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=== Private relief ===
{{Cleanup|date=May 2008}}
{{Inappropriate tone|date=May 2008}}
Several international organizations have been approved to work within the country (either before or after) or otherwise supporting relief efforts:
* [[Adventist Development and Relief Agency]] (ADRA) is assisting survivors in the hard-hit Irrawaddy Delta by providing food aid, access to water, medical assistance, kitchen kits and other ways to help. A [https://secure2.convio.net/ccadra/site/Donation2?df_id=1540&1540.donation=form1 targeted donation to the Myanmar Cyclone Fund] is available.
* [[Aidmatrix]] (The Aidmatrix Foundation) is providing an online coordination portal<ref name="aidmatrix1">[http://www.aidmatrix.org/myanmar.html The Aidmatrix Foundation, Inc]</ref> connecting companies, groups and individuals wanting to offer products and services, financial contributions or wanting organize workplace giving efforts.<ref name="aidmatrix1"/>
* [[American Jewish World Service]] is providing emergency support to local organizations that are responding to immediate needs. A [https://donate.ajws.org/03/burma_cyclone targeted donation] is available.
* [[Architecture for Humanity]] is supporting long-term, sustainable reconstruction of housing, schools, clinics and other critical infrastructure. A [http://www.architectureforhumanity.org Architecture for Humanity]/Myanmar targeted donation] is available.<ref>[http://www.architectureforhumanity.org Architecture for Humanity]</ref>
* [[Giving Children Hope]] has partners on the ground with which to send emergency supplies.<ref>[http://www.gchope.org/myanmar-cyclone-nargis-relief.html Myanmar Cyclone Nargis Relief :: Giving Children Hope]</ref>
* [[CARE (relief)|CARE]] has/had [http://www.care.org/newsroom/articles/2008/05/20080505_myanmar_cyclone.asp?source=170860490000&channel=default offices in Yangon that were damaged but the people are all right], have other resources, and are ready to go. A [http://www.care.org/donate/index.asp?suffix=myanmar&source=170860490000&channel=default targeted donation] is available.
* [[Chevron Corporation]] contributes $2 USD million, of which half goes to The International Federation of the Red Cross and the other half will be allocated to four other organizations: the International Organization for Migration, Mercy Corps, Pact and Save the Children.<ref>[http://www.foxbusiness.com/story/markets/industries/energy/chevron-contributes--million-myanmar-cyclone-relief/ Chevron Contributes $2 Million to Myanmar Cyclone Relief - FOXBusiness.com]</ref>
* [[Church World Service]] is working with [http://www.churchworldservice.org/Emergencies/international/2008/myanmarcyclone.html the Myanmar Council of Churches on a relief effort]. A [https://secure.churchworldservice.org/catalog/display.php?product_id=313 targeted donation] is available.
* [[Direct Relief International]] is working [http://www.directrelief.org/EmergencyResponse/2008/CycloneNargisMyanmar/CycloneNargisMyanmar.aspx with several groups and organizations on the ground]. [http://www.google.com/myanmarcyclone/ General donations], with 100 percent going to programs not administration, are available.
* [[Doctors Without Borders]]/Médecins Sans Frontières has more than 200 aid workers on the ground and is [http://www.doctorswithoutborders.org/news/article.cfm?id=2689 responding]. [http://www.doctorswithoutborders.org/donate/ General donation information] is available.
* [http://www.fireflymission.org Firefly Mission] is working with groups of Monks and other local NGOs on the ground. 100% of donations go to the victims directly. A [http://www.fireflymission.org/cyclone_appeal.html targeted donation] is available.
* [http://www.foundationburma.org Foundation for the People of Burma] provides direct assistance and is operating in Rangoon. It is administered by volunteers and donations for aid are welcomed.
* [[GlobalGiving]] has [http://www.globalgiving.com/myanmar.html several targeted relief projects with grassroots organizations already in Burma], including International Medical Corps, CHF International, and IDE.
* [http://www.hbaid.org Hungarian Baptist Aid] has joined to [http://www.bwanet.org/bwaid/ Baptist World Aid's] Search, Rescue and Medical team. Also ready to launch a humanitarian relief and a special water purification and clean water packing (waterbags) unit.
* Hewlett Packard Foundation made the donation of USD $250,000 via World Food Programme(WFP).
* [[Lutheran World Relief]] is working through [[Church World Service]]. They have a [http://www.lwr.org/emergencies/08/cyclone/ Myanmar/Burma Cyclone] effort.
* LDS Church has delivered several tonnes of food, blankets, and other supplies
* [http://www.lirneasia.net LIRNEasia] an Asia Pacific based telecom think tank made their donations through Lekadhikari of Amarapura nikaya, Sri Lanka
* [http://http://mingalarmyanmar.blogspot.com/ Mingalar Foundation] a Myanmar based NGO is helping 37,000+ unreached people (about 7,000 families) in 9 affected areas everyday by distributing food, clean water, shelter and medicine and are accepting donations online with the help of [http://www.samuiislandhotels.com/index.php?module=MyanmarCycloneRelief&action=index Samui Island Hotels] (USA/Thailand).
* Myanmar Red Cross is [http://www.ifrc.org/what/disasters/response/myanmar-nargis/index.asp appealing for help via the International Federation's website] and is on the ground. A [http://donate.ifrc.org/ targeted donation] is available. Choose "Myanmar Cyclone Nargis" under "I would like my contribution to go to:".
* [[Save the Children]] is "one of the largest non-governmental organizations at work in Myanmar" and has launched a [http://www.savethechildren.org/newsroom/2008/cyclone-nargis-myanmar.html full scale relief effort]. A [https://secure.ga4.org/01/cyclone_nargis targeted donation] is available.
* [http://www.sewausa.org Sewa International] has a network of volunteers and partner organizations active in the affected areas. Targeted donations may be made to its branches in the [http://www.sewausa.org/myanmar-cyclone-appeal-2008 USA], [http://www.sewainternational.com UK] or [http://www.sewainternational.org.au/Myanmar.htm Australia].
* [[ShelterBox]] Australian and other [[Rotary International]] bodies are assisting. ShelterBoxes started arriving on May 10.<ref> {{cite web|url=http://www.shelterboxaustralia.com.au/news.php?id=75 |title=NEWS UPDATE 8th MAY - BURMA |last=Stewart |first=Ray |publisher=ShelterBox Australia |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5XiqIUhrG |archivedate=2008-05-10 }}</ref>
* [[UNICEF]] is in country and has already [http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/myanmar_43788.html provided relief supplies]. A [http://www.google.com/myanmarcyclone/ targeted donation] is available.
* [http://www.uusc.org/index.shtml Unitarian Universalist Service Committee] has joined with the [[Unitarian Universalist Association]] to launch a humanitarian relief fund to help survivors of the cyclone in Burma. The UUSC responds strategically to crises, especially when rights are threatened or when those in need are overlooked or neglected by traditional relief approaches. A [http://www.uusc.org/info/article050608.html targeted donation] is available.
* [[World Relief]] is working with partners in the Global Relief Alliance to bring vital aid to thousands in desperate need in the aftermath of the storm. A [https://community.wr.org/NETCOMMUNITY/SSLPage.aspx?pid=985&srcid=1012 targeted donation] is available.
* [[World Vision]] has 600 staff on the ground ([http://www.worldvision.com.au/emergency/myanmarCyclone.asp?isource=64 see video]). A [https://www.worldvision.com.au/appeals/myanmarcyclone/Donate.aspx targeted donation] is available.


