the Trains Fly to the Sky, 1995), which is currently in post-production, and Costas Demetriou's O Dromos gia tin Ithaki (The Road to Ithaka, 1997) which premiered in March 2000. The theme song to The Road to Ithaka was composed by Costas Cacoyannis and sung by Alexia Vassiliou. In September 1999, To Tama (The Promise) by Andreas Pantzis also received funding from the Eurimages Fund.^[160]

Cuisine

Halloumi cheese originated in Cyprus^[161]^[162] and was initially made during the Medieval Byzantine period.^[163] Halloumi (Hellim) is commonly served sliced, either fresh or grilled, as an appetiser.

Seafood and fish dishes of Cyprus include squid, octopus, red mullet, and sea bass. Cucumber and tomato are used widely in salads. Common vegetable preparations include potatoes in olive oil and parsley, pickled cauliflower and beets, asparagus and Taro. Other traditional delicacies of the island are meat marinated in dried coriander, seeds and wine, and eventually dried and smoked, such as lountza (smoked pork loin), charcoal-grilled lamb, souvlaki (pork and chicken cooked over charcoal), and sheftalia (minced meat wrapped in mesentery). Pourgouri (bulgur, cracked wheat) is the traditional carbohydrate other than bread, and is used to make the Cypriot delicacy koubes.

Fresh vegetables and fruits are common ingredients in Cypriot cuisine. Frequently used vegetables include courgettes, green peppers, okra, green beans, artichokes, carrots, tomatoes, cucumbers, lettuce and grape leaves, and pulses such as beans, broad beans, peas, black-eyed beans, chick-peas and lentils. The commonest among fruits and nuts are pears, apples, grapes, oranges, mandarines, nectarines, medlar, blackberries, cherry, strawberries, figs, watermelon, melon, avocado, lemon, pistachio, almond, chestnut, walnut, hazelnut.

Cyprus is also well known for its desserts, including lokum (also known as Turkish Delight) and Soutzoukos.^[164] This island has protected geographical indication (PGI) for its lokum produced in the village of Geroskipou.^[165]

Sports

Governing bodies of sports in Cyprus include the Cyprus Football Association, Cyprus Basketball Federation, Cyprus Volleyball Federation, Cyprus Automobile Association, Cyprus Badminton Federation,^[166] Cyprus Cricket Association and the Cyprus Rugby Federation.

The Cyprus League includes notable teams such as APOEL FC, Anorthosis Famagusta FC, AC Omonia, AEL Lemesos, Apollon FC, Nea Salamis Famagusta FC and AEK Larnaca FC. Stadiums or sports venues in Cyprus include the GSP Stadium (the largest in the Republic of Cyprus-controlled areas of Cyprus), Tsirion Stadium (second largest), Neo GSZ Stadium, Antonis Papadopoulos Stadium, Ammochostos Stadium and Makario Stadium. Cyprus, also has a football national team which in the last decade has evolved to a promising squad within the European rankings.

Anorthosis Famagusta FC was the first Cypriot team to qualify for the UEFA Champions League Group stage in the 2008–2009 season. The next season it was APOEL FC's turn to qualify for the UEFA Champions League group stage. APOEL FC played for the last 8 of the 2011-12 UEFA Champions League after finishing top of its group in the group stage and after beating French giants Olympique de Lyonnais in the Round of 16.

Apart from the emphasis on football, Cyprus has exhibited various accomplishments in other sports. Marcos Baghdatis is one of the most successful tennis players on the international stage.^{[citation needed]} He was a finalist at the Australian Open in 2006, and reached the Wimbledon semi-final in the same year. Also Kyriakos Ioannou a Cypriot high jumper achieved a jump of 2.35 m at the 11th IAAF World Championships in Athletics held in Osaka, Japan, in 2007 winning the bronze medal. He was recently ranked third at the international level and second in Europe. In motorsports, Cyprus is represented by Tio Ellinas, a successful race car driver, currently racing in the GP3 Series for Marussia Manor Motorsport.

