Conex box
 A conex box hoisted onto a US Army truck | |
| Type | Shipping container |
|---|---|
| Inventor | Transportation Corps |
| Inception | Late 1952[1] |
| Manufacturer | U.S. Army |
The CONEX box, a portmanteau of "Container, express", is a type of cargo container that was developed during the Korean War and was used to transport and store supplies during the Korean and Vietnam wars. It was reinvented by Malcom McLean to form the standard intermodal shipping container, often called an ISO box, after ISO 668/ISO 6346, that is used widely by container shipping companies today.
History
[edit]The use of standardized steel and aluminum shipping containers began during the late 1940s and early 1950s, when commercial shipping operators and the US military started developing such units.[2] During World War II, the US Army began experiments with containers to ship supplies to the front lines. Cargo was being delayed at ports due to the time required by break bulk loading and offloading of ships. In addition, the supplies suffered from pilferage and in-transit damage.[1]
In 1948, the U.S. Army Transportation Corps developed the "Transporter", a rigid, corrugated steel container, able to carry 9,000 pounds (4,082 kg). It was 8 ft 6 in (2.59 m) long, 6 ft 3 in (1.91 m) wide, and 6 ft 10 in (2.08 m) high, with double doors on one end, was mounted on skids, and had lifting rings on the top four corners.[3]
After proving successful in Korea, the Transporter was developed into the Container Express (CONEX) box system in late 1952. Based on the Transporter, the size and capacity of the Conex were about the same,[nb 1] but the system was made modular, by the addition of a smaller, half-size unit of 6 ft 3 in (1.91 m) long, 4 ft 3 in (1.30 m) wide and 6 ft 10+1⁄2 in (2.10 m) high.[6][7][nb 2] CONEXes could be stacked three high, and protected their contents from the elements.[4]
By 1965, the US military had some 100,000 CONEX boxes. By 1967, over 100,000 more had been procured to support the escalation of the Vietnam War,[7][10] making this the world's first intercontinental application of intermodal containers.[4] More than three quarters were shipped only once, because they remained in theatre. The CONEX boxes were as useful to the soldiers as their contents, in particular as storage facilities where there were no other options.[10]
The term "CONEX" remains in common use in the US military to refer to the similar but larger ISO-standard shipping containers.
See also
[edit]Explanatory notes
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ a b "CONEX". U.S. Army Transportation Museum. Archived from the original on 2013-02-15.
In late 1952, the Transportation Corps developed the Container Express (CONEX), replacing the 'Transporter'.
- ^ Intermodal Marine Container Transportation: Impediments and Opportunities, Issue 236 // National Research Council: The container revolution (page 18): "This [Army] box in turn served as a model for the small containers that most major ship operators began using during the late 1940s and early 1950s. These however, were mainly loaded and unloaded at the docks, and not used intermodally.."
- ^ "History & Development of the Container – The "Transporter", predecessor to the CONEX". www.transportation.army.mil. U.S. Army Transportation Museum. 15 May 2013. Archived from the original on 20 July 2015. Retrieved 20 July 2015.
- ^ a b c Heins, Matthew (2013). "2" (PDF). The Shipping Container and the Globalization of American Infrastructure (dissertation). University of Michigan. p. 15. Retrieved 21 July 2015.
- ^ Levinson, Marc (2006). "7". The Box: How the Shipping Container Made the World Smaller and the World Economy Bigger. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. p. 127. ISBN 0-691-12324-1. Retrieved 21 July 2015.
- ^ Logistic Support in the Vietnam Era (PDF) (Report). Vol. 7: Containerization. US DoD Joint Logistics Review Board. 15 December 1970. p. 10. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 21, 2015. Retrieved 22 July 2015.
The dimensions of the CONEX II are 75 by 82+1⁄2 by 102 in. The CONEX container is a metal reusable shipping box. The most common type has a 295-cu. ft. capacity, is about 8+1⁄2 by 6 by 7 ft, and can carry 9,000 lbs. The dimensions of the Half-CONEX or CONEX I container are 75 by 82+1⁄4 by 51 in.
- ^ a b Development of Containerization // J. van Ham, J. Rijsenbrij: Steel containers Archived 27 August 2016 at the Wayback Machine (page 8)
- ^ Falloff // Robert Flanagan: Fleeing G.o.D. Archived 27 August 2016 at the Wayback Machine (page 7)
- ^ Michael J. Everhart (7 July 2014). "My Vietnam Tour – 1970". Retrieved 21 July 2015.
... CONEX ... container that ... was about 7' high by 8' wide and about 12' long...
- ^ a b Logistic Support in the Vietnam Era (PDF) (Report). Vol. 7: Containerization. US DoD Joint Logistics Review Board. 15 December 1970. pp. 9–11. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 21, 2015. Retrieved 22 July 2015.