=== Impact on rice supplies ===
=== Impact on rice supplies ===

Revision as of 14:35, 2 June 2008

16°03′01″N 94°48′32″E / 16.05028°N 94.80889°E / 16.05028; 94.80889

Very Severe Cyclonic Storm Nargis
Extremely severe cyclonic storm (IMD scale)
Category 4 tropical cyclone (SSHWS)
Cyclone Nargis on May 1
FormedApril 27 2008
DissipatedMay 3, 2008
Highest winds3-minute sustained: 165 km/h (105 mph)
1-minute sustained: 215 km/h (135 mph)
Lowest pressure≤ 962 hPa (mbar); 28.41 inHg
Fatalitiesat least 134,000 (dead or missing).[1][2][3][4]
Damage$10 billion (2008 USD)
Areas affectedSri Lanka, India, Bangladesh, Burma
Part of the 2008 North Indian Ocean cyclone season

Cyclone Nargis (JTWC designation: 01B, also known as Very Severe Cyclonic Storm Nargis) was a strong tropical cyclone that caused the deadliest natural disaster in the recorded history of Burma (officially known as Myanmar).[5] The cyclone made landfall in the country on May 2, 2008, causing catastrophic destruction and at least 90,000 fatalities with a further 56,000 people still missing.[6] However, Labutta Township alone was reported to have 80,000 dead, with about 10,000 more deaths in Bogale, the Burmese government's official death toll is grossly underreported as they have simply stopped counting the dead to minimize political fallout. It is feared and quite possible that due to lack of relief efforts, a total of a million already have or will die from this catastrophe.[7]

