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Cypro-Minoan syllabary

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Cypro-Minoan
Script type
Syllabary
Time period
c. 1550–1050 BC
StatusExtinct
DirectionLeft to right
Languagesunknown
Related scripts
Parent systems
Linear A
  • Cypro-Minoan
Child systems
Cypriot syllabary
ISO 15924
ISO 15924Cpmn (402), ​Cypro-Minoan
Unicode
Unicode alias
Cypro Minoan
U+12F90–U+12FFF

The Cypro-Minoan syllabary (CM), more commonly called the Cypro-Minoan Script, is an undeciphered syllabary used on the island of Cyprus and at its trading partners during the late Bronze Age and early Iron Age (c. 1550–1050 BC). The term "Cypro-Minoan" was coined by Arthur Evans in 1909 based on its visual similarity to Linear A on Minoan Crete, from which CM is thought to be derived.[1] Approximately 250 objects—such as clay balls, cylinders, and tablets which bear Cypro-Minoan inscriptions, have been found. Discoveries have been made at various sites around Cyprus, as well as in the ancient city of Ugarit on the Syrian coast. It is thought to be somehow related to the later Cypriot syllabary.

The Cypro-Minoan Script was in use during the Late Cypriot period from the LC IA:2 period until the LC IIIA period or roughly from 1500 BC until 1150 BC. This is mainly based with the stratigraphy of the Kourion site but is in line with examples excavated at other sites.[2]

Language

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It is not known which language is encoded by the Cypro-Minoan Script. It is also not known if that language changed over the four centuries the script was in use or even if it encoded multiple languages, all things seen with cuneiform scripts. Some early, failed, attempts were made at decipherment by assuming it is similar to Mycenaean Greek.

Variants

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Cypro-Minoan clay tablet from Enkomi, Cyprus

The Cypro-Minoan inscriptions were proposed to fall into three classes by Jean-Pierre Olivier (CM1, CM2, CM3). Subsequently, Emilia Masson proposed dividing them into four closely related groups: archaic CM, CM1 (also known as Linear C), CM2, and CM3 (also called Levanto-Minoan), which she considered chronological stages of development of the writing.[3][4] These classifications based on the chronological nature of the archaeological context were contested by Silvia Ferrara who pointed out that CM1, CM2, and CM3 all existed simultaneously, their texts demonstrated the same statistical and combinatorial regularities, and their character sets should have been basically the same; she also noted a strong correlation between these groups and the use of different writing materials. Only the archaic CM found in the earliest archaeological context is indeed distinct from these three.[1][5] An earlier classification system divided texts into six classes, I through VI.[2] Another proposed classification is based on differences between three geographic divisions 1) texts found at Ugarit, 2) texts found on the island of Cyprus, and 3) texts found in the final excavation level at Enkomi.[6] Attempts have been made to separately decipher the latter variant.[7] More recent scholarship has moved toward treating the corpus as a whole without the previous categorizations.[8][9][10]

Corpus

[edit]
Cylinder seal antelope Louvre AM1639

Examples of the Cypro-Minoan Script began to appear in the early 1930s. These included several potmarks found in 1937 at Kourion on the southwest coast of Cyprus.[11][12] An unusual find was copper ingots recovered in 1960 from a Bronze Age shipwreck by underwater archaeology near Cape Gelidonya. Most of the ingots were marked with what are believed to be CM signs.[13][14] In addition to the following it has also been suggested that there are Cypro-Minoan Script signs on several cylinder seals.[15]

Tablets

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Cypro-Minoan tablet from Enkomi in the Louvre

