Chokehold: Difference between revisions
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{{Infobox Grappling hold |
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|name = Chokehold |
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|image = Maldives25a-rear choke.jpg |
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|image_size = 220px |
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|alt = |
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|caption = The lateral vascular neck restraint demonstrated by soldiers of the [[ Maldives National Defence Force|Maldives Armed Forces]] |
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|aka = Stranglehold, shime-waza |
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|parent_style = |
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|classification = |
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|parent_hold = |
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|child_holds = |
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}} |
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A '''chokehold''' or '''choke''' (also '''stranglehold''' or in [[Judo]] referred to as ''shime-waza'', 絞技, "constriction technique"<ref name=ohlenkamp>Ohlenkamp, Neil. [http://judoinfo.com/chokes.htm Principles of Judo Choking Techniques]. ''judoinfo.com''. URL last accessed March 3, 2006.</ref>) is a general term for [[grappling hold]] that critically reduces or prevents either air ([[choking]])<ref name=oxford>''The New Oxford Dictionary of English'' (1999). Oxford University press. ISBN 0-19-861263-X.</ref> or blood ([[strangling]]) from passing through the neck of an opponent. The restriction may be of one or both and depends on the hold used and the reaction of the victim. The lack of blood or air may lead to [[unconsciousness]] or even [[death]] if the hold is maintained. Chokeholds are used in [[martial arts]], [[combat sports]], [[self-defense]], [[law-enforcement|law enforcement]] and in military [[hand to hand combat]] applications. They are considered superior to brute-force [[strangling#Manual strangulation|manual strangling]], which generally requires a large disparity in physical strength to be effective.<ref name=jones>Jones, Richard. [http://www.forensicmed.co.uk/asphyxia.htm Asphyxia], [http://www.forensicmed.co.uk/strangulation.htm Strangulation]. ''www.forensicmed.co.uk''. URL last accessed February 26, 2006.</ref> Rather than using the fingers or arms to attempt to crush the neck, chokeholds effectively use leverage such as [[Figure-four (grappling hold)|figure-four hold]]s or collar holds that use the clothes to assist in the constriction. . |
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The terminology used varies, in most [[martial art]]s, the term "chokehold" or "choke" is used for all types of grappling holds that strangle. This can be misleading as most holds aim to strangle not choke with the exception of "air chokes" (choking means "to have severe difficulty in breathing because of a constricted or obstructed throat or a lack of air"<ref name=oxford/>). In [[Judo]] terminology, "blood chokes" are referred to as "strangleholds" or "strangles" while "air chokes" are called "chokeholds" or "chokes".<ref name=ohlenkamp/> In [[forensics]] the terms "strangle" and "stranglehold" designate any type of neck compression,<ref name=jones/> while in law-enforcement they are referred to as "neck holds".<ref name=reay>Reay, Donald; Eisele, John. [http://www.charlydmiller.com/LIB/1982neckholds.html Death from law enforcement neck holds]. ''www.charlydmiller.com''.URL last accessed March 3, 2006</ref> |
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</div> |
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==Air choke== |
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An '''air choke''' or tracheal choke specifically refers to a "true" choke that compresses the upper airway ([[Vertebrate trachea|trachea]], [[larynx]] or [[laryngopharynx]]), hence interfering with breathing, and leading to [[asphyxia]]. Although less effective at inducing unconsciousness than its vascular counterpart,<!--it is common knowledge; does not need cite--> the air choke causes excruciating pain and [[air hunger]], and in combat sports a fighter will usually submit to such a submission hold. Air chokes have been associated with fractures of the larynx or [[hyoid bone]], and are considered less safe than blood chokes to practice. The common law-enforcement arm bar choke is an air choke done by placing the forearm across the front of the neck from behind. The free hand grabs the wrist and pulls back the forearm, hence driving the forearm (usually the radius bone) into the front of the neck. The Air choke tends to be considered less effective due to the way that it is commonly performed; a properly performed air choke is just as fast as a blood choke. Rather than going directly into the windpipe, they attack the nerve that causes the gag reflex.{{Citation needed|date=April 2012}} |
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==Blood choke== |
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Blood chokes, carotid restraint or sleeper holds, are a form of [[strangling|strangulation]] that compress one or both [[carotid arteries]] and/or the [[jugular veins]] without compressing the airway, hence causing [[cerebral ischemia]] and a temporary [[Hypoxia (medical)|hypoxic]] condition in the brain.<ref name=koiwai>Koiwai, Karl. [http://judoinfo.com/chokes6.htm Deaths Allegedly Caused by the Use of "Choke Holds" (Shime-Waza)]. ''judoinfo.com''. URL last accessed March 3, 2006.</ref> A well applied blood choke may lead to unconsciousness in a matter of seconds. Compared to traditional manual strangulation, properly applied blood chokes require little physical strength, and can be applied successfully by a smaller person.<ref name=koiwai2>Koiwai, Karl. [http://judoinfo.com/chokes5.htm How Safe is Choking in Judo?]. ''judoinfo.com''. URL last accessed March 3, 2006.</ref> |