Damage is estimated at over $10 billion (USD), which made it the most damaging cyclone ever recorded in this basin. It was also Burma's worst natural disaster overall, as well as being the deadliest.[8]

Nargis is the deadliest named cyclone in the North Indian Ocean Basin, as well as the second deadliest named cyclone of all time, behind Typhoon Nina of 1975. Including unnamed storms like the 1970 Bhola cyclone, Nargis is the 8th deadliest cyclone of all time, but an uncertainty between the deaths of Nargis and other cyclones, like the 1991 Bangladesh cyclone could put Nargis as 7th deadliest or higher, because deaths are still being reported. Nargis was the first tropical cyclone to strike the country since Cyclone Mala made landfall in 2006, which was stronger, but had a signifigantly lower impact.

Relief efforts were slowed for political reasons as Burma's military rulers initially resisted aid. U.S. President George W. Bush said that an angry world should condemn the way Burma's military rulers are handling the aftermath of a devastating cyclone.[9] Burma's ruling party finally accepted aid a few days after India's request was accepted.[10] Further hampering the relief effort was the unfortunate fact that only ten days after the cyclone nearby central China was hit by a massive earthquake, known as the Sichuan earthquake which measured 7.9 in magnitude and itself is projected to have taken nearly 50,000 lives[citation needed]. Furthermore, some donated aids were found to be available in the country's black market, and Myanmar's junta warned on May 15th that legal action would be taken against people who trade or hoard international aid.

The cyclone name "Nargis" (نرگس, IPA: næɵr-ɡɵs), is an Urdu word meaning daffodil, which has its roots in the Persian Nargess (given name), which has the same meaning.[11] The first named storm of the 2008 North Indian Ocean cyclone season, Nargis developed on April 27 in the central area of Bay of Bengal. Initially it tracked slowly northwestward and, encountering favorable conditions, it quickly strengthened. Dry air weakened the cyclone on April 29, though after beginning a steady eastward motion Nargis rapidly intensified to attain peak winds of at least 165 km/h (105 mph) on May 2 according to IMD observations; the JTWC assessed peak winds of 215 km/h (135 mph), making it a weak category 4 cyclone on the SSHS. The cyclone moved ashore in the Ayeyarwady Division of Burma at peak intensity and, after passing near the major city of Yangon (Rangoon), the storm gradually weakened until dissipating near the border of Burma and Thailand.


Impact

Western Bay of Bengal

Rainfall rate from cyclone Nargis, as measured by the TRMM

In Sri Lanka the cyclone produced heavy rainfall which led to flooding and landslides across ten districts in the country. The districts of Ratnapura and Kegalle were the most affected, where more than 3,000 families were displaced. Thousands of houses were flooded, with 21 reported destroyed. The rainfall left 4,500 people homeless,[12] and more than 35,000 people were affected on the island.[13] Three people were reported injured on the island, with two others dead.[12]

The India Meteorological Department recommended that fishermen not sail into the ocean during the passage of Nargis. Strong waves and gusty winds were expected along the Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh coastline in India.[14] Additionally, the influence of the cyclone lowered temperatures along the Indian coastline, which had been affected by a severe heat wave.[15]

When the cyclone was originally expected to strike near Bangladesh, officials requested farmers to hurriedly finish harvesting the rice crop. At the time, the country was experiencing severe food shortages from Cyclone Sidr in the previous year and flooding earlier in the year, and a direct strike from Nargis would have resulted in destroyed crops due to strong winds.[16]

Burma (Myanmar)

Satellite photography of Irwaddy Delta before (top) and after (bottom) the cyclone hit the nation.
Topographic map of the region of Burma affected by Cyclone Nargis. The low-lying Irrawaddy Delta was the hardest hit region.