The earliest known Cypro-Minoan inscription of any real length was a clay tablet discovered in 1955 at the ancient site of Enkomi, near the east coast of Cyprus. It was dated to ca. 1500 BC, and bore three lines of writing.[16] A number of other tablets were subsequently found including H-1885 (CM 0) which contained 23 signs and is dated to LC IB.[17][18][19] Several Cypro-Minoan tablets were excavated at Ugarit in the 1950s, (RASH Atab 001 = RS 17.06), (RASH Atab 004 = RS 20.25, Aegean area), and one a surface find (RS 17.006, Residential Quarter). Two tablet fragments were also found (RASH Atab 002 = RS 19.01) and (RASH Atab 003 = RS 19.0). In total, eight full or partial tablets have been found with the three found at Enkoni, totaling over 2000 signs, making up a significant part of the known CM corpus.[20][21][22][23]

Vessels

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Cypro-Minoan clay ball

Cypro-Minoan signs, usually ranging in number from one to four, are found on various types of vessels and are usually referred to as potmarks.[24] These marks have also been found on structure walls. Three examples emerged at Tiryns, a large painted jug (TIRY Avas 002) with 4 signs, a clay boule (TIRY Abou 001) with 3 signs, and a Canaanite amphora (2 signs).[25][26][27][28] In 2022 fragments recovered in the earlier excavations were joined to partially assemble another Canaanite jar (TIRY Avas 001) with 2 signs on one handle (already published) and one on the other handle (new).[29] Cypro-Minoan signs were found on stirrup cups in Cannatello, Sicily.[30] A number of potmarks were found on bronze bowls dated to the Late Cypriote III period (c. 12th century BC) on Cyprus as well as on one silver bowl found at Ugarit.[31][32] Eighteen potmarks, incised after firing, on jar handles (along with one ostracon bearing about 8 signs) were found at Ashkelon. The ostracon dated to the 11th century BC, fifteen of the handles dated to the late Iron I period and the other three handles to the Late Bronze Age.[33] Forty two potmarks were found on vessels in Kouklia at the site of Old Paphos in western Cyprus. All but one were on handles with the remaining potmark on a rim. Thirty two of the marks are or include numerals.[34] Other potmarks have been found at The Bamboula site, part of the Kition archaeological sites on Crete.[35][36][37] Small numbers of CM potmarks have been found throughout the trading range.[38][39] A compendium of known potmarks was assembled in 1974.[40]

Clay balls

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Cypro-Minoan clay ball in the Louvre.

About 92 small clay balls measuring 1.5–2.3 centimeters in diameter, each bearing 3–5 signs in Cypro-Minoan, have been uncovered at Enkomi and Kition.[41][42][43] Small quantities of CM inscribed clay balls have been found through the trading range.[44]

Clay cylinders

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Three legible clay cylinders (#100, #101, #102) were found in the late 1960s at Kalavassos-Ayios Dimitrios, some of which bear lengthy texts of over 100 signs, along with the debris of other cylinders.[45] It is likely that the balls and cylinders are related to the keeping of economic records on Minoan Cyprus, considering the large number of cross-references between the texts.[46] The longest legible Cypro-Minoan inscription yet extant is a cylinder (19.10 = ##097 ENKO Arou 001) found at Enkomi in 1967 with 217 signs, dated to the Late Cypriot IIA–B period (14th century BC). In total, six cylinders have now been found, one at Enkomi and five at Kalavassos-Ayios Dimitrios.[47]

Decipherment

[edit]

In 1944 Alice Kober, famous for her work on the decipherment of Linear B, termed the status of Cypro-Minoan Script as:

"Cypro-Minoan. Date – Mycenaean (perhaps earlier) . Locality – Cyprus. Number of inscriptions – uncertain. Number of signs – uncertain. Material inscribed – pottery, seals, terra-cotta balls. Content or use of inscriptions – uncertain."[48]

