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:''This article is about Beck's Cognitive Therapy. For the main category of psychotherapy, see [[Cognitive behavioural therapy]].'' |
:''This article is about Beck's Cognitive Therapy. For the main category of psychotherapy, see [[Cognitive behavioural therapy]].'' |
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Revision as of 05:08, 2 July 2008
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- This article is about Beck's Cognitive Therapy. For the main category of psychotherapy, see Cognitive behavioural therapy.
Cognitive Therapy (CT) is a type of psychotherapy developed by psychiatrist Aaron T. Beck in the 1960s. Becoming disillusioned with long-term psychodynamic approaches based on gaining insight into unconscious emotions and drives, Beck came to the conclusion that the way in which his clients perceived and interpreted and attributed meaning—a process known scientifically as cognition—in their daily lives was a key to therapy.[1] Albert Ellis was working on similar ideas from a different perspective, in developing his rational emotive behaviour therapy (REBT). Beck initially focused on depression and developed a list of "errors" in thinking that he proposed could cause or maintain depression, including arbitrary inference, selective abstraction, over-generalization, and magnification (of negatives) and minimization (of positives). Cognitive therapy seeks to identify and change "distorted" or "unrealistic" ways of thinking, and therefore to influence emotion and behaviour.
Beck outlined his approach in Depression: Causes and Treatment in 1967. He later expanded his focus to include anxiety disorders, in Cognitive Therapy and the Emotional Disorders in 1976, and other disorders and problems.[2] He also introduced a focus on the underlying "schema"—the fundamental underlying ways in which people process information—whether about the self, the world or the future. Treatment is based on collaboration between client and therapist and on testing beliefs.
The new cognitive approach came into conflict with the behaviourism ascendant at the time, which denied that talk of mental causes was scientific or meaningful, rather than simply assessing stimuli and behavioural responses. However, the 1970s saw a general "cognitive revolution" in psychology. Behavioural modification techniques and cognitive therapy techniques became joined together, giving rise to cognitive behavioural therapy. The term is sometimes used interchangeably with cognitive therapy, since cognitive therapy has always included some behavioural components, but advocates of Beck's particular approach seek to maintain and establish its integrity as a distinct clearly-standardized kind of cognitive behavioural therapy.[3]
Methods
Cognitive restructuring
- Evaluating validity of client's thoughts and beliefs
- Assessing what the client expects, predicts
- Assessing client's attributions for causes of events [4]
Cognitive therapy and the cause of depression
One etiological theory of depression is the Aaron Beck cognitive theory of depression. His theory is regarded as[weasel words] the most verified psychological theory of depression. His theory states that depressed people feel the way they do because their thinking is biased towards negative interpretations. According to Beck’s theory of the etiology of depression, depressed people acquire a negative schema of the world in childhood and adolescence. (Children and adolescents who suffer from depression acquire this negative schema earlier.) Depressed people acquire such schemas through a loss of a parent, rejection by peers, criticism from teachers or parents, the depressive attitude of a parent and other negative events. When the person with such schemas encounters a situation that resembles in some way, even remotely, the conditions in which the original schema was learned, the negative schemas of the person are activated.[5]
Beck also included a negative triad in his theory. A negative triad is made up of the negative schemas and cognitive biases of the person. A cognitive bias is a view of the world. Depressed people, according to this theory, have views such as “I never do a good job.” A negative schema helps give rise to the cognitive bias, and the cognitive bias helps fuel the negative schema. This is the negative triad. Also, Beck proposed that depressed people often have the following cognitive biases: arbitrary inference, selective abstraction, overgeneralization, magnification and minimization. These cognitive biases are quick to make negative, generalized, and personal inferences of the self, thus fueling the negative schema.[6]
See also
References
- ^ "A Pragmatic Man and His No-Nonsense Therapy" by Erica Goode New York Times January 11 2000
- ^ "An Application of Beck's Cognitive Therapy to General Anger Reduction" - Abstract of paper published in Cognitive Therapy and Research Volume 24, Number 6, December 2000, pp. 689-697(9)
- ^ Why Distinguish Between Cognitive Therapy and Cognitive Behaviour Therapy - The Beck Institute Newsletter, February 2001
- ^ Think Good-Feel Good: A Cognitive Behaviour Therapy Workbook for Children and Young People by Paul Stallard blah blah
- ^ Gerald C. Davison, John M. Neale, Abnormal Psychology, 8th edition, pages 247-250. 2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
- ^ Gerald C. Davison, John M. Neale, Abnormal Psychology, 8th edition, pages 247-250. 2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.