The United Nations estimated in its report that 1.5 million people were "severely affected" by this cyclone.[17] Estimates of the people still missing are 55,917, with 77,738 confirmed dead.[18] Some non-governmental organizations estimating that the final toll will be over 100,000.[19] Foreign aid workers concluded further, that 2 to 3 million are homeless, in the worst disaster in Burma’s history, comparable with the total damage done by the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami. Andrew Kirkwood, country director of the British charity Save The Children, stated: "We're looking at 50,000 dead and millions of homeless, I'd characterise it as unprecedented in the history of Burma and on an order of magnitude with the effect of the tsunami on individual countries. There might well be more dead than the tsunami caused in Sri Lanka."[20] As a result the Burmese government has declared five regions—Yangon, Ayeyarwady, Bago Divisions and Mon and Kayin States—currently as disaster areas. Thousands of buildings were destroyed; in the town of Labutta, located in the Ayeyarwady Division, state television reported that 75 percent of buildings had collapsed and 20 percent had their roofs ripped off.[21] One report indicated that 95 percent of buildings in the Irrawaddy Delta area were destroyed.[22] Nargis was the deadliest tropical cyclone worldwide since the 1991 Bangladesh cyclone, which killed over 138,000 people. However, because Burma's military leaders did not count the full death toll from Nargis, leaving the area shortly after it hit, it is feared up to 300,000 people may have died in this disaster, and although this is disputed, if Nargis did kill this many people, it would instead make it the deadliest cyclone since the 1970 Bhola cyclone, and the fourth deadliest natural disaster ever recorded in history, behind the Yellow River floods of 1887 and 1931 in China and the Bhola cyclone in Bangladesh. At least 10,000 people have been reported to have perished in the delta town of Bogale.[23] One aid worker has claimed that the death toll from the cyclone and its aftermath may reach 300,000.[24]

A diplomat in the city of Rangoon spoke to the Reuters news agency, giving them a description of the scene. He said that the area around him looked like a 'war zone' as a result of the cyclone. Burst sewage mains caused the landscape to flood with waste, ruining the rice crop.[25] An official from the United Nations also commented on the situation, at the time of the event. "It's a bad situation. Almost all the houses are smashed. People are in a terrible situation," he said. Another UN representative also spoke on the incident. He reported that "The Irrawaddy delta was hit extremely hard not only because of the wind and rain but because of the storm surge." The Daily Telegraph, a UK newspaper, reported that food prices in Burma could be affected by this disaster.[26]

Woradet Wirawekhin (th: วรเดช วีระเวคิน), Deputy Director General of Thailand's Department of Information, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, stated on 7 May 2008 that, in reference to a report submitted by Bansan Bunnak (th: บรรสาน บุนนาค), Thai ambassador in Yangon, the conditions in the city had degenerated and that most businesses and markets were closed. The Deputy Director General also reported that the locals also faced even more increasing adversity in basic subsistence; local food prices have already been increased two- or threefold.[clarification needed][27]

Aftermath

The most affected and most populous division of Burma, Ayeyarwady

International relief

On May 6, 2008, the Burma government representation in New York formally asked the United Nations for help, but in other ways it remains resistant to the most basic assistance.[20] As of May 7, 2008, the government of Burma has not officially endorsed international assistance, but stated that they are, "willing to accept international assistance, preferably bilateral, government to government." The biggest challenge at present is obtaining visas for entry into the country.

According to Thai Rath Newspaper of Thailand on 8 May 2008.[28] In the afternoon (Bangkok time) of 7 May 2008, the Burmese junta permitted Italian flights containing relief supplies from the United Nations, and twenty-five tonnes of consumable goods, to land in Burma. However, many nations and organizations hope to deliver assistance and relief to Burma without delay; most of their officials, supplies and stores are waiting in Thailand and at the Yangon airport, as the Burmese junta declines to issue visas for many of those individuals. These political tensions raise the concern that some food and medical supplies might become unusable, even before the Burmese junta officially accepts the international relief effort.

India

India, one of the few countries which maintains close relations with Burma, launched Operation Sahayata[29] under which two Indian Navy ships and two Indian Air Force (IAF) aircraft supplied the first international relief material to the cyclone-hit country.[30] The two aircraft carried 4 tonnes of relief supplies each while the Indian Navy transported more than 100 tonnes of relief material.[31] On May 8, the IAF dispatched third air consignment carrying over 32 tonnes of relief material including tents, blankets and medicines.[32] India plans to send more aid to Burma.[33] In a separate development, Burma denied Indian search and rescue teams and media access to critical cyclone-hit areas.[34] India released a statement saying it had requested Burma to accept international aid especially that from the United States,[35] to which Burma agreed.[36][37] According to various reports, Indian authorities had warned Burma about the danger that Cyclone Nargis posed 48 hours before it hit the country's coast.[38] As of 16 May 2008, India's offer to send a team of 50 medical personnel to set up two independent mini-hospitals in the Irrawaddy delta has been accepted by the Myanmar government.[39][40] An aircraft carrying the team of doctors and approximately 6 tonnes of medicines was being prepared at Delhi's Palam Air Force Base.