Cylinder seal antelope with one CM sign

Until the mid-1900s all the available Cypro-Minoan Script texts were very short, with many being singletons, from potmarks, clay balls etc. The CM1 exemplars totaled and the longest contained 8 signs. There were 31 CM2 texts. Two were long with 24 and 25 signs but all but one of those signs were numerals. For CM3 28 texts were available, one doubleton and the rest singletons. This lack of actual data resulted in much speculation and wishful thinking on the decipherment of the script. This included attempts by Jan Best, Ernst Sittig, and Vladimir Sergeyev.[49][2][50] In the middle of the 1950s tablets (from Ugarit and Enkomi) with larger number of signs were found and then in the late 1960s clay cylinders (from Kalavassos-Ayios Dimitrios and Enkomi) were excavated with very long texts. This put the decipherment effort on a more scientific path.[20][47] The advent of longer texts sparked work on decipherment, including by those who worked on the decipherment of Linear B, Michael Ventris and John Chadwick.[51]

Currently, the total number of Cypro-Minoan signs (approx. 4,000) in the corpus compares unfavorably with the number known from the undeciphered Linear A signs (over 7,000) and the number available in Linear B when it was deciphered (approx. 30,000). It is also unclear how many syllabograms are represented in the corpus. Modern estimates have ranged from 57–59 up to 96.[41] Without the discovery of bilingual texts or many more texts in each subsystem, decipherment is extremely difficult.[1] According to Thomas G. Palaima, "all past and current schemes of decipherment of Cypro-Minoan are improbable".[1] Silvia Ferrara also believes this to be the case, as she concluded in her detailed analysis of the subject in 2012.[5]

Several attempts have been made to detail the available CM corpus. Jean-Pierre Olivier issued an edition in 2007 of all 217 of the inscriptions available to him.[52] Silvia Ferrara detailed corpus as a companion volume to her analytic survey of 2012, followed by two volumes of her research, where she studied the script in its archaeological context. It contained an additional 27 inscriptions and also used statistical and combinatoric methods to study the structure of large texts and to detect regularities in the use of the signs.[53] In his 2016 PhD thesis, M.F.G. Valério produced a revised sign inventory and aimed to leverage previous hypotheses on decipherment and development of signs and values with a distributional analysis and comparative linguistic considerations. Unlike most other approaches on decipherment, he assumes a single script applied to a potentially broader range of languages, including Semitic (in Ugarit) and the indigenous language(s) of Cyprus, the Eteocypriot language, based on his readings.[54]

All of these efforts covered only multi-sign texts, mainly tablets, cylinders, and clay balls where the signs were adjacent and on the same line, totally somewhat over 250 in number. Subsequently, work has been done to extend this to single sign text examples, which mainly includes potmarks and further analyze them. Out of this analysis came a proposal that two-sign texts are actually abbreviation for longer texts.[55] A complicating factor is that the ductus (inscription method) for signs varies depending on the material involved, which includes clay, ivory, metal, and stone.[56]

In 1998 a Cypro-Minoan Corpus project, which intended to create a complete and accurate corpus of CM inscriptions, and archaeological and epigraphical discussions of all the evidence, was announced. Nothing appears to have been published subsequently.[57]

Unicode

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Main article: Cypro-Minoan (Unicode block)

Cypro-Minoan was added to the Unicode Standard in September 2021, with the release of version 14.0. The Unicode block for Cypro-Minoan is U+12F90–U+12FFF:

Cypro-Minoan[1][2]
Official Unicode Consortium code chart (PDF)
  0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F
U+12F9x 𒾐 𒾑 𒾒 𒾓 𒾔 𒾕 𒾖 𒾗 𒾘 𒾙 𒾚 𒾛 𒾜 𒾝 𒾞 𒾟
U+12FAx 𒾠 𒾡 𒾢 𒾣 𒾤 𒾥 𒾦 𒾧 𒾨 𒾩 𒾪 𒾫 𒾬 𒾭 𒾮 𒾯
U+12FBx 𒾰 𒾱 𒾲 𒾳 𒾴 𒾵 𒾶 𒾷 𒾸 𒾹 𒾺 𒾻 𒾼 𒾽 𒾾 𒾿
U+12FCx 𒿀 𒿁 𒿂 𒿃 𒿄 𒿅 𒿆 𒿇 𒿈 𒿉 𒿊 𒿋 𒿌 𒿍 𒿎 𒿏
U+12FDx 𒿐 𒿑 𒿒 𒿓 𒿔 𒿕 𒿖 𒿗 𒿘 𒿙 𒿚 𒿛 𒿜 𒿝 𒿞 𒿟
U+12FEx 𒿠 𒿡 𒿢 𒿣 𒿤 𒿥 𒿦 𒿧 𒿨 𒿩 𒿪 𒿫 𒿬 𒿭 𒿮 𒿯
U+12FFx 𒿰 𒿱 𒿲
Notes
1.^ As of Unicode version 16.0
2.^ Grey areas indicate non-assigned code points

