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Alpine climbing routes on the north face of Les Droites in the Alps
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A climbing route (German: Kletterrouten) is a path by which a climber reaches the top of a mountain, a rock face or an ice-covered obstacle. The details of a climbing route are recorded in a climbing guidebook and/or in an online climbing-route database. Details recorded will include elements such as the type of climbing route (e.g. bouldering route, sport climbing route, traditional climbing route, ice climbing route, and alpine climbing route, etc.), the difficulty grade of the route–and beta on its crux(es)–and any risk or commitment grade, the length and number of pitches of the route, and the climbing equipment (e.g. climbing protection gear) that is needed to complete the route.

There are definitions as to what is a valid ascent of a route (e.g. the redpoint in rock climbing), and the class or style of ascent (e.g. onsighted, flashed). The coveted first ascent (FA), first free ascent (FFA), and first female free ascent (FFFA), are usually recorded for important routes. After a route is established, variations can be created (e.g. directessimas, sit starts, or enchainments), and climbers will try to improve the "style" in which the route is climbed (e.g. minimizing aid climbing or other supports such as oxygen or fixed ropes). Some climbers limit the in-situ protection (e.g. greenpointing), or even free solo the route. Others seek to set speed climbing records on routes.

The ascent of ever-harder routes is an integral key part of the history of climbing, and each type of climbing has notable routes that set major new milestones. There are ongoing debates amongst climbers about routes including the naming of routes, the creation of new routes by artificially altering the surface (e.g. chipping in rock climbing), the role of completely artificial indoor routes (e.g. The Project), the level and maintenance of in-situ protection on routes (e.g. providing permanent bolted protection anchors) and the ethical issue of retro-bolting (e.g. turning traditional climbing routes into safer sport climbing bolted routes).

Details

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"Topo" of a multi-pitch alpine climbing route on the South West Pillar of the Aiguille des Deux Aigles [pt] (500-metres, grade TD)

Climbing routes are usually chronicled in a climbing guidebook, a climbing journal (e.g. the American Alpine Journal or the Himalayan Journal), and/or in an online route database (e.g. theCrag.com or MountainProject.com),[1] where the key details of the route are listed, which generally include the following:[2]

  • Climbing area (or crag). Routes are often clustered together in a general "climbing area", which is also known as a "crag". Notable climbing areas include: El Capitan (for big wall climbing in the US), Clogwyn Du'r Arddu (for traditional climbing in the UK), Buoux, Verdon Gorge and Ceuse (for sport climbing in France).[2]
  • Route name. While rock and modern ice climbing routes can have any name, offensive names are removed from databases and guidebooks.[3] In countries such as France the person who created the route names it, whereas in others such as the US and UK, the first person to ascend the route names it (e.g. the Realization/Biographie controversy).[4] Alpine routes tend to have names based on the peak or the first ascender and the geological feature, such as the Bonatti Pillar or the Walker Spur.[2]
  • Type and condition of the surface. Different types of rock, such as limestone, granite, or sandstone, present different challenges in terms of friction and types of holds. The typical condition of the rock (e.g. solid or crumbling, or dry and damp) might be noted. Ice climbers will differentiate between the type of ice (e.g. water ice, permanent alpine ice), and the stability of the ice surface (e.g. sheet ice, thick ice).[2]
  • Type of climb and equipment requirements. A key detail is whether climbing protection is already in-situ (i.e. sport climbing), or must be inserted while climbing (i.e. traditional climbing). The protection equipment needed on traditional climbing routes will vary depending on the type of challenge presented (e.g. crack climbing, slab climbing, etc.). Some routes may require aid climbing and/or abseiling equipment.[2]
  • Length and number of pitches. A key detail is the length of the route, which can vary from a few metres for a bouldering route, to several thousand metres for a big wall climbing or alpine climbing route. Longer routes are broken up into "pitches", which are less than a rope length; climbers will lead each pitch one at a time. For example, The Nose is over 880-metres long, and breaks up into 31-pitches.[2]
  • Graphical topo of the route. Most guidebooks will include a photograph or drawing showing the line of the route. For more complicated routes (and for longer multi-pitch routes), a more detailed "topo" (short for topographic) illustration will include symbols for key obstacles (e.g. roofs, overhangs, aretes) and key features (e.g. corners, cracks) encountered on the route;[2] and information on the crux(es).[5]
  • Grade of technical difficulty and risk. Routes are graded for their technical difficulty – particularly for the crux(es) – and the availability of adequate protection. Each route type will use the appropriate grading system such as: boulder grades, sport grades, traditional grades, aid grades, or ice grades. Big wall grade and alpine grade systems have additional grades for the level of commitment and seriousness of the route.[2]
  • Estimated timings (for longer routes). Multi-pitch climbs and the even-longer big wall and alpine climbs will include details of the estimated timetable for the route, which might go from hours to several days and weeks. These timings may include additional information on key milestones that need to be reached in a given time to achieve the overall route timetable and to complete the route safely with sufficient provisions.[2]
  • History of first ascent (FA), first free ascent (FFA), and first female free ascent (FFFA). Guidebooks record the first person(s) to do the FA, FFA, and FFFA of the route. Information may be recorded regarding the "style" of the ascent and whether it was practiced beforehand by top roping. The level of aid used for the FA might be recorded, as well as near-FFAs that used minor aid. On alpine routes, the first winter ascent is recorded.[2]
  • Popularity and other feedback. Modern guidebooks will also include some manner of popularity rating for individual routes in a climbing area (e.g. awarding 3-stars to the most popular/best-regarded routes, which are often called "classics").[1] They may also include additional climber feedback (or beta) on the route such as whether it requires muscle power, balance/footwork, or strong fingers to be successful.[2]