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^ Dale C. Tatum (1 January 2002). Who Influenced Whom?: Lessons from the Cold War. University Press of America. p. 43. ISBN 978-0-7618-2444-2. Retrieved 21 August 2013.
^ Kourvetaris, George A. (1999). Studies on modern Greek society and politics. East European Monographs. p. 347. ISBN 978-0-88033-432-7.
^ Hoffmeister, Frank (2006). Legal aspects of the Cyprus problem: Annan Plan and EU accession. EMartinus Nijhoff Publishers. p. 9. ISBN 978-90-04-15223-6.
^ Caesar V. Mavratsas. "Politics, Social Memory, and Identity in Greek Cyprus since 1974". cyprus-conflict.net. Retrieved 13 October 2007.
^ Hoffmeister, Frank (2006). Legal aspects of the Cyprus problem: Annan Plan and EU accession. EMartinus Nijhoff Publishers. pp. 17–20. ISBN 978-90-04-15223-6.
^ "1964: Guns fall silent in Cyprus". BBC News. 24 April 2004. Retrieved 25 October 2009.
^ Jacob M. Landau (1979). Johnson's 1964 letter to Inonu and Greek lobbying of the White House. Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Leonard Davis Institute for International Relations.
^ "CYPRUS: Big Troubles over a Small Island". TIME. 29 July 1974.
^ U.S. Congressional Record, V. 147, Pt. 3, 8 March 2001 to 26 March 2001 [8]
^ "Turkey and the United States: The Arms Embargo Period". Praeger Publishers (5 August 1986). Retrieved 14 May 2010. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
^ "Over 100 missing identified so far". Cyprus Mail. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 13 October 2007. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
^ "Missing cause to get cash injection". Cyprus Mail. Archived from the original on 30 September 2007. Retrieved 13 October 2007. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
^ Council of Europe (1993). Documents (working papers) 1993. Council of Europe. p. 1997. ISBN 978-92-871-2262-9.
^ Chrysafi, A. C. (2003). Who shall govern Cyprus – Brussels or Nicosia?. Evandia Publishing UK Limited. p. 112. ISBN 978-1-904578-00-0.
^ "Full list UN Resolutions on Cyprus". Un.int. Retrieved 29 January 2012.
^ Palley, Claire (18 May 2005). An International Relations Debacle: The UN Secretary-general's Mission of Good Offices in Cyprus 1999–2004. Hart Publishing. p. 224. ISBN 1-84113-578-X.
^ Stephanos Constantinides & Joseph Joseph, 'Cyprus and the European Union: Beyond Accession', Études helléniques/Hellenic Studies 11 (2), Autumn 2003
^ Xinhua (21 July 2006). "About 11,500 people flee Lebanon to Cyprus". People's Daily Online.
^ "Greek Cypriots dismantle barrier". BBC News. 9 March 2007. Retrieved 7 March 2008. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
^ Ledra Street crossing opens in Cyprus. Associated Press article published on International Herald Tribune Website, 3 April 2008
^ Peel, M. C. and Finlayson, B. L. and McMahon, T. A. (2007). "Updated world map of the Köppen – Geiger climate classification". Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. 11: 1633–1644. doi:10.5194/hess-11-1633-2007. ISSN 1027-5606.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) (direct: Final Revised Paper)
^ CIA Factbook – Geographic location
^ ^a ^b ^c "Meteorological Service – Climatological and Meteorological Reports".
^ ^a ^b "Cyprus Climate Guide". Retrieved 5 June 2009.
^ ^a ^b "Met Office: Climate averages 1971–2000". Met Office.
^ Dams of Cyprus Water Development Department, Republic of Cyprus.
^ ^a ^b Quotation from 1965 in a report submitted by Cyprus in the framework of the Convention for the Protectino of Mational Minorities citing United Nations Secretary General Report S/6426 Quote: "10. Despite this policy, a certain degree of normality gradually returned to Cyprus and with the active encouragement of the Government, by 1974 a large proportion of Turkish Cypriots were living and working alongside with their Greek Cypriot fellow citizens." via Internet Archive Retrieved 1 June 2011
^ DotNetNuke. "Ιδεολογική Διακήρυξη του Δημοκρατικού Κόμματος". Diko.org.cy. Archived from the original on 11 June 2007. Retrieved 6 January 2009.
^ "EUROPA – The EU at a glance – Maps – Cyprus". Europa (web portal). Retrieved 27 March 2009.
^ "Dhekelia". Geosite.jankrogh.com. 30 January 2012. Retrieved 28 June 2013.
^ "CIA – The World Factbook – Cyprus". Cia.gov. 18 December 2008. Retrieved 6 January 2009.
^ "European Commission – Enlargement: Archives Country Profiles". Europa (web portal). Retrieved 6 January 2009.
^ Freedom in the World 2011 Report > Cyprus. Retrieved 28 June 2013. Also, page 29.
^ Jean Christou. "US report raps Cyprus over battle on flesh trade". cyprus-mail.com. Archived from the original on 30 September 2007. Retrieved 13 October 2007.
^ Jacqueline Theodoulou. "A shame on our society". cyprus-mail.com. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 13 October 2007.
^ "New Cyprus army chief sworn in, Famagusta Gazette".
^ ^a ^b "Cyprus Economy". Republic of Cyprus. cyprus.gov.cy. Retrieved 4 May 2007.^{[dead link‍]}
^ ^a ^b "Cyprus's credit rating cut to junk status by Fitch". BBC News Online. 25 June 2012. Retrieved 25 June 2012.
^ "Eurogroup Statement on Cyprus". Eurogroup. 25 March 2013. Retrieved 30 March 2013.
^ Jan Strupczewski; Annika Breidthardt (25 March 2013). "Last-minute Cyprus deal to close bank, force losses". Reuters. Retrieved 25 March 2013.
^ "Eurogroup signs off on bailout agreement reached by Cyprus and troika". Ekathimerini. Greece. 25 March 2013. Retrieved 25 March 2013.
^ List of countries by future GDP (PPP) per capita estimates
^ Gilson, George (23 January 2011). "Something sizzling in Cyprus: gas shakes regional chessboard". Athens News. Retrieved 7 September 2011.
^ Ali, Jaber, "Lebanese Cabinet discusses offshore energy policies", Middle East Confidential, 15 July 2011. Link dead. Accessed: 7 September 2011.
^ "Cyprus – Exclusive Economic Zone – Turkey's provocative behaviour". Republic of Cyprus. 10 August 2011. Retrieved 7 September 2011.
^ "'Don't attempt to test Turkey's past'". Hürriyet Daily News. Istanbul. 6 September 2011. Retrieved 7 September 2011.
^ Ament, Carol (19 August 2011). "Full speed ahead for Cyprus drilling". Famagusta Gazette. Retrieved 7 September 2011.
^ "Noble Energy: Good chance of large gas find off Cyprus". New Europe (newspaper). 20 February 2011. Retrieved 7 September 2011.
^ "Ankara threatens naval action over Cyprus' Block 12 drill". PanARMENIAN.Net. 6 September 2011. Retrieved 7 September 2011.
^ Turkey's miscalculation over Cypriot drilling. STRATFOR, 20 September 2011 [9]
^ "Growth in tourism has stimulated the property market in Cyprus". Property Abroad. apropertyincyprus.com. 10 November 2008. Retrieved 15 December 2008.
^ "World Bank Data: Motor vehicles (per 1,000 people)". The World Bank. Retrieved 27 August 2011.
^ Public Works Department official statistics, Dead link at Mcw.gov.cy, 24 March 2006. Accessed: 25 October 2009.
^ "Cyprus By Bus". Cyprus By Bus. Retrieved 16 February 2011.
^ "The World Factbook – Ethnic Groups". Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 22 June 2013.
^ Boyle, Kevin; Sheen, Juliet (1997). Freedom of Religion and Belief: A World Report. Routledge. p. 288. ISBN 0-415-15978-4.
^ Salih, Halil Ibrahim (2004). Cyprus: Ethnic Political Counterpoints. University Press of America. p. 121. ISBN 0-415-15978-4.
^ Karoulla-Vrikki, Dimitra (2009). "Greek in Cyprus: Identity Oscillations and Language Planning". In Georgakopoulou, Alexandra; Silk, M.S. (eds) (eds.). Standard languages and language standards: Greek, past and present. Ashgate Publishing. p. 188. ISBN 0-7546-6437-6. {{cite book}}: |editor2-first= has generic name (help)
^ Hadjipavlou, Maria (2002). "Cyprus: A Partnership Between Conflict Resolution and Peace Education". In Salomon, Gavriel; Nevo, Baruch (eds) (eds.). Peace Education: The Concept, Principles, and Practices Around the World. Routledge. p. 195. ISBN 0-8058-4193-8. {{cite book}}: |editor2-first= has generic name (help)
^ ^a ^b Hatay, Mete "Is the Turkish Cypriot Population Shrinking?", International Peace Research Institute, 2007. Pages 22–23.
^ Eric Solsten, ed. Cyprus: A Country Study, Library of Congress, Washington, DC, 1991.
^ St John-Jones, L.W. (1983). The Population of Cyprus: Demographic Trends and Socio-Economic Influences. London: Maurice Temple Smith Ltd. p. 17. ISBN 0-85117-232-6.
^ Cyprus Ministry of Interior (1992). "The Demographic Structure of Cyprus" (PDF). Parliamentary Assembly. p. 6.
^ Republic of Cyprus Statistical Service (2006). "Demographic Report 2005". Nicosia: Republic of Cyprus Statistical Service. p. 12. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |url= (help)
^ Nicos, Trimikliniotis; Demetriou, Corina (2007). "Active Civic Participation of Immigrants in Cyprus" (PDF). POLITIS. p. 8.