See also

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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cypro-Minoan inscriptions.

References

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  1. ^ a b c d Palaima, Thomas G. (1989). "Cypro-Minoan Scripts: Problems of Historical Context". In Duhoux, Yves; Palaima, Thomas G.; Bennet, John (eds.). Problems in Decipherment. Louvain-La-Neuve: Peeters. pp. 121–188. ISBN 90-6831-177-8.
  2. ^ a b c Daniel, J.F., "Prolegomena to the Cypro-Minoan Script", AJA 45, pp. 249–282, 1941
  3. ^ [1] Donnelly, Cassandra M., "Signs, marks, and Olivier Masson", Cahiers du Centre d’Études Chypriotes 50, pp. 91–107, 2020
  4. ^ Buchholz , H.-G., "Syrien und Zypern/Kreta/Griechenland", In Land des Baal. Syrien – Forum der Völker und Kulturen, Berlin, pp. 309–314, 1982
  5. ^ a b Ferrara, Silvia, "Cypro-Minoan Inscriptions". Vol. 1: Analysis (2012); Vol. 2: The Corpus (2013), Oxford University Press ISBN 0-19-960757-5 and ISBN 0-19-969382-X
  6. ^ Piero Meriggi, "I nuovi testi ciprominoici", Minos, N.A.13, fasc. I, pp. 197–258, 1972
  7. ^ Billigmeier, Jon C., "Toward a Decipherment of Cypro-Minoan", American Journal of Archaeology, vol. 80, no. 3, pp. 295–300, 1976
  8. ^ Polig, Martina; Donnelly, Cassandra M, "Between frustration and progress : an integrated cypro-minoan signary and its paleographic diversity", Studi Micenei ed Egeo-Anatolici, Issue 8, pp. 41–62, 2022
  9. ^ [2] Corazza, Michele, et al., "Unsupervised deep learning supports reclassification of Bronze age cypriot writing system", PloS one 17.7, 2022
  10. ^ Valério M., "Cypro-Minoan: An Aegean-derived Syllabary on Cyprus (and Elsewhere)", In: Paths into Script Formation in the Ancient Mediterranean, Quasar, pp. 103–128, 2018
  11. ^ Daniel, John Franklin, "Excavations at Kourion: The Late Bronze Age Settlement-Provisional Report", American Journal of Archaeology, vol. 42, no. 2, pp. 261–275, 1938
  12. ^ Myres, John L. Myres, "A Cypro-Mycenaean Inscription from Enkomi, near Salamis in Cyprus", Man xxxix, no. 26, pp. 24, 1934
  13. ^ Bass, George F., "The Promise of Underwater Archaeology", The American Scholar, vol. 32, no. 2, pp. 241–54, 1963
  14. ^ Bass, George F., et al., "Cape Gelidonya: A Bronze Age Shipwreck", Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, vol. 57, no. 8, pp. 1–177, 1967
  15. ^ Valério, Miguel, "Seven uncollected Cypro-Minoan inscriptions", Kadmos, vol. 53, no. 1–2, pp. 111–127, 2014
  16. ^ Chadwick, John (1987). Linear B and Related Scripts. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-06019-9.
  17. ^ Duhoux, Yves, "The Cypro-Minoan Tablet No. 1885 (Enkomi): An Analysis", Kadmos, vol. 48, no. 1–2, pp. 5–38, 2010
  18. ^ Dikaios, P., "A Second Inscribed Clay Tablet from Enkomi", Antiquity 27, pp. 233–237, 1953