Terminology

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Main article: Glossary of climbing terms

Types of routes

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Crack climbing
Face climbing
Slab climbing
Overhang/roof climbing

Climbers will often differentiate climbing routes by the general types of challenges they present. Four of the main types of challenges are:[6]

  • Crack climbing, are routes following a system of crack(s) that the climber uses to ascend the route; the width of the crack dictates the techniques needed, and crack-climbs are further differentiated by the body parts that can be 'jammed' into them.[7][8]
  • Face climbing, where the rock face is fully vertical, unlike in slab climbing, and is largely featureless, unlike in crack climbing; face-climbing routes are typically sustained and exposed, and longer multi-pitch routes can become big wall climbing.[6]
  • Slab climbing, where the rock face is 'off-angle' and not fully vertical; while the softer angle enables climbers to place more of their body weight on their feet, slab climbs maintain the challenge by having smaller holds.[6][9]
  • Overhang (climbing), where the rock face leans back at an angle of over 90 degrees for part or all of the climb, and at its most severe can be a horizontal roof; most of the hardest modern climbs are continuously overhanging.[6]

Ascents of routes

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The definition of what is classed as a valid ascent of a climbing route is a redpoint.[10] Many routes may not be climbed on the first attempt, and will require days (and in some cases, years) of attempts; when a climber undertakes such a task, it is sometimes called projecting a route (i.e. the route becomes a "project").[10] When a climber does climb the route on their first attempt without any falls and without any prior knowledge of how to climb the route (which is called beta), it is known as an onsight;[10] where the climber had prior beta on the route, it is known as a flash.[10] Alpine climbers distinguish whether the ascent was made in summer or in the more difficult winter season (e.g. it was not until 2021 that K2 was climbed in winter).[11]

Style of route ascents

[edit]
Alex Honnold's 2017 free solo of Freerider (5.13a, 7c+), El Capitan

Climbers will also seek to improve the "style" in which a route is climbed. A route that uses a lot of aid climbing will be reclimbed with less and less aid until it is eventually "free climbed" (i.e. using no aid, either as a sport or a traditional climb).[10][12] Greenpointing refers to the process of even removing any existing in-situ sport climbing protection bolts to ascend the route as a cleaner traditional climb.[13][14] Alpine climbers seek to complete established high-altitude "expedition style" routes in alpine style with no supplemental oxygen or any fixed ropes, and even alone.[15] Free solo climbers seek to ascend a route with no protection equipment whatsoever (e.g. as in the 2018 film, Free Solo).[16] Some big wall climbers set speed records on routes (e.g. The Nose).[17][12]

Variations of routes

[edit]
North face of the Eiger: The original 1938 Heckmair Route (blue-line #2), contrasts with the 1966 Harlin Direttissima (pink-line #3), and the 1969 Japanese Direttissima (pink-line #6). Not shown is the 2006 Russian Direttissima which is an almost straight vertical line between the Harlin and Japanese routes.