Italy

Italy provided 465,000 euros (about $732,282) worth of aid in the form of 30 tons of emergency relief equipment, such as stretchers, generators, and water purifiers in a flight organized by the World Food Program. The flight arrived in Yangon on May 8th. This was the first aid flight from a Western nation, preceded only by aid from Thailand.[41][42]

In addition to this aid, the Italian government provided 500,000 euros through the World Food Program and 500,000 euros through funding to relief agencies through the UN. An additional 123,000 euros was provided through the Red Cross, as well as 300,000 euros worth of further financing for emergency equipment.

Malaysia

Malaysia is to channel US$1 million (RM3.2 million) in financial assistance and RM500,000 in humanitarian aid to Burma. Humanitarian aid would be transported by Hercules C130 and would include 5,000 blankets, 30 tents and RM100,000 worth of T-shirts, batik sarong, biscuits, instant noodles and medicines.[43] Mercy Malaysia, a volunteer relief organization in Malaysia, is sending a four-member relief team to Rangoon, Burma to assess the situation in the wake of Cyclone Nargis. They would start looking into areas such as shelter, clean water, sanitation and emergency medical treatment.[44] Mercy Malaysia has also trained 180 doctors from the Myanmar Medical Association in Yangon for deployment in the Irrawaddy Delta.[45] RM1.8mil collected for victims of Myanmar’s cyclone victims through The Star Myanmar Relief Fund and handed to Mercy Malaysia executive council member Dr Ahmad Faizal Perdaus. [46] A second Malaysian Red Crescent Society (MRCS) disaster relief team was sent to Myanmar on May 21, 2008. MRCS announced they will bring 2.5 tonnes of relief items, which include 1,000 blankets, 1,000 jerry cans, 1,000 mosquito nets, 500 mats, 7,000 mineral water bottles and 500 bags of health kits. [47]

Thailand

Thailand has sent $100,000 USD in supplies, thirty tonnes of medical supplies and twelve tonnes of food supplies from Thai Red Cross. Additionally, Chaiya Sasomsap, Minister of Public Health of Thailand, stated that the Government has already sent medical supplies valued more than one billion baht ($31.3 million) to Burma. Furthermore, the Government of Thailand dispatched, upon the permission of the Burmese junta, twenty medical teams and twenty quick communicable disease suppression units. Samak Sundaravej stated that "if Myanmar gives the green light allowing us to help, our Air Force will provide C-130 aircraft to carry our teams there. This should not be precipitately carried out, it has to have the permission of their government."[48] On 7 May 2008, the aforementioned units, with their subordinate airplanes, were permitted to land in Yangon, carrying drinking water and construction materials.[27]

United Kingdom

The largest sum from any single nation was donated by the United Kingdom which committed ₤17 million (approx USD33.5 million).[49] The UK's Department for International Development sent an international relief team to help with the co-ordination of the international relief effort. Another team from the same department is also on the ground inside Burma.[50] The Royal Navy dispatched HMS Westminster to the area to assist with relief effort. Prime Minister Gordon Brown has remained extremely critical of the Burmese régime and hasn't ruled out violating Burmese sovereignty by carrying out "forced air-drops" to deliver aid.[51]

United States

US Air Force personnel deliver relief supplies to Burma

On May 5, U.S. Chargé d'Affaires in Burma Shari Villarosa declared a disaster due to the effects of Cyclone Nargis. In response, the U.S. Agency for International Development USAID deployed a Disaster Assistance Response Team (DART) and immediately provided $251,000 to UNICEF, WFP, and the Office of the U.N. High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) for emergency food, water and sanitation, and shelter assistance.

On May 6, an additional $3 million from USAID was allocated for the provision of emergency relief assistance, including $1 million to the American Red Cross and $2 million for NGO partners and on May 12, USAID Administrator Henrietta H. Fore announced $13 million in food aid and logistics assistance through the World Food Programme.

From May 12 to 20, USAID and the U.S. Department of Defense (DOD) coordinated the delivery of nearly $1.2 million of U.S. relief commodities to Rangoon on 36 DOD C-130 flights. The relief supplies will provide assistance to more than 113,000 beneficiaries. The DOD efforts were under the direction of Joint Task Force Caring Response. [52]

As of May 22, United States assistance has totaled $20,552,546 and continues to be directed by the USAID DART stationed in Thailand. [53]

Other relief efforts

On 15 May, the United Nations [OCHA] launched the Myanmar HIC website (http://myanmar.humanitarianinfo.org). The purpose the site is to improve information exchange and collaboration between operational agencies responding to Cyclone Nargis. Based in Bangkok, the HIC is providing support to the Humanitarian Partnership Team and other humanitarian partners in Yangon, as well as those based in Bangkok.