  19. ^ Dikaios, P., "More Cypro-Minoan Inscriptions from Enkomi", In: W. Brice (ed.), Europa: Studien zur Geschichte und Epigrafik der frühen Aegaeis, Berlin: De Gruyter, pp. 80–87, 1967
  20. ^ a b Schaeffer C. F. A., "Nouvelles découvertes à Ras Shamra-Ugarit et à Enkomi-Alasia (Chypre) en 1953", CRAI, pp. 97‑106, 1954
  21. ^ Yon, Marguerite, "Artifacts Illustrating Official and Everyday Life", The City of Ugarit at Tell Ras Shamra, University Park, USA: Penn State University Press, pp. 123–172, 2006
  22. ^ Valério, Miguel, "Problems of Cypro-Minoan Paleography: The Case of Sign Shapes 08, 13 and 78", Kadmos, vol. 52, no. 1, pp. 111–134, 2013
  23. ^ Claude F. A. Schaeffer, "More Tablets from Syria and Cyprus", Antiquity 28, pp. 38–39, 1954
  24. ^ Hirschfeld, Nicolle, "How and Why Potmarks Matter", Near Eastern Archaeology, vol. 71, no. 1/2, pp. 120–29, 2008
  25. ^ Davis, Brent, Maran, Joseph and Wirghová, Soňa. "A new Cypro-Minoan inscription from Tiryns: TIRY Avas 002" Kadmos, vol. 53, no. 1–2, pp. 91–109, 2014
  26. ^ Vetters, "A Clay Ball with a Cypro-Minoan Inscription from Tiryns", Archäologischer Anzeiger 2011.2, pp. 1–49, 2011
  27. ^ Kilian, K., "Ausgrabungen in Tiryns 1982/83: Bericht zu den Grabungen", Archäologischer Anzeiger 1988, pp 105–151, 1988
  28. ^ Maran, J., "Forschungen in der Unterburg von Tiryns 2000–2003", Archäologischer Anzeiger 2008.1, pp. 35–111, 2008
  29. ^ Davis, Brent, Maran, Joseph, Prillwitz, Susanne and Wirghová, Soňa, "A Canaanite jar with a Cypro-Minoan inscription from Tiryns: TIRY Avas 001", Kadmos, vol. 62, no. 1–2, pp. 1–32, 2023
  30. ^ Day, P. M., & Joyner, L., "Coarseware Stirrup Jars from Cannatello, Sicily: New Evidence from Petrographic Analysis", Studi Micenei ed Egeo-Anatolici47, pp. 309–31, 2005
  31. ^ V. Karageorghis, "Fouilles de Kition 1959", BCH, 1960
  32. ^ A. Kanta and Massimo Perna, "An Inscribed Bronze Bowl from Cyprus in the Zintilis Collection", Kadmos, vol. 38, no. 1–2, pp. 97–102, 1999
  33. ^ Cross, Frank Moore, and Lawrence E. Stager, "Cypro-Minoan Inscriptions Found in Ashkelon", Israel Exploration Journal, vol. 56, no. 2, pp. 129–59, 2006
  34. ^ Mitford, Terence B., "The Cypro-Minoan Inscriptions of Old Paphos", Kadmos, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 87–96, 1971
  35. ^ Haskell, Halford W., "Were LM IIIB inscribed stirrup-jars palatial?", Kadmos, vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 85–86, 1986
  36. ^ Benson, J. L. and Masson, O., "Cypro-Minoan Inscriptions from Bamboula, Kourion: General Remarks and New Documents", American Journal of Archaeology 64/2, pp. 145–151, 1960
  37. ^ A. W. Persson, "More Cypro-Minoan Inscriptions", in The Swedish Cyprus Expedition 3, Stockholm, pp. 601—618, 1937
  38. ^ Yasur-Landau, A. and Goren, Y., "A Cypro-Minoan Potmark from Aphek", Tel Aviv 31/1, pp. 22–31, 2004
  39. ^ Dothan, Trude, "Excavations at the cemetery of Deir el-Balaḥ (Qedem)", Qedem, vol. 10, pp. 1–114, 1978