^ "Census.XLS" (PDF). Retrieved 25 October 2009.
^ International Crisis Group (2010). "CYPRUS: BRIDGING THE PROPERTY DIVIDE". International Crisis Group. p. 1.
^ International Crisis Group (2010). "CYPRUS: BRIDGING THE PROPERTY DIVIDE". International Crisis Group. p. 2.
^ Cole, Jeffrey (2011), Ethnic Groups of Europe: An Encyclopedia, ABC-CLIO, p. 95, ISBN 1-59884-302-8
^ Cole, Jeffrey (2011), Ethnic Groups of Europe: An Encyclopedia, ABC-CLIO, p. 97, ISBN 1-59884-302-8
^ (n=65), Population structure in the Mediterranean basin: a Y chromosome perspective, Capelli et al. 2005
^ "Ο μικρότερος και μεγαλύτερος Δήμος - Κοινότητα σε πληθυσμό". aftodioikisi. 7 August 2023. Retrieved 4 October 2023.
^ ^a ^b "Cyprus". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 9 February 2010.
^ "About Cyprus – Towns and Population". Government Web Portal – Areas of Interest. Government of Cyprus. Retrieved 9 February 2010.^{[dead link‍]}
^ Solsten, Eric (January 1991). "A Country Study: Cyprus". Federal Research Division. Library of Congress. Retrieved 9 February 2010.
^ "Social values, Science and Technology" (PDF). Retrieved 25 October 2009.
^ Bowen, George E. (3 April 2001). "Assessing the Isle of Cyprus". Patrick S. O'Brien on the University of Tennessee server. Retrieved 12 November 2006. Three historic churches and monasteries are within the city. Just outside the city is the location of the Hala Sultan Tekke Mosque, the third holiest place for Muslims in the world.
^ Drayton, Penny (1993). "Aphrodite's island". Wood & water. 2 (41). {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help) Cited by: Trubshaw, Bob (1993). "The Black Stone – the Omphalos of the Goddess". Mercian Mysteries (14). Retrieved 12 November 2006. In Cyprus is another highly venerated Islamic site – the third most important after Mecca and Medina – the Hala Sultan Tekke. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
^ "Hala Sultan Tekke: Where East meets West", UNDP-ACT in Cyprus newsletter, Spring 2006. Retrieved 28 June 2013.
^ Papalexandrou, Nassos, "Hala Sultan Tekke, Cyprus: An Elusive Landscape of Sacredness in a Liminal Context", Journal of Modern Greek Studies, Volume 26, Number 2, October 2008, pp. 251–281
^ Statistical Service of Cyprus: Population and Social Statistics^{[dead link‍]}, Main Results of the 2001 Census. Retrieved on 29 February 2009
^ Constitution of the Republic of Cyprus^{[dead link‍]}: "The official languages of the Republic are Greek and Turkish" (Appendix D, Part 01, Article 3)
^ "Implementation of the Charter in Cyprus". Database for the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. Public Foundation for European Comparative Minority Research. Retrieved 20 May 2013.
^ "EUROPA – Education and Training – Regional and minority languages – Euromosaïc study". Europa (web portal). 27 October 2006. Retrieved 3 April 2011.
^ Europeans and their Languages, Eurobarometer, European Commission, 2006.
^ UNICEF, Division of Policy and Practice, Statistics and Monitoring Section childinfo.org, May 2008.
^ Patrick R. Hugg (November 2001). "Cyprus in Europe: Seizing the Momentum of Nice". Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law. Retrieved 26 March 2011.
^ "Lemba Archaeological Research Centre". Arcl.ed.ac.uk. Retrieved 25 October 2009.^{[dead link‍]}
^ Chrysanthos Christou, A short History of Modern and Contemporary Cypriot Art, Nicosia 1983.
^ Ministry of Education and Culture, State Gallery of Contemporary Cypriot Art (Nicosia: MOEC,1998)
^ Michael Paraskos, 'The Art of Modern Cyprus', in Sunjet, Spring 2002, 62f
^ "Schools Out". [10]. 2006-09. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); External link in |publisher= (help)
^ "Manifesta no more". [11]. {{cite web}}: External link in |publisher= (help)
^ Nielsen Business Media, Inc. (8 May 1999). Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. p. 8. ISSN 00062510 Parameter error in {{issn}}: Invalid ISSN.. Sony Music executives congratulate Greek artist Anna Vissi before her recent sold-out performance at the Theater at Madison Square Garden in New York the first stop in her North-American tour to promote her album Antidoto {{cite book}}: |author= has generic name (help)
^ Hellander, Paul; Kate Armstrong; Michael Clark (2008). Lonely Planet Greek Islands. Lonely Planet. p. 49. ISBN 978-1-74104-314-3. The country's big pop and laïka stars include Anna Vissi, Notis Sfakiana- kis, Despina Vandi, Yiannis Ploutarhos, Antonis Remos, Mihalis Hatziyian- nis, heartthrob Sakis Rouvas and Greek-Swedish singer Elena Paparizou, who won Greece ... {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
^ Nielsen Business Media, Inc. (14 July 2001). Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. p. 71. ISSN 00062510 Parameter error in {{issn}}: Invalid ISSN.. The hits of platinum stars Anna Vissi, Despina Vandi and Keti Garbi are played in clubs together with the Anna Vissi international dance hits of Deep- swing, Planetfunk ... {{cite book}}: |author= has generic name (help)
^ Rhythm: Global Sounds and Ideas. Vol. 9. World Marketing Incorporated. 2000. p. 70. We have a Euro Music category with clips by the Gipsy Kings and Anna Vissi, a huge star for Sony Greece "We also have ..
^ "An indication that at least the main contents of the Cypria were known around 650 BC is provided by the representation of the Judgment of Paris on the Chigi vase" (Burkert 1992:103). On the proto-Corinthian ewer of c. 640 BC known as the Chigi "vase"^{[dead link‍]}, Paris is identified as Alexandros, as he was apparently called in Cypria.
^ Serena, Sebastiano; Barbarigo, Gregorio (1963). S. Gregorio Barbarigo e la vita spirituale e cultuale nel suo Seminario di Padova; lettre e saggi editi dagli amici in memoria. Editrice Antenore. p. 495. OCLC 6706000. Giovanni Cicala, greco di Cipro, prof. di Filosofia nella Università ... Al qual fine permetteva tutta la confidenza con il Cigala e con il Papadopoli, ambedue greci nativi e Lettori pubblici nell'Universita di Padova, coi quail si tratteneva, in frequenti discorsi sopra questa material, le mezze giornate intiere ...{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ Th. Siapkaras- Pitsillidés, Le Pétrarchisme en Cypre. Poèmes d' amour en dialecte Chypriote d' après un manuscript du XVIe siècle, Athènes 1975 (2ème édition)
^ Deutsche Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin. Institut für Griechisch-Römische Altertumskunde, Deutsche Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin. Zentralinstitut für Alte Geschichte und Archäologie (1956). Berliner byzantinistische Arbeiten, Volume 40. Akademie-Verlag. pp. 209–210. John Cigala (born at Nicosia 1622). He studied at the College of Saint Athanasios, Rome (1635–1642), which he graduated as Doctor of Philosophy and Theology and at which he taught Greek successfully for eight years (1642–1650) ... What has survived of his work as a number of epigrams published in books of other scholars.
^ Gazioğlu, Ahmet C. (1990). The Turks in Cyprus: a province of the Ottoman Empire (1571–1878), 293–295, K. Rüstem.
^ "Cyprus Stamp Issue: Loukis Akritas".
^ "Cyprus Stamp Issue: Cyprus Poets".
^ "Cyprus Stamp Issue: Centenary Birthday Anniversary of Poet Pavlos Liasides".
^ "Film Birth – History of Cinema – Cyprus".
^ Robinson, R. K. – Tamime, A. Y. (1991). Feta and Related Cheeses. Woodhead Publishing. p. 144. ISBN 1-85573-278-5. Halloumi is a semi-hard to hard, unripened cheese that, traditionally, is made from either sheep's milk or goat's milk or a mixture of the two. Although the cheese has its origins in Cyprus, it is widely popular throughout the Middle East, and hence many countries have now become involved with its manufacture.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ Murdoch Books Pty Limited (2005). Essential Mediterranean. Murdoch Books. p. 21. ISBN 1-74045-539-8. HALOUMl Originating in Cyprus, this salty, semi-hard sheep's milk cheese is a popular table cheese
^ Goldstein, Darra – Merkle, Kathrin – Parasecoli, Fabio – Mennell, Stephen – Council of Europe (2005). Culinary cultures of Europe: identity, diversity and dialogue. Council of Europe. p. 121. ISBN 92-871-5744-8. Most culinary innovations in the Cypriot cuisine occurred during the Byzantine era ... Experimentation with dairy products resulted in the now-famous halloumi and feta cheese.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ "Cyprus villagers make giant sweet", BBC News, 18 October 2004
^ "Turks riled as Cyprus set to win EU trademark on Turkish Delight". International Herald Tribune. Associated Press. 13 December 2007. Retrieved 14 December 2007.
^ "Cyprus Badminton Federation". Cyprusbadminton.com. Retrieved 27 March 2009.