When a climbing route has been established, variations may be added, a typical one being a more "direct" line (e.g. a direct start or direct finish) of the original route, also called a direttissima in alpine climbing, and thus not avoiding the difficult obstacles that the original route went around (e.g. a roof or an overhang, or a section with minimal holds).[18] Boulder climbers might add a harder sit start "SS" (or sit-down-start, "SDS") variation to a boulder route (e.g. the SDS of Dreamtime is graded well above the standing start version).[19] Alpine and big wall climbers often seek to link established routes together in a larger enchainment (or "link-up") route (e.g. the notable Moonwalk Traverse of the entire Cerro Chaltén Group in Patagonia).[20]

The straightforward and frequently used (and usually easiest and often the original) route up a mountain peak is often called the normal route (French: voie normale; German: Normalweg) in mountaineering.[21]

Debates

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Naming of routes

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Traditionally, in many countries, the person who made the first ascent of a route was allowed to name it (in France, the naming rights go to whoever first bolted the route);[4] this concept of "naming ownership" by the first ascensionist led to inertia with regard to the changing of problematic names including route names that were vulgar or had racial, sexual, colonial, discriminatory or other, slurs, tropes or stereotyping.[22][23][24]

In 2020, the climbing community more directly confronted the issue of problematic names.[22][25] In June 2020, climbing author Andrew Bisharat wrote in Rock & Ice that "routes belong to us all. That should include their names" in regard to changing problematic names.[22][26] At the same time, Duane Raleigh, the editor of Rock & Ice, stepped down from his post recognizing some problematic names that he had given his own routes in the past.[22] The debate intensified, reaching national media attention in countries around the world,[27][28] and was described as climbing's "#MeToo" moment.[29]

In 2021, the American Alpine Club created the "Climb United" initiative to bring magazine editors, guidebook publishers and database managers, and other climbing community leaders together to create principles for naming routes that would "Build the best publishing practices to avoid harm caused by discriminatory or oppressive route names".[30] Many climbing guidebook publishers and route databases introduced policies to redact inappropriate route names,[31] including the largest online databases, theCrag.com,[3] and MountainProject.com (who had redacted 6,000 names in the first year).[32]

Manufactured or artificial routes

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Some climbers have physically altered the natural rock surface to "construct" a route (or make a route more climbable), by cutting or expanding handholds,[33] which is also known as chipping.[34] Such acts have at times caused controversy (e.g. Fred Rouhling's Akira and Hugh), but at other times has not (e.g. Antoine Le Menestrel [fr]'s famous Buoux route, La Rose et la Vampire).[35] A 2022 survey by Climbing showed climbers were largely against manufacturing routes on natural outdoor rock on public lands, but were less negative on private lands (or on routes in quarries); they were willing to allow "cleaning" of routes (which some consider manufacturing), and also the repairing of routes (e.g. gluing back broken holds).[34]

In contrast, indoor climbing is done on completely artificially manufactured sport climbing routes on climbing walls, as is competition climbing where a route setter manufactures a completely new route for each stage of the competition.[36] In 2017, Black Diamond Equipment launched "The Project" on an indoor climbing wall in Sweden, with the aim of creating the world's hardest sport climbing route at circa. 5.15d (9c); it was later deconstructed having never been fully ascended, despite attempts by some of the world's best climbers, including Adam Ondra, Stefano Ghisolfi, and Alex Megos.[37] Since then, other "Project-type" routes have been created on other climbing walls, with the goal of being the world's hardest route.[37]

Permanent-protection and retro-bolting of routes

[edit]
In-situ sport climbing protection showing a rope clipped into a quickdraw, that is clipped into a permanently fixed climbing bolt.

There has been a long-term debate in the climbing world on the use of permanently fixed in-situ climbing protection (e.g. such as bolts or pitons) on climbing routes.[38] Such protection is not to provide aid (i.e. it is not aid-climbing per se), but to increase the safety of the route.[38] Climbers call routes that have such protection, "sport climbing routes" (i.e. there is no risk, so it is purely a sport).[38] In the 1980s and 1990s in the US, this debate became so heated that it was known as the "bolt wars", with climbers bolt chopping (i.e. removing in-situ protection) on routes they considered to be traditional-only routes (i.e. no in-situ protection).[38]

While all indoor climbing routes are bolted sport routes, the use of bolts in the outdoor natural environment raised environmental considerations, which led to the development of the clean climbing movement.[38]