As of May 8, 2008, the Foundation for the People of Burma has a team on the ground in Rangoon and beyond providing direct assistance to thousands of refugees. Since this organization is administered by Buddhist volunteers and already has tacit permission from the Burmese government, all donations go directly for supplies. "Foundation for the People of Burma".

The International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies has pledged $189,000 for relief.[54] The Federation has also launched an appeal of a further $50 million.[55] Red Cross spokesman Matt Cochrane said that cyclone survivors need everything. They need emergency shelter to keep them dry, including food supplies. He says stagnant waters are a perfect breeding ground for the malaria mosquito, so insecticide-treated nets are needed.[56] The Red Cross suffered a setback when a boat carrying supplies sank when it hit a submerged tree. Everyone aboard survived, but most of the cargo was lost.[57] Ten Red Cross/Red Crescent relief flights carrying medical and shelter supplies were due to land in Yangon on 12 May.[58]

Trocaire, has been active in Burma since 1995 and were the first Irish aid agency to gain access after Cyclone Nargis. Relief work has been conducted mainly through local partners and membership of the international federation, Caritas Internationalis. Trocaire has appealed for the focus of humanitarian work in Burma not to be lost in the wake of China's more recent earthquake. [59]

Save the Children, one of the few agencies allowed to work in Burma, said the toll would likely sharply grow in the next few days as help reaches isolated areas.[59] On May 18, it announced that it believed that thirty thousand children younger than five were already facing malnutrition and could starve in under a month if food does not reach them.[60]

Doctors without Borders - MSF landed a plane full of 40 tons of relief and medical supplies in Rangoon on Monday. After clearing customs the supplies were transferred to local MSF warehouses. They have approximately 200 workers in the region, many whom have been involved in long term projects there and were already in the region.[61]

World Vision has launched a US$3 million appeal and is seeking to get international aid into the country. Staff on the ground are working to distribute food, water and other non-food items while WV Myanmar managers are seeking approval from the government to work in the worst affected areas and to bring in aid from outside.[62]

Avaaz.org has raised over US$2 million for relief efforts in Burma, through over 25,062 individual donations. They have entrusted delivery and dissemination of the aid to the Burmese monks, bypassing the military junta. This unique approach has proved successful. As of 2008-05-24, US$550,000 is confirmed delivered to the religious establishment and another US$1,000,000 is en-route.[63]

Country Contribution[64]
 ASEAN An assessment team and 30 medical personnel per country.[65]
 Australia AUD $25 million (USD $23.5 million)[66] and 31 tonnes of supplies.[67]
 Bangladesh 20 tonnes of food, medicine
 Belgium EUR €250,000 (USD $387,000) and EUR 100,000 from Flanders
 Brunei Relief materials[68]
 Cambodia USD $50,000[69]
 Canada Up to USD $2 million in emergency relief, $500,000 of which is for the Red Cross, Disaster Assistance Response Team (DART) is on standby; additional aid to come[70]
 China USD $10 million in aid and relief materials (including 3 flights using Jade Cargo each consisting of 60 tonnes of aid)[71]
 Czech Republic USD $154,000
 Denmark USD $2.1 million[72]
 European Union USD $3.0 million
 Finland EUR €300,000 (USD $464,000)[73]
 France 1,500 tons of medicine, food, and water;[57] USD $775,000
 Germany USD $3.0 million
 Greece USD $200,000, medicine and humanitarian aid[74]
 Hungary USD $300,000, medicine, food, humanitarian aid
 India More than 178 tonnes of relief materials; tents, food supplies, medicines. A team of 50 medical personnel is being sent to set up hospitals in the Irrawaddy delta.[39][40]
 Indonesia USD $1 million in cash and other aids in foods and medicines
 Ireland EUR €1,000,000 (USD $1,550,000)
 Israel USD $100,000, food and medical supplies by private organizations
 Italy EUR €1,500,000 (USD $2,250,000)[75]
 Japan JPY ¥28 million in tents and generators = USD $267,000; USD $10 million through UN World Food Program & USD $570,000 pledged assistance[76]
 Laos USD $20,000 worth of food[3]</ref>
 Lithuania Lithuanian government donated Lt200,000 ($90,000) to Red Cross.[77]
 Malaysia USD $4,100,000
 North Macedonia USD $50,000[78]
 Netherlands EUR €1,000,000 (USD $1,550,000)
 New Zealand NZD $1.5 million (USD $1.15 million)[79]
 Norway Up to USD $1.96 million[80]
 Pakistan Relief materials and setting up of a mobile hospital in the affected region upon approval of Burmese government.[81]
 Philippines Medical workers and $3,000,000 USD and relief goods in cash[82]
 Russia 80 tonnes of food, generators, medicine, tents and blankets[83]
 San Marino EUR €30,000[84]
 Singapore USD $200,000[85]
 Spain USD $775,000 donation to World Food Programme
 Sri Lanka USD $100,000 plus food and assistance of medical workers
 Sweden Logistical support and water cleaning systems
  Switzerland USD $475,000 (initial)
 Taiwan (R.O.C.) USD $200,000
 Thailand USD $100,000, food and medical supplies (initial)[86]
 Turkey USD $1,000,000 from Ministry of Foreign Affairs, USD $600,000 from Turkish Red Crescent[87]
 United Kingdom GBP ₤17 million (USD $33.5 million)[88], HMS Westminster [89]
 United States USD $19.154 million,[90]
 Vietnam USD $2 million