External links

"Cyprus". The World Factbook (2024 ed.). Central Intelligence Agency.
Timeline of Cyprus by BBC
Cyprus from UCB Libraries GovPubs
Cyprus information from the United States Department of State includes Background Notes, Country Study and major reports
Template:Dmoz
Cyprus profile from the BBC News
The UN in Cyprus

Government

Tourism

Read about Cyprus on visitcyprus.com – the official travel portal for Cyprus
AroundCyprus.net – Interactive virtual guide featuring attractions and activities on the island
Cyprus informational portal and open platform for contribution of Cyprus-related content – www.Cyprus.com
Geographic data related to Cyprus at OpenStreetMap

Official publications

The British government's Foreign Affairs Committee report on Cyprus.
Letter by the President of the Republic, Mr Tassos Papadopoulos, to the UN Secretary-General, Mr Kofi Annan, dated 7 June, which circulated as an official document of the UN Security Council
Legal Issues arising from certain population transfers and displacements on the territory of the Republic of Cyprus in the period since 20 July 1974
Address to Cypriots by President Papadopoulos (FULL TEXT)
The Republic of Cyprus Press and Information Office, Aspects of the Cyprus Problem
European Court of Human Rights Case of Cyprus v. Turkey (Application no. 25781/94)

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This article incorporates public domain material from The World Factbook. CIA.
Official Cyprus Government Web Site
Embassy of Greece, USA – Cyprus: Geographical and Historical Background

35°00′N 33°00′E / 35.000°N 33.000°E / 35.000; 33.000

[island-1] Including Northern Cyprus, the UN buffer zone and Akrotiri and Dhekelia.

[census-3] Excluding Northern Cyprus.

[8] The .eu domain is also used, shared with other European Union member states.

[2] United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2011). "World Population Prospects: The 2010 Revision, Highlights and Advance Tables (ESA/P/WP.220)" (PDF). New York: 80. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[4] "Statistical Service – Population and Social Conditions – Population Census – Announcements – Preliminary Results of the Census of Population, 2011" (in Greek). Statistical Service of the Ministry of Finance of the Republic of Cyprus. 29 December 2011. Retrieved 29 January 2012.

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[7] "2013 Human Development Report". United Nations Publications. 14 March 2013. Retrieved 14 March 2013.

[9] Cyprus is approximate to Anatolia (Asia Minor) (which comprises the bulk of Turkey) but it may be considered to be in Asia and/or Europe, which together constitute Eurasia.[1] The UN classification of world regions places Cyprus in Western Asia; National Geographic also places Cyprus in Asia. Conversely, numerous sources place Cyprus in Europe, such as the BBC [2] and www.worldatlas.com; it is also a member state of the European Union. Contrarily, sources may place Cyprus in the Middle East, e.g., the CIA World Factbook.[3]

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[14] Cyprus, CIA World Factbook ; CIA Atlas of the Middle East (1993) (online edition)

[NG-15] Middle East Region, Xpeditions Altas, National Geographic

[16] Middle East (region, Asia), Britannica Online Encyclopedia

[17] Middle East Map, MSN Encarta

[independence-18] Cyprus date of independence (click on Historical review)

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[Mallinson-20] Mallinson, William (2005). Cyprus: A Modern History. I. B. Tauris. p. 81. ISBN 978-1-85043-580-8. Cite error: The named reference "Mallinson" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).

[21] "website". BBC News. 4 October 2002. Retrieved 25 October 2009.

[danopoulos-22] Danopoulos, Constantine Panos. Civil-military relations, nation building, and national identity: comparative perspectives (2004), Greenwood Publishing Group, p.260

[23] Barbara Rose Johnston, Susan Slyomovics. Waging War, Making Peace: Reparations and Human Rights (2009), American Anthropological Association Reparations Task Force, p. 211

[24] Morelli, Vincent. Cyprus: Reunification Proving Elusive (2011), DIANE Publishing, p. 10

[25] Borowiec, Andrew. Cyprus: A Troubled Island (2000), Greenwood Publishing Group, p. 125

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[RichardJohn2002-30] Sharpley, Richard; Telfer, David John (2002). Tourism and Development: Concepts and Issues. Channel View Publications. p. 334. ISBN 978-1-873150-34-4.

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[35] Strange, John (1980). Caphtor : Keftiu : a new investigation. Leiden: Brill. p. 167. ISBN 978-90-04-06256-6.

[36] Palaeolexicon, Word study tool of ancient languages

[37] Fisher, Fred H. Cyprus: Our New Colony And What We Know About It. London: George Routledge and Sons 1878, pp. 13–14.

[38] Mithen, S. After the Ice: A Global Human History, 20000 BC–5000 BC. Boston: Harvard University Press 2005, p.97. [4]

[ASOR_on_Cyprus-39] Stuart Swiny, ed. (2001). The Earliest Prehistory of Cyprus: From Colonization to Exploitation (PDF). Boston, MA: American Schools of Oriental Research.

["nytimes2007"-40] Wade, Nicholas (29 June 2007). "Study Traces Cat's Ancestry to Middle East". New York Times. Retrieved 4 October 2012.

[walton2004-41] Walton, Marsha (9 April 2004). "Ancient burial looks like human and pet cat". CNN. Retrieved 23 November 2007.

[42] Simmons, A. H. Faunal extinction in an island society: pygmy hippopotamus hunters of Cyprus. New York: Springer 1999, p.15. [5]

[TTW1-43] Thomas, Carol G. and Conant, Craig: The Trojan War, pages 121–122. Greenwood Publishing Group, 2005. ISBN 0-313-32526-X, 9780313325267.

[44] A.D. Lacy. Greek Pottery in the Bronze Age. Taylor & Francis. p. 168.

[lcweb2.loc.gov-45] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s "Library of Congress Country Studies. ''Cyprus''". Lcweb2.loc.gov. Retrieved 1 November 2009.

[46] Thomas, Carol G. The Trojan War. Santa Barbara, CA, USA: Greenwood Publishing Group 2005. p. 64. [6]

[47] Encyclopedia of Freemasonry Part 1 and Its Kindred Sciences Comprising the Whole Range of Arts ... – Page 25

[48] Riddle, J.M. A History of the Middle Ages. Lanham, MD, USA: Rowman & Littlefield 2008. p. 326. [7]

[49] "Eric Solsten, ed. Cyprus: A Country Study. Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress, 1991". Countrystudies.us. Retrieved 16 April 2013.

[50] Mallinson, William. "Cyprus a Historical Overview (Chipre Una Visión Historica)" (PDF). Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Cyprus website (in Spanish). Retrieved 22 September 2012.

[Cyprus_-_OTTOMAN_RULE-51] Cyprus – OTTOMAN RULE, U.S. Library of Congress

[Crawley_C._W._1957_166-52] Crawley C. W. (1957). Cambridge Historical Journal, 1957, vol. 13, no. 2, "John Capodistrias and the Greeks before 1821". Cambridge University Press. p. 166. OCLC 478492658. ... Capodistrias ... his mother, Adamantine Gonemes, who came of a substantial Greek family in Epirus

[Woodhouse,_Christopher_Montague_1973_pp.4-5-53] Woodhouse, Christopher Montague (1973). Capodistria: the founder of Greek independence. Oxford University Press. pp. 4–5. OCLC 469359507.

[William_Mallinson,_Bill_Mallinson_2005_pp.10-54] William Mallinson, Bill Mallinson (2005). Cyprus: a modern history. I.B.Tauris. p. 10. ISBN 978-1-85043-580-8.

[55] Osmanli Nufusu 1830–1914 by Kemal Karpat, ISBN 975-333-169-X and Die Völker des Osmanischen by Ritter zur Helle von Samo.