Other objections to pre-bolted protection highlighted the effect that such protection had on the very nature and challenge of a climbing route.[39] In 1971, Italian mountaineer Reinhold Messner wrote a famous essay called The Murder of the Impossible (which was believed to have been inspired by the 400-bolt Compressor Route), challenging that the use of such protection was diminishing the nature of mountaineering, saying of such climbers: "he carries his courage in his rucksack, in the form of bolts and equipment".[39] Such concerns also relate to the debate on retro-bolting of traditional climbing routes, which is the conversion into safer sport climbing routes,[40] but that also fundamentally alters the nature of the route challenge.[41]

Notable routes

[edit]

Rock climbing

[edit]
Main articles: List of grade milestones in rock climbing and Traditional climbing § Hardest routes

Ice climbing

[edit]
Main articles: Ice climbing § Evolution of grade milestones, Mixed climbing § Evolution of grade milestones, and Dry-tooling § Evolution of grade milestones
  • Ice climbing. Notable ice routes include the first to get near/above the WI6 grade milestone (i.e. sheer vertical sustained ice) such as Gimme Shelter, Riptide, and Sea of Vapours in the Canadian Rockies,[50] and Repentance Super in the Val di Cogne in Italy.[51] Since 2010, Helmcken Falls in Canada has produced overhanging ice climbs above the WI10 grade, including Mission to Mars the world's first-ever WI13 graded ice route.[50]
  • Mixed climbing. The most famous route is Jeff Lowe's Octopussy WI6 M8 R, which started the mixed climbing revolution; this was followed by early consensus M10-12 routes in Europe and North America such as Reptile in Vail, Colorado, X-files and Empire Strikes Back in Val di Cogne, and Musashi in Canada.[52] Iron Man in Switzerland became the world's first consensus M14, and also the world's first-ever FFFA of an M14.[53]
  • Dry tooling. Notable routes include Bichette Light in France, the world's first-ever D14 (and with no mixed/ice component). The Tomorrow's World Cave in the Dolomites in Italy produced the world's first-ever consensus D15 (A Line Above the Sky), and consensus D16 (Parallel World) routes.[54]

Mountaineering

[edit]
Main article: Alpine climbing § Milestones
  • Alpine climbing. One of the most famous alpine climbing routes is the 1938 Heckmair Route (ED2 V− A0 60 degrees), on the north face of the Eiger. The route is also one of the famous six alpine routes that first ascended the great north faces of the Alps. As alpine climbing spread outside of the Alps, famous alpine style routes were established on Himalayan peaks such as Latok I, The Ogre, Changabang, and Jannu.
  • Expedition climbing. The most famous expedition climbing routes involve the eight-thousanders, which are the 14 mountains in the Himalayas and the Karakoram that are above 8,000 metres (26,247 ft) in height above sea level. While reaching the summits of eight-thousanders by any route was once considered a major milestone, the development of even harder climbs on their faces and pillars has created several famous routes amongst climbers including the "Rupal Face" on Nanga Parbat and the "Magic Line" on K2's southwest pillar; both of which have been tried by alpine climbers.