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==Use in combat sports== |
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Most chokeholds featured in combat sports and martial arts are blood chokes, although some air chokes or combinations occur as well. Blood chokes, especially the [[rear naked choke]], [[Triangle choke|triangle chokes]], or [[Keikogi|gi]] chokes, are commonly used as submission holds in [[Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu]]. In [[Judo]], chokeholds, known as '''shime-waza''', are used but are often subject to restrictions based on age or rank. Chokeholds are not allowed in [[Sambo (martial art)|Sport Sambo]] but are allowed in Combat Sambo. The chokeholds used in [[Catch wrestling]] and [[Shoot wrestling]] are the inspiration for the "chokeholds" in modern [[professional wrestling]] performances. Due to the effectiveness of chokeholds and their popularity in a wide variety of martial arts, they are often used to force submissions in [[mixed martial art]] and [[submission grappling]] competitions. |
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==Use in law enforcement== |
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The '''lateral vascular neck restraint''' (also called '''sleeper hold''') was once a widely taught blood choke in law enforcement, and was performed from behind by putting an arm around the neck with the crook of the elbow over the midline of the neck. By pinching the arm together while assisting with the free hand, the carotid arteries and jugular veins were compressed on both sides of the neck. This hold did not put any pressure on the airway, but an improperly applied hold could quickly turn into an air choke if the person being [[strangled]] resisted the [[grappling hold|hold]] by attempting to turn around.<ref name=dimaio>DiMaio, Vincent; DiMaio, Dominick (2001). ''Forensic Pathology, Second Edition''. [http://www.charlydmiller.com/LIB/forensicpathasphyxia.html Selected Pages from CHAPTER 8] and from [http://www.datenschlag.org/howto/atem/english/DiM89.html Deaths Occurring Following the Application of Choke or Carotid Holds]. ''www.charlydmiller.com''. URL last accessed March 2, 2006.</ref> |
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Due to risks of injuries, American [[Law enforcement agency|law enforcement agencies]] restrict or forbid its use. The [[Los Angeles Police Department]], for example, prohibited its officers from using air chokes and restricted use of the carotid hold to instances where death or serious bodily injury was threatened, after routinely using chokeholds for many years.<ref name=raleymitchell>Mitchell, Michael. [http://web.archive.org/web/20080326195153/http://www.geocities.com/CapitolHill/6416/choke.html LAPD Chokehold history].''[http://www.geocities.com/CapitolHill/6416/choke.html'' http://www.geocities.com/CapitolHill/6416/choke.html'']{{dead link|date=October 2010|bot=AnomieBOT}}. URL last accessed December 4, 2006.</ref> The [[BART Police | Bay Area Rapid Transit Police]] are completely prohibited from using carotid holds.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bart.gov/docs/police/General%20Operations%20-%20Part%201.pdf |title=Bay Area Rapid Transit Police Department Policy Manual: Chapter 3 - General Operations: 300.2.5 |publisher=BART Police |date= 2011-01-26 |accessdate=2011-10-05}}</ref> |
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==Partial list of chokeholds== |
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[[File:Peruvian Necktie.jpg|thumb|Peruvian Necktie executed in competition]] |
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[[File:65151912_3mjE6-L-1.jpg|thumb|right|Gi choke in judo competition.]] |
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{{Expand list|date=December 2011}} |
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* [[Anaconda choke]] – Choke starting with attacker facing the opponent on all fours. Attacker passes his leading arm under the neck, and outside past one of the opponent's arms while then grabbing his own other arm's free arm biceps (resulting in similar arm positioning to a rear naked choke). The attacker then arches his back, bending backward to apply the choke. (Not to be confused with a gator roll choke, which involves the roll) |
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* [[Arm triangle choke]] – Similar to the leg [[triangle choke]] except that it is performed from above a grounded opponent using the arms. |
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* [[Arm triangle choke#D'Arce choke|D'arce Choke]] – the D'Arce choke, also known as the Brabo choke, is similar to the Anaconda choke, the main divergence being the choking arm is threaded under the near arm, in front of the opponent's neck, and on top of the far arm. |
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* [[Arm triangle choke#Gator_Roll_Choke|Gator Roll Choke]] – Choke starting with attacker facing the opponent on all fours, similar arm positioning to a rear naked choke. Not to be confused with an anaconda choke, which does not involve the roll. |