Impact on rice supplies

The Irrawaddy Delta is such a fertile area for rice growing that it was known as the "rice bowl" of the British Empire[91]. Production was high enough that Burma could feed its citizens a high amount of rice (by the standards of Asia) with enough left over to sell on the market. Since Nargis hit right around harvest, a rice shortage and famine could result. The United Nations' Food and Agricultural Organization estimated that Nargis impacted 65% of the country's paddies. They feel that the situation would be "devastating... if the recent disaster results in severe rice shortages." This may exacerbate the crisis already occurring, but it could be partially alleviated if fall and late summer harvests are good.[92] Burma has since appealed for aid to assist with getting the rice planted, as its farmers have a 40 to 50-day window of opportunity before the season's crop will be lost.[93] The Myanmar government estimates losses of $10 billion USD because of the cyclone.[94]

Controversies

Military junta's blockade of aid

Burma's military junta says "the country is not ready to accept foreign aid workers", amid mounting criticism and outrage of its response to the devastating cyclone. The World Food Programme's Paul Risley said the delays were "unprecedented in modern humanitarian relief efforts".[95] In the days after the storm, the junta pursued a CNN reporter covering the effects of the storm. The reporter was eventually forced to leave the country out of fear of being imprisoned.[96]

Thairath Newspaper of Thailand reported that many Burmese people were displeased with the junta government, as they had provided no appropriate warning system for the incoming cyclone. In addition, they believed the mayhem caused by the cyclone and associated flooding was further exacerbated by an uncooperative response from the junta. For example, with no appropriate measures currently in place to manage the increasing number of dead bodies in the cyclone's aftermath, it was reported that the corpses are now simply being abandoned on the streets, with the situation worsening as time passes, exemplifying foreign concerns that the emergence and spread of communicable diseases would ensue.[28] In addition, the International Society for Political Prisoner Assistance, located in Bangkok, reported human rights oversights during the disaster, alleging that corrections officers employed with the government had fired upon the prisoners of Yangon's Insein Prison who were attempting to escape amidst the chaos. It has been reported that 36 prisoners were killed and about 70 others were injured. The Burmese junta denied both reports.[48]

On 9 May 2008, the junta officially declared that their acceptance of international aid relief would be limited to food, medicines and other supplies as well as financial aid, but would not allow additional foreign aid workers or military units to operate in the country. Samak Sundaravej, Prime Minister of Thailand, stated that, following the request of Eric G. John, U.S. Ambassador to Thailand, he will visit Myanmar on 11 May in order to urge the junta to open the country. Quinton Quayle, U.K. Ambassador to Thailand, later remarked that he will also join Sundaravej.[97] However the junta immediately replied that it was not willing to welcome anyone at this time. Sundaravej has said that he will still submit the mediating letter to the junta without delay.[98]

The delays have attracted international condemnation. Also, on 9 May in Bangkok, Richard Horsey, representative of the United Nations, issued a warning for Myanmar to no longer decline the full scale of international relief effort as another storm, as deadly as the Nargis, is headed towards the country. The new storm would probably worsen the circumstances.[99] United Nations Secretary General Ban Ki-moon urged the junta to allow aid in "without hindrance". Ban's comments came after the World Food Programme resumed food aid after two shipments of high-energy biscuits were stolen by the military.[100] The Canadian House of Commons condemned the Burmese government's response in a resolution passed unanimously on May 9, 2008.[70] Oxfam International's regional chief Sarah Ireland warned that 1.5 million face death if they do not get clean water and sanitation soon: "It's really crucial that people get access to clean water sources and sanitation to avoid unnecessary deaths and suffering."[101] Myanmar's government seems unaware of the scope of the death and destruction Cyclone Nargis wrought on the country more than a week ago, it was reported May 13 2008.[102]