See also

[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Climbing routes.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Adamson, Michael (6 February 2009). "The Guidebook Odyssey – Unearthing the epic task of writing a guidebook". Climbing. Retrieved 26 August 2023.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Ryan, Mick; James, Alan (July 2002). How to write ... a MiniGuide (PDF). RockFax. pp. 1–15. Retrieved 26 August 2023.
  3. ^ a b "Route naming policy". theCrag. 2023. Retrieved 26 August 2023.
  4. ^ a b Carpenter, Hayden (25 December 2017). "Margo Hayes Sends Biographie/Realization (5.15a)". Rock & Ice. Retrieved 26 August 2023.
  5. ^ Robinson, Doug (23 March 2023). "Guidebooks Are Still a Problem". Climbing. Retrieved 26 August 2023.
  6. ^ a b c d Long, John; Gaines, Bob (August 2022). "Introduction: Getting Started (Modes of Ascent)". How to Rock Climb (6th ed.). Falcon Guides. pp. vi–xx. ISBN 978-1493056262.
  7. ^ Long, John; Gaines, Bob (August 2022). "Chapter 5. Crack Climbing". How to Rock Climb (6th ed.). Falcon Guides. pp. 85–121. ISBN 978-1493056262.
  8. ^ Whittaker, Pete (January 2020). Crack Climbing. Vertebrate Publishing. ISBN 978-1493056262.
  9. ^ "What Is Slab Climbing? + 7 Slab Climbing Technique TipsWhat Is Slab Climbing? + 7 Slab Climbing Technique Tips". Climber (Magazine). 22 September 2021. Retrieved 5 October 2024.
  10. ^ a b c d e Andrew Bisharat (6 October 2009). "Chapter 9: Onsighting: Strategies for Success on Routes". Sport Climbing: From Toprope to Redpoint, Techniques for Climbing Success. Mountaineers Books. pp. 192–200. ISBN 978-1594852701. Retrieved 23 August 2023.
  11. ^ Beaumont, Peter (16 January 2021). "Nepalese team makes first successful winter ascent of a route on K2". The Guardian. Retrieved 26 August 2023.
  12. ^ a b Ogden, Jared (2005). "Chapter 1: Wall Climbing Fundamentals - Style & Ethics". Big Wall Climbing: Elite Technique (1st ed.). Mountaineers Books. pp. 87–91. ISBN 978-0898867480.
  13. ^ "Heiko Queitsch greenpoint climbing in the Frankenjura". PlanetMountain. 3 August 2012. Retrieved 22 December 2022.
  14. ^ "Chasin the Trane greenpoint in the Frankenjura". PlanetMountain. 7 November 2011. Retrieved 22 December 2022. Greenpoint? OK redpoint, even pinkpoint is tried and tested (i.e. with gear already pre-placed) . But greenpoint? Ay yes, it's the term used to define climbing a sport route without the bolts but using trad gear such as nuts and camming devices! What might at first glance seem somewhat contorted is in fact a movement that is gaining popularity.
  15. ^ "Alpine style". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 5 May 2023.
  16. ^ Osius, Alison (4 June 2022). "Free Solo Rock Climbing and the Climbers Who Have Defined the Sport". Climbing. Retrieved 26 November 2022.
  17. ^ Moye, Jayme (6 June 2018). "Alex Honnold and Tommy Caldwell Set Historic Speed Record on "Nose" route on El Capitan". National Geographic. Archived from the original on June 23, 2021. Retrieved 26 August 2023.
  18. ^ "Eiger North Face, Japanese Diretissima freed by Jasper and Schäli". PlanetMountain. 18 September 2009. Retrieved 26 August 2023.
  19. ^ Copeland, Victor (15 October 2022). "The Weird Origins Of Bouldering's Sit Start". Climbing. Retrieved 13 August 2023.
  20. ^ McDonald, Dougald (18 February 2014). "Honnold and Caldwell Complete First Ascent of Fitz Traverse "Mega Route"". Rock & Ice. Retrieved 26 August 2023.
  21. ^ Hartemann, Frederic; Hauptman, Robert (2005-06-15). The Mountain Encyclopedia: An A to Z Compendium of Over 2,250 Terms, Concepts, Ideas, and People. Taylor Trade Publishing. ISBN 9781461703310.
  22. ^ a b c d Tabachnik, Sam (17 January 2021). "Inside rock climbing's rancorous debate over offensive route names". The Denver Post. Retrieved 26 August 2023.
  23. ^ Dobner, Sarah-Jane (19 June 2019). "The Perfect Line: Naming and Claiming". UKClimbing. Retrieved 26 August 2023.
  24. ^ Anderssen, Erin (27 June 2019). "Naming and shaming: How climbers are wrestling with the sport's tradition of naming routes". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved 26 August 2023.
  25. ^ Buhay, Corey (25 August 2020). "Rated R: Should Obscene or Offensive Routes Be Renamed?". Climbing. Retrieved 26 August 2023.