[56] Xypolia, Ilia (2011). "'Cypriot Muslims among Ottomans, Turks and British" (PDF). Bogazici Journal. 25 (2): 109–120. Retrieved 15 October 2012.

[57] Ertl, Alan W. (2008). Toward an Understanding of Europe: A Political Economic Précis of Continental Integration. Universal-Publishers. p. 418. ISBN 978-1-59942-983-0.

[Tatum2002-58] Dale C. Tatum (1 January 2002). Who Influenced Whom?: Lessons from the Cold War. University Press of America. p. 43. ISBN 978-0-7618-2444-2. Retrieved 21 August 2013.

[59] Kourvetaris, George A. (1999). Studies on modern Greek society and politics. East European Monographs. p. 347. ISBN 978-0-88033-432-7.

[60] Hoffmeister, Frank (2006). Legal aspects of the Cyprus problem: Annan Plan and EU accession. EMartinus Nijhoff Publishers. p. 9. ISBN 978-90-04-15223-6.

[61] Caesar V. Mavratsas. "Politics, Social Memory, and Identity in Greek Cyprus since 1974". cyprus-conflict.net. Retrieved 13 October 2007.

[62] Hoffmeister, Frank (2006). Legal aspects of the Cyprus problem: Annan Plan and EU accession. EMartinus Nijhoff Publishers. pp. 17–20. ISBN 978-90-04-15223-6.

[63] "1964: Guns fall silent in Cyprus". BBC News. 24 April 2004. Retrieved 25 October 2009.

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[TIME-65] "CYPRUS: Big Troubles over a Small Island". TIME. 29 July 1974.

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[67] "Turkey and the United States: The Arms Embargo Period". Praeger Publishers (5 August 1986). Retrieved 14 May 2010. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)

[68] "Over 100 missing identified so far". Cyprus Mail. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 13 October 2007. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)

[69] "Missing cause to get cash injection". Cyprus Mail. Archived from the original on 30 September 2007. Retrieved 13 October 2007. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)

[70] Council of Europe (1993). Documents (working papers) 1993. Council of Europe. p. 1997. ISBN 978-92-871-2262-9.

[71] Chrysafi, A. C. (2003). Who shall govern Cyprus – Brussels or Nicosia?. Evandia Publishing UK Limited. p. 112. ISBN 978-1-904578-00-0.

[72] "Full list UN Resolutions on Cyprus". Un.int. Retrieved 29 January 2012.

[palley-73] Palley, Claire (18 May 2005). An International Relations Debacle: The UN Secretary-general's Mission of Good Offices in Cyprus 1999–2004. Hart Publishing. p. 224. ISBN 1-84113-578-X.

[74] Stephanos Constantinides & Joseph Joseph, 'Cyprus and the European Union: Beyond Accession', Études helléniques/Hellenic Studies 11 (2), Autumn 2003

[75] Xinhua (21 July 2006). "About 11,500 people flee Lebanon to Cyprus". People's Daily Online.

[BBC-Cypriots-76] "Greek Cypriots dismantle barrier". BBC News. 9 March 2007. Retrieved 7 March 2008. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)

[77] Ledra Street crossing opens in Cyprus. Associated Press article published on International Herald Tribune Website, 3 April 2008

[78] Peel, M. C. and Finlayson, B. L. and McMahon, T. A. (2007). "Updated world map of the Köppen – Geiger climate classification". Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. 11: 1633–1644. doi:10.5194/hess-11-1633-2007. ISSN 1027-5606.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) (direct: Final Revised Paper)

[79] CIA Factbook – Geographic location

[meteorological1-80] "Meteorological Service – Climatological and Meteorological Reports".

[weather2travel-81] "Cyprus Climate Guide". Retrieved 5 June 2009.

[London_climate-82] "Met Office: Climate averages 1971–2000". Met Office.

[83] Dams of Cyprus Water Development Department, Republic of Cyprus.

[Coe1-84] Quotation from 1965 in a report submitted by Cyprus in the framework of the Convention for the Protectino of Mational Minorities citing United Nations Secretary General Report S/6426 Quote: "10. Despite this policy, a certain degree of normality gradually returned to Cyprus and with the active encouragement of the Government, by 1974 a large proportion of Turkish Cypriots were living and working alongside with their Greek Cypriot fellow citizens." via Internet Archive Retrieved 1 June 2011

[85] DotNetNuke. "Ιδεολογική Διακήρυξη του Δημοκρατικού Κόμματος". Diko.org.cy. Archived from the original on 11 June 2007. Retrieved 6 January 2009.

[86] "EUROPA – The EU at a glance – Maps – Cyprus". Europa (web portal). Retrieved 27 March 2009.

[87] "Dhekelia". Geosite.jankrogh.com. 30 January 2012. Retrieved 28 June 2013.

[88] "CIA – The World Factbook – Cyprus". Cia.gov. 18 December 2008. Retrieved 6 January 2009.

[89] "European Commission – Enlargement: Archives Country Profiles". Europa (web portal). Retrieved 6 January 2009.

[90] Freedom in the World 2011 Report > Cyprus. Retrieved 28 June 2013. Also, page 29.

[91] Jean Christou. "US report raps Cyprus over battle on flesh trade". cyprus-mail.com. Archived from the original on 30 September 2007. Retrieved 13 October 2007.

[92] Jacqueline Theodoulou. "A shame on our society". cyprus-mail.com. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 13 October 2007.

[93] "New Cyprus army chief sworn in, Famagusta Gazette".

[econ-94] "Cyprus Economy". Republic of Cyprus. cyprus.gov.cy. Retrieved 4 May 2007.^{[dead link‍]}

[BBCJune-95] "Cyprus's credit rating cut to junk status by Fitch". BBC News Online. 25 June 2012. Retrieved 25 June 2012.

[96] "Eurogroup Statement on Cyprus". Eurogroup. 25 March 2013. Retrieved 30 March 2013.

[ReutersNewdeal-97] Jan Strupczewski; Annika Breidthardt (25 March 2013). "Last-minute Cyprus deal to close bank, force losses". Reuters. Retrieved 25 March 2013.

[Ekathimerini-98] "Eurogroup signs off on bailout agreement reached by Cyprus and troika". Ekathimerini. Greece. 25 March 2013. Retrieved 25 March 2013.

[99] List of countries by future GDP (PPP) per capita estimates

[100] Gilson, George (23 January 2011). "Something sizzling in Cyprus: gas shakes regional chessboard". Athens News. Retrieved 7 September 2011.

[101] Ali, Jaber, "Lebanese Cabinet discusses offshore energy policies", Middle East Confidential, 15 July 2011. Link dead. Accessed: 7 September 2011.

[102] "Cyprus – Exclusive Economic Zone – Turkey's provocative behaviour". Republic of Cyprus. 10 August 2011. Retrieved 7 September 2011.

[103] "'Don't attempt to test Turkey's past'". Hürriyet Daily News. Istanbul. 6 September 2011. Retrieved 7 September 2011.

[104] Ament, Carol (19 August 2011). "Full speed ahead for Cyprus drilling". Famagusta Gazette. Retrieved 7 September 2011.

[105] "Noble Energy: Good chance of large gas find off Cyprus". New Europe (newspaper). 20 February 2011. Retrieved 7 September 2011.

[106] "Ankara threatens naval action over Cyprus' Block 12 drill". PanARMENIAN.Net. 6 September 2011. Retrieved 7 September 2011.

[107] Turkey's miscalculation over Cypriot drilling. STRATFOR, 20 September 2011 [9]

[tourism-108] "Growth in tourism has stimulated the property market in Cyprus". Property Abroad. apropertyincyprus.com. 10 November 2008. Retrieved 15 December 2008.