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* [[Judo technique#Shime-waza .28.E7.B5.9E.E6.8A.80.29: chokes or strangles|Shime-waza choke]] – Any choke applied by using the opponents [[Keikogi|gi]] (i.e. uniform), most commonly used in Judo and Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu (Example: Ezequiel choke, slide choke, half nelson choke, bow and arrow choke, clock choke). |
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* [[Gogoplata]] – Performed from full guard by using an [[Omoplata]] setup to trap the top man's arm, then pulling the bottom man's foot past the top man's head, pressing the shin of that leg against the throat. The bottom man then pulls on his opponent's head, cutting off the airflow and forcing him to submit or risk passing out from lack of oxygen. |
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* [[Guillotine choke|Guillotine]] – Applied in front of and above the opponent, holding their neck in the crook of the elbow. A common finishing hold in mixed martial arts.<ref name=sherdog/> |
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* North-South choke – Applied from the [[north-south position]] with opponent facing up. Uses the biceps to cut off blood flow on one side of the neck. Takes longer than most chokeholds to take effect. |
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* [[Rear naked choke]] – Applied from behind the opponent, starting by looping one arm around the neck so that the crook of the elbow is under the opponents chin, then placing the hand of that arm on the opposite biceps. The other hand is then placed on the back of the opponent's head and pushes the opponent's head and neck forward into the crook of the flexed arm. Additional pressure may be applied by pinioning the opponent's lower body by locking the legs around the opponent's waist (referred to as "[[Hooks (grappling)|hooks]]") and arching the back to place more force against the neck. A simple and effective chokehold, it is the most common<ref name=sherdog>Sherdog.com. [http://www.sherdog.com/stats/fightendings_ratio.htm Top 20 most common fight endings] ''www.sherdog.com''. URL last accessed February 5, 2006.</ref> finishing hold in mixed martial arts competition. |
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* [[Triangle choke]] – Applied from full guard or from mount, the opponent's neck is trapped in a triangle formed by their own arm and the attacker's thigh and calf. A common finishing hold in [[Mixed martial arts]].<ref name=sherdog/> |
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* Peruvian Necktie – another chokehold variant created by Peruvian [[Mixed martial arts|MMA]] fighter [[Tony DeSouza]] |
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==Further reading== |
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*[[Zev_Yaroslavsky#LAPD|Zev Yaroslavsky]] and [[Robert C. Farrell#Positions|Robert C. Farrell]], [[Los Angeles City Council]] members in the 1970s, who worked to ban chokeholds in the [[LAPD#Other_controversies|Los Angeles Police Department]]. |
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*[http://www.forcescience.org/fsinews/2012/02/force-science-news-198-vascular-neck-restraint-reprieve-for-a-bum-rapped-technique/#more-979 Force Science News #198: Vascular neck restraint: Reprieve for a bum-rapped technique] |
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==See also== |
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* [[Choking game]] |
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* [[Compression lock]] |
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* [[Grapple tackle]] - used in rugby football |
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* [[Joint lock]] |
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==References== |
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{{reflist}} |
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==External links== |
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* [http://www.bestjudo.com/article1.shtml Hadakajime - Air or Blood Choke?]. Discussion about whether ''[[hadakajime]]'' can be classified as an air or blood choke. |
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* Joe Rogan doing a Blood choke http://www.spike.com/player?ifilmId=2685057&refsite=7063 |
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{{grappling}} |
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[[Category:Grappling positions]] |
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[[Category:Chokeholds| ]] |
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[[Category:Law enforcement techniques]] |
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[[Category:Martial art techniques]] |
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[[cs:Zardoušení]] |
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[[de:Würgegriff]] |
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[[eo:Sufoka preno]] |
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[[fr:Étranglement (art martial)]] |
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[[ja:絞め技]] |
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[[no:Kvelertak]] |
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[[oc:Estranglament (art marciau)]] |
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[[pl:Duszenie (chwyt)]] |
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[[pt:Chave de braço (judô)]] |
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[[sv:Strypning]] |
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[[zh-yue:迷魂鎖]] |
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Revision as of 18:32, 16 May 2012
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