  26. ^ Bisharat, Andrew (25 June 2020). "Between the Lines: It's Time To Change Offensive Route Names". Rock & Ice. Retrieved 26 August 2023.
  27. ^ Kandula, Ikya (19 May 2021). "The Racism of the Great Outdoors". The Washington Post. Retrieved 26 August 2023.
  28. ^ "Austrian climbers at odds over far-right dogwhistle route names". Agence France-Presse. 9 November 2022. Retrieved 26 August 2023.
  29. ^ Marx, David (11 August 2020). "Rock climbing's new-found popularity uncovers dark past of unsavoury route names, sparking its #MeToo moment". ABC Australia. Retrieved 26 August 2023.
  30. ^ "Climb United: A Modern Rethinking of Route Names". Gripped Magazine. 8 April 2021. Retrieved 26 August 2023.
  31. ^ Pullan, Brandon (23 September 2020). "Offensive Rock Climb Names in Squamish Changed". Gripped Magazine. Retrieved 26 August 2023.
  32. ^ Samet, Matt (30 March 2023). "Harmful vs. Offensive: The Troublesome Debate Over Climbing Route Names". GearJunkie. Retrieved 26 August 2023.
  33. ^ Heller, Brad (27 December 2016). "Leslie Gulch's Controversial Route-Building Laboratory". Climbing. Retrieved 26 August 2023.
  34. ^ a b Dawn, Stefani (6 June 2022). "Where's the Line Between Chipping and Cleaning on Routes?". Climbing. Retrieved 26 August 2023.
  35. ^ Ward, Pete (2004). "The Other Side of Fred Rouhling". Climbing. Retrieved 22 June 2022.
  36. ^ Walker, Noah (3 May 2021). "Kaleb Thomas and the Next Step for Routesetting". Gripped Magazine. Retrieved 26 August 2023.
  37. ^ a b Miller, Delaney (12 November 2021). "Is This the World's Hardest Indoor Route?". Climbing. Retrieved 23 August 2023.
  38. ^ a b c d e Andrew Bisharat (6 October 2009). "Chapter 1: Ethics, Style and the Emergence of Sport Climbing". Sport Climbing: From Toprope to Redpoint, Techniques for Climbing Success. Mountaineers Books. pp. 31–34. ISBN 978-1594852701. Retrieved 23 August 2023. Bolt Wars
  39. ^ a b Franz, Derek (10 March 2023). "Between safety and boldness". Alpinist. Vol. 81. Retrieved 26 August 2023.
  40. ^ Miller, Sam (26 October 2022). "Opinion: Not Retro-Bolting Is Irresponsible. A Doctor Sounds Off". Climbing. Retrieved 1 March 2023.
  41. ^ Bordeau, Steve (18 July 2023). "Should We Really Retro-bolt That Dangerous Classic?". Climbing. Retrieved 12 September 2023.
  42. ^ "Dreamtime at Cresciano, the boulder problem by Fred Nicole between dream and reality". PlanetMountain. 6 July 2017. Retrieved 11 August 2023.
  43. ^ Kuelthau, Willis (28 August 2021). "Rock Stars: 10 of the Most Famous Boulder Problems in the World". 99boulders. Retrieved 26 August 2023.
  44. ^ a b Oviglia, Maurizio (23 December 2012). "The evolution of free climbing routes". PlanetMountain.com. Retrieved 4 January 2022.
  45. ^ Laird, Sam (June 2023). "The Hard 100: The Hardest Sport Climbs in the World". HardClimbs. Retrieved 26 August 2023.
  46. ^ Walker, Noah (27 March 2023). "An exploration of the world's most impossible sport climbs and the new standards that they set". Gripped Magazine. Retrieved 26 August 2023.
  47. ^ "The World's Hardest Traditional Climbing Routes by Winter 2021". Gripped Magazine. 1 February 2021. Retrieved 21 March 2023.
  48. ^ Editorial (1 June 2016). "The 25 Greatest Moments in Yosemite Climbing History". Outside. Retrieved 4 December 2022.
  49. ^ a b "100 Years of Big-Wall Free Climbing". Gripped Magazine. 4 January 2015. Retrieved 18 May 2023.
  50. ^ a b "New Ice Climb Gets Elusive WI7, Here's Some Grade History". Gripped Magazine. 15 April 2022. Retrieved 5 May 2023.
  51. ^ "Repentance Super, the most coveted ice climb in Cogne". PlanetMountain.
  52. ^ Slawinski, Raphael (2002). "Degrees of Freedom: From dry tooling to figure fours, M-climbing in the mountains is redefining the vision of what's a climbable line". American Alpine Journal. 44 (76): 72–85. Retrieved 1 May 2023.
  53. ^ Gresham, Neil; Parnell, Ian (January 2009). "Evolution of sport mixed climbing". Winter CLIMBING+. Rockfax. p. 176. ISBN 978-1873341964.
  54. ^ "Generation Dry, discovering the world of Dry Tooling". PlanetMountain. 4 January 2019. Retrieved 2 May 2023.
[edit]
  • theCrag, Europe's largest online rock climbing route database
  • MountainProject, North America's largest online rock and ice climbing route database
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