[109] "World Bank Data: Motor vehicles (per 1,000 people)". The World Bank. Retrieved 27 August 2011.

[110] Public Works Department official statistics, Dead link at Mcw.gov.cy, 24 March 2006. Accessed: 25 October 2009.

[111] "Cyprus By Bus". Cyprus By Bus. Retrieved 16 February 2011.

[112] "The World Factbook – Ethnic Groups". Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 22 June 2013.

[113] Boyle, Kevin; Sheen, Juliet (1997). Freedom of Religion and Belief: A World Report. Routledge. p. 288. ISBN 0-415-15978-4.

[114] Salih, Halil Ibrahim (2004). Cyprus: Ethnic Political Counterpoints. University Press of America. p. 121. ISBN 0-415-15978-4.

[115] Karoulla-Vrikki, Dimitra (2009). "Greek in Cyprus: Identity Oscillations and Language Planning". In Georgakopoulou, Alexandra; Silk, M.S. (eds) (eds.). Standard languages and language standards: Greek, past and present. Ashgate Publishing. p. 188. ISBN 0-7546-6437-6. {{cite book}}: |editor2-first= has generic name (help)

[116] Hadjipavlou, Maria (2002). "Cyprus: A Partnership Between Conflict Resolution and Peace Education". In Salomon, Gavriel; Nevo, Baruch (eds) (eds.). Peace Education: The Concept, Principles, and Practices Around the World. Routledge. p. 195. ISBN 0-8058-4193-8. {{cite book}}: |editor2-first= has generic name (help)

[Shrinking-117] Hatay, Mete "Is the Turkish Cypriot Population Shrinking?", International Peace Research Institute, 2007. Pages 22–23.

[118] Eric Solsten, ed. Cyprus: A Country Study, Library of Congress, Washington, DC, 1991.

[119] St John-Jones, L.W. (1983). The Population of Cyprus: Demographic Trends and Socio-Economic Influences. London: Maurice Temple Smith Ltd. p. 17. ISBN 0-85117-232-6.

[120] Cyprus Ministry of Interior (1992). "The Demographic Structure of Cyprus" (PDF). Parliamentary Assembly. p. 6.

[121] Republic of Cyprus Statistical Service (2006). "Demographic Report 2005". Nicosia: Republic of Cyprus Statistical Service. p. 12. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |url= (help)

[122] Nicos, Trimikliniotis; Demetriou, Corina (2007). "Active Civic Participation of Immigrants in Cyprus" (PDF). POLITIS. p. 8.

[TRNC2006-123] "Census.XLS" (PDF). Retrieved 25 October 2009.

[124] International Crisis Group (2010). "CYPRUS: BRIDGING THE PROPERTY DIVIDE". International Crisis Group. p. 1.

[125] International Crisis Group (2010). "CYPRUS: BRIDGING THE PROPERTY DIVIDE". International Crisis Group. p. 2.

[126] Cole, Jeffrey (2011), Ethnic Groups of Europe: An Encyclopedia, ABC-CLIO, p. 95, ISBN 1-59884-302-8

[127] Cole, Jeffrey (2011), Ethnic Groups of Europe: An Encyclopedia, ABC-CLIO, p. 97, ISBN 1-59884-302-8

[128] (n=65), Population structure in the Mediterranean basin: a Y chromosome perspective, Capelli et al. 2005

[aftodioikisi_2023_f780-129] "Ο μικρότερος και μεγαλύτερος Δήμος - Κοινότητα σε πληθυσμό". aftodioikisi. 7 August 2023. Retrieved 4 October 2023.

[CIA-130] "Cyprus". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 9 February 2010.

[131] "About Cyprus – Towns and Population". Government Web Portal – Areas of Interest. Government of Cyprus. Retrieved 9 February 2010.^{[dead link‍]}

[Congress-132] Solsten, Eric (January 1991). "A Country Study: Cyprus". Federal Research Division. Library of Congress. Retrieved 9 February 2010.

[133] "Social values, Science and Technology" (PDF). Retrieved 25 October 2009.

[134] Bowen, George E. (3 April 2001). "Assessing the Isle of Cyprus". Patrick S. O'Brien on the University of Tennessee server. Retrieved 12 November 2006. Three historic churches and monasteries are within the city. Just outside the city is the location of the Hala Sultan Tekke Mosque, the third holiest place for Muslims in the world.

[135] Drayton, Penny (1993). "Aphrodite's island". Wood & water. 2 (41). {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help) Cited by: Trubshaw, Bob (1993). "The Black Stone – the Omphalos of the Goddess". Mercian Mysteries (14). Retrieved 12 November 2006. In Cyprus is another highly venerated Islamic site – the third most important after Mecca and Medina – the Hala Sultan Tekke. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[136] "Hala Sultan Tekke: Where East meets West", UNDP-ACT in Cyprus newsletter, Spring 2006. Retrieved 28 June 2013.

[137] Papalexandrou, Nassos, "Hala Sultan Tekke, Cyprus: An Elusive Landscape of Sacredness in a Liminal Context", Journal of Modern Greek Studies, Volume 26, Number 2, October 2008, pp. 251–281

[2001census-138] Statistical Service of Cyprus: Population and Social Statistics^{[dead link‍]}, Main Results of the 2001 Census. Retrieved on 29 February 2009

[languages-139] Constitution of the Republic of Cyprus^{[dead link‍]}: "The official languages of the Republic are Greek and Turkish" (Appendix D, Part 01, Article 3)

[140] "Implementation of the Charter in Cyprus". Database for the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. Public Foundation for European Comparative Minority Research. Retrieved 20 May 2013.

[141] "EUROPA – Education and Training – Regional and minority languages – Euromosaïc study". Europa (web portal). 27 October 2006. Retrieved 3 April 2011.

[142] Europeans and their Languages, Eurobarometer, European Commission, 2006.

[143] UNICEF, Division of Policy and Practice, Statistics and Monitoring Section childinfo.org, May 2008.

[CyprusinEurope-144] Patrick R. Hugg (November 2001). "Cyprus in Europe: Seizing the Momentum of Nice". Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law. Retrieved 26 March 2011.

[145] "Lemba Archaeological Research Centre". Arcl.ed.ac.uk. Retrieved 25 October 2009.^{[dead link‍]}

[146] Chrysanthos Christou, A short History of Modern and Contemporary Cypriot Art, Nicosia 1983.

[147] Ministry of Education and Culture, State Gallery of Contemporary Cypriot Art (Nicosia: MOEC,1998)

[148] Michael Paraskos, 'The Art of Modern Cyprus', in Sunjet, Spring 2002, 62f

[schools_out-149] "Schools Out". [10]. 2006-09. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); External link in |publisher= (help)

[Manifestaartnet-150] "Manifesta no more". [11]. {{cite web}}: External link in |publisher= (help)

[Inc.1999-151] Nielsen Business Media, Inc. (8 May 1999). Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. p. 8. ISSN 00062510 Parameter error in {{issn}}: Invalid ISSN.. Sony Music executives congratulate Greek artist Anna Vissi before her recent sold-out performance at the Theater at Madison Square Garden in New York the first stop in her North-American tour to promote her album Antidoto {{cite book}}: |author= has generic name (help)

[HellanderArmstrong2008-152] Hellander, Paul; Kate Armstrong; Michael Clark (2008). Lonely Planet Greek Islands. Lonely Planet. p. 49. ISBN 978-1-74104-314-3. The country's big pop and laïka stars include Anna Vissi, Notis Sfakiana- kis, Despina Vandi, Yiannis Ploutarhos, Antonis Remos, Mihalis Hatziyian- nis, heartthrob Sakis Rouvas and Greek-Swedish singer Elena Paparizou, who won Greece ... {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)

[Inc.2001-153] Nielsen Business Media, Inc. (14 July 2001). Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. p. 71. ISSN 00062510 Parameter error in {{issn}}: Invalid ISSN.. The hits of platinum stars Anna Vissi, Despina Vandi and Keti Garbi are played in clubs together with the Anna Vissi international dance hits of Deep- swing, Planetfunk ... {{cite book}}: |author= has generic name (help)

[Rhythm:_Global_Sounds_and_Ideas-154] Rhythm: Global Sounds and Ideas. Vol. 9. World Marketing Incorporated. 2000. p. 70. We have a Euro Music category with clips by the Gipsy Kings and Anna Vissi, a huge star for Sony Greece "We also have ..