On May 16 2008, the Burmese UN ambassador accused France of deploying a warship to the Burmese coast. The French UN ambassador denied the LHD Mistral[citation needed] was a warship, and claimed Burma's refusal to allow increased aid into the country "could lead to a true crime against humanity." France has stated the ship in question is carrying 1,500 tons of relief supplies. [103] UK Prime Minister Gordon Brown has accused the ruling junta of allowing the disaster to grow into a "man-made catastrophe" through its failure to act. He also rebuked the junta as being guilty of inhuman actions.[104]

On May 19, Burma agreed to allow aid from members of the Association of South-East Asian Nations (ASEAN) to enter. The decision came after an emergency ASEAN summit. The aid will start arriving May 21. Ban Ki-moon will probably visit the country the same day to "accelerate relief efforts".[65] That day, Ban announced that Burma was going to "allow all aid workers regardless of nationalies" to enter, although ships and helicopters are still not expected to be allowed. The announcement came after Ban had met with junta leader General Than Shwe for over two hours. Organizations welcoming the announcement included World Vision, the World Food Programme, and the International Rescue Committee.[105]

On May 23, negotiations between UN Secretary General Ban Ki-Moon and Than Shwe have resulted in the opening of Burma to aid workers, regardless of nationality. Burma's government is still staunchly opposed to the presence of military units in the country, only allowing dedicated relief workers. [106]

On May 27, to complicate world opinion and in contrast to numerous and varied accounts from international relief organizations, the Myanmar junta praises U.N. aid.[107]

Uninterrupted Referendum

Main article: Burmese constitutional referendum, 2008

Despite objections raised by the Burmese opposition parties and foreign nations in the wake of the natural disaster, the junta proceeded with a previously scheduled (10 May 2008) constitutional referendum. Voting however has been postponed until 24 May2008 in Yangon and other areas hardest hit by the storm.[108]

On 8 May 2008, about thirty protesters assembled before the Burmese embassy in Manila, Philippines, demanding that the junta defer voting on the referendum and immediately accept international relief. The Philippine protesters delivered the statement that "this time is not the time for politics, but it is the time to save people." The United States Government has also demanded that the United Nations not endorse the referendum. Aung San Suu Kyi, leader of the Burmese opposition, also stated that holding a vote for the referendum during this disaster would be an consumedly unacceptable act.[28] About 500 Myanmar activists demonstrated on 10 May outside their country's embassy in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, demanding that Myanmar's military regime call off its constitutional referendum even as voting began despite a devastating cyclone.[109]

In a public poll conducted throughout Myanmar on 9 May 2008 by Mizzima, a Burmese news agency, 64% of those surveyed still intended to vote in the referendum. However, 71% did not know what the constitution was, and 52% have not yet decided whether they will vote to support or oppose it.[110]

Aid distribution controversy

AP news stories state that foreign aid provided to disaster victims was modified to make it look like it came from the military regime, and state-run television continuously ran images of Gen. Than Shwe ceremonially handing out disaster relief.[111]

More than a week after the disaster, only one out of 10 people who are homeless, injured or threatened by disease and hunger have received some kind of aid.[111]. More than two weeks later, relief had only reached 25 percent of people in need. [112]

Nine days after the cyclone, the military government was still refusing to grant visas and access for aid workers into the area. The UN has called for an air or sea corridor to be opened to channel large amounts of aid[113], and the HMS Westminster has been sent to the area, alongside French and United States military assets.[114]

Activists respond to the blockade of aid

A Facebook.com page called Support the Relief Efforts for Burma (Myanmar) Cyclone Disaster Victims with 10,000 members used its members to organize a Global Day Of Action for Burma on May 17, 2008.[115] with the help of Burma Global Action Network, Burma Campaign UK, Canadian Friends of Burma, the US Campaign for Burma, Info Birmanie, as well as countless local partners, a Global Day of Action for Burma a call for Humanitarian Intervention was held on May 17, 2008, in cities worldwide. An apparent response to Military Than Shwe and the junta's blockade of aid to the Cyclone Nargis aftermath victims, the international community called for a Humanitarian intervention to get aid into the hardest hit areas of Burma.[116]

See also

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References

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