  40. ^ E. Masson, "Cyprominoica: Repertoires, documents de Ras Shamra: Essais d'interpretation", Studies in Mediterranean Archaeology, 31:2. Goteborg: Astroms, 1974
  41. ^ a b Ferrara, S., and M. Valério, "Contexts and Repetitions of Cypro-Minoan Inscriptions: Function and Subject Matter of Clay Balls", BASOR 378, pp. 71–94, 2017
  42. ^ Donnelly, Cassandra M., "Repetition, Sortition, and Abbreviations in the Cypro-Minoan Script", Repetition, Communication, and Meaning in the Ancient World. Brill, pp. 93–118, 2021
  43. ^ Axel W. Persson, "Some Inscribed Terracotta Balls from Enkomi", Danielsson Octogenario Dicatae, Upsalla, pp. 269–273, 1932
  44. ^ Åström, Paul, "Excavations at Hala Sultan Tekke", Archaeology, vol. 37, no. 2, 1984, pp. 58–81, 1984
  45. ^ Karageorghis, Vassos and Masson, Olivier, "Late Bronze Age news from Cyprus (1967–1968)", Kadmos, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 100–103, 1968
  46. ^ Woudhuizen, Fred (1992). The Language of the Sea Peoples. Amsterdam: Najade Press. pp. 81–153. ISBN 90-73835-02-X.
  47. ^ a b Janko, Richard, "Eteocypriot in the Bronze Age? The Cypro-Minoan cylinder from Enkomi as an accounting document", Kadmos, vol. 59, no. 1–2, pp. 43–61, 2020
  48. ^ Kober, Alice E., "The Scripts of Pre-Hellenic Greece", The Classical Outlook, vol. 21, no. 7, pp. 72–74, 1944
  49. ^ Meriggi, P., et Masson, О., "Relations entre les Linéaires A, В et le Chypro-Minoen", Études Mycéniennes, Paris, pp. 269–271, 1956
  50. ^ Mann, Stuart E., "The Decipherment of Cypro-Mycenaean", Man, vol. 60, pp. 40–42, 1960
  51. ^ Ephron, Henry D., "The Jēsŏn Tablet of Enkomi", Harvard Studies in Classical Philology, vol. 65, pp. 39–107, 1961
  52. ^ Olivier, Jean-Pierre, "Edition Holistique des Textes Chypro-Minoens", Fabrizio Serra Editore, Pisa-Roma, 2007 ISBN 88-6227-031-3
  53. ^ Steele, Philippa M., "Distinguishing between Cypriot scripts: Steps towards establishing a methodology", Kadmos, vol. 53, no. 1–2, pp. 129–148, 2014
  54. ^ [3] Valério, Miguel Filipe Grandão, "Investigating the Signs and Sounds of Cypro-Minoan", PhD thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2006
  55. ^ Donnelly, Cassandra M. (2022). "Cypro-Minoan and Its Potmarks and Vessel Inscriptions as Challenges to Aegean Scripts Corpora". In Steele, Philippa M.; Boyes, Philip J. (eds.). Writing Around the Ancient Mediterranean: Practices and Adaptations. Oxbow Books. pp. 49–74. Retrieved 21 February 2024.
  56. ^ Polig, Martina (2022). "Ductus in Cypro-Minoan writing: definition, purpose and distribution of stroke types". In Steele, Philippa M.; Boyes, Philip J. (eds.). Writing Around the Ancient Mediterranean: Practices and Adaptations. Oxbow Books. pp. 75–98. Retrieved 21 February 2024.
  57. ^ [4] Smith, J.S. and Hirschfeld, N.E., "The Cypro-Minoan Corpus Project Takes an Archaeological Approach", Near Eastern Archaeology 62/2, pp. 129–130, 1999