[155] "An indication that at least the main contents of the Cypria were known around 650 BC is provided by the representation of the Judgment of Paris on the Chigi vase" (Burkert 1992:103). On the proto-Corinthian ewer of c. 640 BC known as the Chigi "vase"^{[dead link‍]}, Paris is identified as Alexandros, as he was apparently called in Cypria.

[Serena,_Sebastiano_1963_495-156] Serena, Sebastiano; Barbarigo, Gregorio (1963). S. Gregorio Barbarigo e la vita spirituale e cultuale nel suo Seminario di Padova; lettre e saggi editi dagli amici in memoria. Editrice Antenore. p. 495. OCLC 6706000. Giovanni Cicala, greco di Cipro, prof. di Filosofia nella Università ... Al qual fine permetteva tutta la confidenza con il Cigala e con il Papadopoli, ambedue greci nativi e Lettori pubblici nell'Universita di Padova, coi quail si tratteneva, in frequenti discorsi sopra questa material, le mezze giornate intiere ...{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[157] Th. Siapkaras- Pitsillidés, Le Pétrarchisme en Cypre. Poèmes d' amour en dialecte Chypriote d' après un manuscript du XVIe siècle, Athènes 1975 (2ème édition)

[Deutsche_Akademie_der_Wissenschaften_zu_Berlin_1956_209-210-158] Deutsche Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin. Institut für Griechisch-Römische Altertumskunde, Deutsche Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin. Zentralinstitut für Alte Geschichte und Archäologie (1956). Berliner byzantinistische Arbeiten, Volume 40. Akademie-Verlag. pp. 209–210. John Cigala (born at Nicosia 1622). He studied at the College of Saint Athanasios, Rome (1635–1642), which he graduated as Doctor of Philosophy and Theology and at which he taught Greek successfully for eight years (1642–1650) ... What has survived of his work as a number of epigrams published in books of other scholars.

[159] Gazioğlu, Ahmet C. (1990). The Turks in Cyprus: a province of the Ottoman Empire (1571–1878), 293–295, K. Rüstem.

[160] "Cyprus Stamp Issue: Loukis Akritas".

[161] "Cyprus Stamp Issue: Cyprus Poets".

[162] "Cyprus Stamp Issue: Centenary Birthday Anniversary of Poet Pavlos Liasides".

[163] "Film Birth – History of Cinema – Cyprus".

[164] Robinson, R. K. – Tamime, A. Y. (1991). Feta and Related Cheeses. Woodhead Publishing. p. 144. ISBN 1-85573-278-5. Halloumi is a semi-hard to hard, unripened cheese that, traditionally, is made from either sheep's milk or goat's milk or a mixture of the two. Although the cheese has its origins in Cyprus, it is widely popular throughout the Middle East, and hence many countries have now become involved with its manufacture.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[165] Murdoch Books Pty Limited (2005). Essential Mediterranean. Murdoch Books. p. 21. ISBN 1-74045-539-8. HALOUMl Originating in Cyprus, this salty, semi-hard sheep's milk cheese is a popular table cheese

[166] Goldstein, Darra – Merkle, Kathrin – Parasecoli, Fabio – Mennell, Stephen – Council of Europe (2005). Culinary cultures of Europe: identity, diversity and dialogue. Council of Europe. p. 121. ISBN 92-871-5744-8. Most culinary innovations in the Cypriot cuisine occurred during the Byzantine era ... Experimentation with dairy products resulted in the now-famous halloumi and feta cheese.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[giant-167] "Cyprus villagers make giant sweet", BBC News, 18 October 2004

[PGI-168] "Turks riled as Cyprus set to win EU trademark on Turkish Delight". International Herald Tribune. Associated Press. 13 December 2007. Retrieved 14 December 2007.

[169] "Cyprus Badminton Federation". Cyprusbadminton.com. Retrieved 27 March 2009.

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@@ Line 84: / Line 84: @@
 }}
-'''Cyprus''' {{IPAc-en|audio=En-us-Cyprus.ogg|ˈ|s|aɪ|p|r|ə|s}} ({{lang-el|Κύπρος}} {{IPA-el|ˈcipɾos|}} {{transl|el|ISO|''[[Romanization of Greek|Kýpros]]''}}; {{lang-tr|Kıbrıs}} {{IPA-tr|ˈkɯbɾɯs|}}), officially the '''Republic of Cyprus''' ({{lang-el|Κυπριακή Δημοκρατία}} {{IPA-el|cipɾiaˈci ðimokɾaˈti.a|}} {{transl|el|ISO|''Kypriakī́ Dīmokratía''}}; {{lang-tr|Kıbrıs Cumhuriyeti}} {{IPA-tr|ˈkɯbɾɯs d͡ʒumhuɾijeˈti|}}), is an [[island country]] in the [[Eastern Mediterranean]] Sea.<ref>Cyprus is approximate to [[Anatolia|Anatolia (Asia Minor)]] (which comprises the bulk of [[Turkey]]) but it may be considered to be in Asia and/or Europe, which together constitute [[Eurasia]].[http://books.google.ca/books?id=fF8OAAAAQAAJ] The UN [http://unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49regin.htm#asia classification of world regions] places Cyprus in Western Asia; [http://www.nationalgeographic.com/xpeditions/atlas/index.html?Parent=asia&Rootmap=cyprus&Mode=d ''National Geographic''] also places Cyprus in Asia. Conversely, numerous sources place Cyprus in Europe, such as the [[BBC]] [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/country_profiles/1016541.stm] and [http://worldatlas.com/webimage/countrys/eu.htm www.worldatlas.com]; it is also a [[member state of the European Union]]. Contrarily, sources may place Cyprus in the Middle East, e.g., the [[CIA World Factbook]].[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cy.html]</ref> Cyprus is the [[List of islands in the Mediterranean|third largest and third most populous island]] in the Mediterranean, and a [[member state of the European Union]]. It is located east of [[Greece]], south of [[Turkey]], west of [[Syria]] and [[Lebanon]], northwest of [[Israel]] and the [[Gaza Strip]], and north of [[Egypt]].
+'''Cyprus''' {{IPAc-en|audio=En-us-Cyprus.ogg|ˈ|s|aɪ|p|r|ə|s}} ({{lang-el|Κύπρος}} {{IPA-el|ˈcipɾos|}} {{transl|el|ISO|''[[Romanization of Greek|Kýpros]]''}}; {{lang-tr|Kıbrıs}} {{IPA-tr|ˈkɯbɾɯs|}}), officially the '''Republic of Cyprus''' ({{lang-el|Κυπριακή Δημοκρατία}} {{IPA-el|cipɾiaˈci ðimokɾaˈti.a|}} {{transl|el|ISO|''Kypriakī́ Dīmokratía''}}; {{lang-tr|Kıbrıs Cumhuriyeti}} {{IPA-tr|ˈkɯbɾɯs d͡ʒumhuɾijeˈti|}}), is an [[island country]] in the [[Eastern Mediterranean]] Sea.<ref>Cyprus is approximate to [[Anatolia|Anatolia (Asia Minor)]] (which comprises the bulk of [[Turkey]]) but it may be considered to be in Asia and/or Europe, which together constitute [[Eurasia]].[http://books.google.ca/books?id=fF8OAAAAQAAJ] The UN [http://unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49regin.htm#asia classification of world regions] places Cyprus in Western Asia; [http://www.nationalgeographic.com/xpeditions/atlas/index.html?Parent=asia&Rootmap=cyprus&Mode=d ''National Geographic''] also places Cyprus in Asia. Conversely, numerous sources place Cyprus in Europe, such as the [[BBC]] [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/country_profiles/1016541.stm] and [http://worldatlas.com/webimage/countrys/eu.htm www.worldatlas.com]; it is also a [[member state of the European Union]]. Contrarily, sources may place Cyprus in the Middle East, e.g., the [[CIA World Factbook]].[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cy.html]</ref> Cyprus is the [[List of islands in the Mediterranean|third largest and third most populous island]] in the Mediterranean, and a [[member state of the European Union]]. It is located east of [[Greece]], south of [[Turkey]], west of [[Syria]] and [[Lebanon]], northwest of [[Israel]] and the [[Gaza Strip]], and north of [[Egypt]].  I hate when Wikipedia deletes my massages. I'm just trying to communicate with earth! I'm from the planet Vurtanurax, we come in peace! If anyone have 4 bananas, we could trade? We are able to guive you the ability to fly, if you are interested please contact this number: hudfs8ry9382rtvg452trwt32gdfase
 The [[Prehistoric Cyprus|earliest known human activity]] on the island dates to around the 10th millennium BC. Archaeological remains from this period include the well-preserved [[Neolithic]] village of [[Khirokitia]], and Cyprus is home to some of the oldest water wells in the world.<ref name="autogenerated2">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/8118318.stm |title=Stone Age wells found in Cyprus |publisher=BBC News |date=25 June 2009 |accessdate=31 July 2009}}</ref> Cyprus was settled by [[Mycenean Greece|Mycenean Greeks]] in two waves in the 2nd millennium BC. As a strategic<ref name="Cohen1995">{{cite book|author=Getzel M Cohen|title=The Hellenistic Settlements in Europe, the Islands and Asia Minor|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=BnsPcZW4G7YC&pg=PA35|year=1995|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-91408-7|page=35}}</ref><ref name="Stewart2008">{{cite book|author=Charles Anthony Stewart|title=Domes of Heaven: The Domed Basilicas of Cyprus|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=R6ux8tRBHq4C&pg=PA69|year=2008|publisher=ProQuest|isbn=978-0-549-75556-2|page=69}}</ref><ref name="SpillingSpilling2010">{{cite book|author1=Michael Spilling|author2=Jo-ann Spilling|title=Cyprus|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=ldSQLD985i4C&pg=PA23|year=2010|publisher=Marshall Cavendish|isbn=978-0-7614-4855-6|page=23}}</ref> location in the Middle East,<ref>[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cy.html Cyprus], ''[[CIA World Factbook]]'' ; ''CIA Atlas of the Middle East'' (1993) ([http://lib.utexas.edu/maps/atlas_middle_east/atlas_middle_east.html online edition])</ref><ref name=NG>[http://www.nationalgeographic.com/xpeditions/atlas/index.html?Parent=mideast&Rootmap=&Mode=d&SubMode=w Middle East Region], ''Xpeditions Altas'', ''[[National Geographic Society|National Geographic]]''</ref><ref>[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/381192/Middle-East Middle East (region, Asia)], ''[[Britannica Online Encyclopedia]]''</ref><ref>[http://www.cyloong.com/Multicultural/MiddleEastMap.bmp Middle East Map], ''[[MSN Encarta]]''</ref> it was subsequently occupied by several [[Empire#History of imperialism|major powers]], including the empires of the [[Neo-Assyrian Empire|Assyrians]], [[Ancient Egypt|Egyptians]], and [[Achaemenid Empire|Persians]], from whom the island was seized in 333 BC by [[Alexander the Great]]. Subsequent rule by [[Ptolemaic Dynasty|Ptolemaic Egypt]], the [[Roman Empire]], the [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantines]], Arab caliphates for a short period, the French [[Lusignan dynasty]], and the [[Republic of Venice|Venetians]], was followed by over three centuries of [[Ottoman Cyprus|Ottoman]] control. Cyprus was placed under [[Modern history of Cyprus|British administration]] in 1878 until it was granted independence in 1960,<ref name=independence>[http://www.parliament.cy/parliamenteng/index.htm Cyprus date of independence] (click on Historical review)</ref> becoming a member of the [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] the following year. In 1974, seven years after the [[Cypriot intercommunal violence|intercommunal violence]] between [[Greek Cypriots]] and [[Turkish Cypriots]],<ref name=IntercommunalViolence>{{cite web|url=http://countrystudies.us/cyprus/13.htm |title=U.S. Library of Congress – Country Studies – Cyprus – Intercommunal Violence |publisher=Countrystudies.us |date=21 December 1963 |accessdate=25 October 2009}}</ref> an attempted ''coup d'état'' by [[EOKA B|Greek Cypriot nationalists]]<ref name=Mallinson>{{cite book | last = Mallinson | first = William | title = Cyprus: A Modern History | publisher = I. B. Tauris | year=2005 | url = http://books.google.com/?id=HEjkuhF2GsMC&pg=PA81| isbn = 978-1-85043-580-8| page = 81 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/2297653.stm |title=website |publisher=BBC News |date=4 October 2002 |accessdate=25 October 2009}}</ref> and elements of the [[Greek military junta of 1967-1974|Greek military junta]]<ref name=danopoulos/> with the aim of achieving ''[[enosis]]'' (union of the island with Greece) took place.<ref name=danopoulos>Danopoulos, Constantine Panos. ''Civil-military relations, nation building, and national identity: comparative perspectives'' (2004), Greenwood Publishing Group, [http://books.google.com/books?id=wU_587RXIvsC&pg=PA260 p.260]</ref> Turkey used this as a pretext to [[Turkish invasion of Cyprus|invade]] the northern portion of the island. Turkish forces remained after a cease-fire, resulting in the [[Taksim (politics)|partition]] of the island; an objective of Turkey since 1955.<ref name=danopoulos/> The intercommunal violence and subsequent Turkish invasion led to the [[Cypriot refugees|displacement]] of over 150,000 Greek Cypriots<ref>Barbara Rose Johnston, Susan Slyomovics. ''Waging War, Making Peace: Reparations and Human Rights'' (2009), American Anthropological Association Reparations Task Force, [http://books.google.com.tr/books?id=jOU9_BQU9SYC&pg=PA211 p. 211]</ref><ref>Morelli, Vincent. ''Cyprus: Reunification Proving Elusive'' (2011), DIANE Publishing, [http://books.google.com.tr/books?id=dyWwReoc81oC&pg=PA10& p. 10]</ref> and 50,000 Turkish Cypriots,<ref>Borowiec, Andrew. ''Cyprus: A Troubled Island'' (2000), Greenwood Publishing Group, [http://books.google.com.tr/books?id=hzEDg6-d80MC&pg=PA125 p. 125]</ref> and the establishment of a separate Turkish Cypriots political entity in the north. These events and the resulting political situation are matters of a [[Cyprus dispute|continuing dispute]].<!-- As per NPov - see talk page -->