Further reading

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  • Best, Jan; Woudhuizen, Fred (1988). Ancient Scripts from Crete and Cyprus. Leiden: E.J. Brill. pp. 98–131. ISBN 90-04-08431-2.
  • Cross, F. M. and Stager, L. E., "Cypro-Minoan Inscriptions Found in Ashkelon", Israel Exploration Journal 56/2, pp. 129–159, 2006
  • Davies, Anna Morpurgo, and Jean-Pierre Olivier, "Syllabic Scripts and Languages in the Second and First Millennia BC", British School at Athens Studies, vol. 20, pp. 105–18, 2012
  • Davis, B., "Cypro-Minoan in Philistia?", Kubaba 2, pp. 40‒74, 2011
  • Duhoux, Yves, "Eteocypriot and Cypro-Minoan 1–3", Kadmos 48, pp. 39–75, 2000 doi:10.1515
  • Duhoux Y., "Is there anything like a Cypro-Minoan 3 script?", in P. M. Steele (ed.), Understanding Relations Between Scripts: The Aegean Writing Systems, Oxford, 162–179, 2017
  • Facchetti, G. & Negri, M., "Riflessioni preliminary sul ciprominoico", Do-so-mo 10, pp. 9–25, 2014
  • Faucounau, J., "Études chypro-minoennes", Syria 54(3/4), pp. 209–249, 1977
  • Faucounau, J., "Études chypro-minoennes", Syria 54(2/4), pp. 375–410, 1980
  • Faucounau, J., "The Cypro-Minoan scripts: a reappraisal fifty years after John F. Daniel's paper", Κυπριακή Αρχαιολογία Τόμος ΙΙI (Archaeologia Cypria, Volume III), pp. 93–106, 1994
  • Faucounau, Jean (2007). Les Inscriptions Chypro-Minoennes I. Paris: Editions L'Harmattan. ISBN 978-2-296-04862-1.
  • Faucounau, Jean (2008). Les Inscriptions Chypro-Minoennes II. Paris: Editions L'Harmattan. ISBN 978-2-296-06006-7.
  • [5] Ferrara, Silvia, "An interdisciplinary approach to the Cypro-Minoan script", Doctoral thesis , UCL (University College London), 2006
  • Ferrara, S., "Writing in Cypro-Minoan: One Script, Too Many?", in Syllabic Writing on Cyprus and Its Context, ed. P. M. Steele. Cambridge Classical Studies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 49‒76, 2013
  • Harald Haarmann, "Writing Technology in the Ancient Mediterranean and the Cyprian Connection", Mediterranean Language Review, vol. 9, pp. 43–73, 1997
  • [6] Hirschfeld, Nicolle, "Cypro-minoan", The Oxford Handbook of the Bronze Age Aegean", Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, pp. 373–384, 2010
  • Kober, Alice E., "The Minoan Scripts: Fact and Theory", American Journal of Archaeology, vol. 52, no. 1, pp. 82–103, 1948
  • Nahm, Werner, "Studien zur kypro-minoischen Schrift", Kadmos 20 (1981) pp. 52–63; Kadmos 23, pp. 164–179, 1981
  • Skelton, Christina, et al., "Cypro-Minoan: one language or three? An exercise in phonology-based statistical analysis", Lingue e linguaggio 21.2, pp. 295–309, 2022
  • Steele, P. M., "A linguistic history of ancient Cyprus", Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013 ISBN 1-107-04286-0 (hard) and ISBN 1-107-61741-3 (soft)
  • Steele, Philippa M. (Ed.), "Syllabic Writing on Cyprus and its Context", Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013 ISBN 1-107-02671-7
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