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China–Ghana relations

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China-Ghana relations
Map indicating locations of China and Ghana

China
Ghana

China-Ghanaian relations refer to the current and historical relationship between the Republic of Ghana and the People's Republic of China (PRC).

History

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Zhou Enlai with President Nkrumah on his visit to Ghana in April 1964
Huang Hua in 1961 became PRC's first ambassador to Ghana

China and Ghana established diplomatic relations on July 5, 1960.[1]: 345  Since then Ghana has provided substantial diplomatic support to the PRC with the PRC reciprocating with material support for Ghana's development.

In the 1960s President Nkrumah lobbied for the PRC's reinstatement in the United Nations. Nkrumah also supported the PRC during the Sino-Indian War in 1962. Nkrumah's dressing changed to the Chinese-supplied Mao suit.[2][3]

After the coup, Nkrumah stayed in Beijing for four days and Premier Zhou Enlai treated Nkrumah with courtesy.[4] The post-coup Ghana government closed the Chinese embassy in 1966, because in its view China continued to support Nkrumah, who had taken refuge in Guinea.[1]: 345  Chinese government personnel left Ghana in November 1966.[1]: 345 

Ghana and China restored diplomatic relations in January 1972.[1]: 345 

In the early 1990s, China built Ghana's National Theatre as a reward for Ghana's diplomatic support following the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre. After Kufuor was elected president of Ghana in 2001 the PRC gave Ghana a US$2.4 million grant to renovate the theatre.[5]

Official visits

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Ghanaian Embassy in Beijing, PR China

The two countries have enjoyed a strong relationship since 1960, with high-level official visits to China by then President Nkrumah and reciprocal visits to Ghana by Premier Zhou Enlai. In 2002 Ghana's President John Kufuor made a high-level visit to China, and in 2003 China's President Hu Jintao visited Ghana. Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao visited Ghana on the second leg of his seven-nation tour of Africa in 2007.

In September 2010 Ghanaian President John Evans Atta Mills visited China on an official visit. China reciprocated with a visit in November 2011 by the Vice Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress of China Zhou Tienong who visited Ghana and met with Ghana's then Vice President John Dramani Mahama.[6]

Economy

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Since the 2000s the volume of Chinese trade and investment in Ghana has increased greatly. From a mere $4.4 million Chinese projects registered by the Ghana Investment Promotion Centre in 2000, Chinese registered flows had increased to $1.6 billion in 2014 alone. Despite the manufacturing sector regaining its lead as the largest retainer of Chinese investments in 2014, the General Trade sector has received a largely steady flow of Chinese investments especially since 2004 and therefore the Chinese impact felt more in the trading sector. By 2015, however, Building and Construction sectors of the Ghanaian economy had emerged the largest recipient of Chinese investment flows followed by Manufacturing and General Trade. The Liaison sector which did not attract any Chinese FDI from 2000 to 2008 began to attract Chinese investments from 2009. The Services sector also emerged a significant recipient of Chinese investments from 2006.[7] Despite these economic flows and the tangible physical outcomes of Chinese companies highlighted in buildings and infrastructure, for most Ghanaian the Chinese presence is manifest in individual Chinese migrants trading in spaces that were hitherto dominated by Ghanaian merchants.[8]

An indication of the importance China attaches to its economic relationship with Ghana in the West African region was the decision to open the fourth office of the China-Africa Development Fund in Accra. Opened in November 2011 the office in Ghana focuses on the West African region for the fund.[9]

Economic assistance

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Ghanaian National Theater built by Chinese assistance.

In 1985, China provided Ghana with aid in the form of an interest-free loan for the building of the Ghanaian National Theater.[10]: 41  China built the project, which it turned over to Ghana upon completion in 1992.[10]: 41  In 1987, China agreed to build and finance the Kathmandu International Conference Center.[10]: 41 

Premier Wen Jiabao's 2007 visit resulted in the signing of six agreements and a US$66 million Chinese loan to expand and upgrade Ghana's telecommunications network. Beijing provided a concessionary loan of US$30 million to support the first phase of a telecommunications project to link all ten regional capitals and 36 towns in Ghana with fiber optic cables.[5]: 4 & 8 [11]

Other Chinese aid projects include:

  • A $6 billion concessionary loan from the China Export Import Bank which Ghana is using to extend its rail network[12]
  • A total of US$43.5 million in development assistance to Ghana between 1964 and 1970 and has written off US$25 million of debt. Recently the China Export and Import Bank (Exim Bank) granted US$562 million loan for the construction of the US$622 million Bui hydro-electric dam.[5]: 7 
  • US$28 million interest-free loan for the construction of the 17 km Ofankor-Nsawam road completed in 2009.[5]: 4 & 8 [13]
  • US$99 million interest-free loan for the construction of landing sites for fishing communities and the Afife rice project.
  • China has provided substantial technical support to Ghana with more than 700 Ghanaians having attended Chinese-funded training courses in education, trading, communication, energy, auditing, agriculture and fisheries operation.[5]: 10–11 

China-Ghanaian trade and Foreign Direct Investment

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China is currently the second largest exporter to Ghana. In 2005 US$433.74 million worth of imports came into Ghana from China with Ghana exporting US$0.1 worth of exports. This reflects a sharp rise in two-way trade between the two countries from $93.13 million in 2000 to $433.74 million in 2005. Most of China's foreign direct investment in Ghana is focused on manufacturing, construction, tourism, trading and services with total investments worth US$75.8 million in 2008. Of 283 projects that Chinese nationals and SOEs have investments in 97 are in manufacturing, 59 in trading, 48 in tourism, 44 in services and 15 in construction.[5]: 14&17  By 2014, total Chinese investments in Ghana had increased to $1.6 billion in that year alone. Whereas total Chinese FDI in Ghana for the 2000 to 2007 period was $199 million, cumulative investments for the 2008 to 2015 period was $2.2 billion.[7]

In addition to macro trade and investment flows, Ghana has seen an increasing influx of Chinese entrepreneurial migrants. Largely independent of Chinese SOEs, they either remained in the country after working for big Chinese firms in Ghana or moved from China to Ghana just to trade. The capital might of the Chinese merchants trading in Ghana have culminated in substantial impacts on Ghanaian traders and trading spaces. Despite affording the average Ghanaian consumer low priced goods, they have displaced not only local Ghanaian traders but also goods coming from neighboring African countries.[7] These have culminated in frictions between the Ghana Union of Traders Association and some Ghanaian traders in general on one part, and Chinese migrants on the other hand. Often drawing contrast with Indian and Lebanese merchants trading in Ghana, Ghanaian traders decry the indiscriminate trading patterns of Chinese merchants and their increasing concentration in spaces that are contested as markets.[8]

In 2008, John Evans Atta-Mills made refurbishing the Kotokoraba Market in Cape Coast a major feature of his presidential campaign.[14]: 123  As President, he sought financing for the refurbishment from China.[14]: 123 

Media

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StarTimes, CGTN Africa, and Xinhua News Agency have a significant presence in Ghana's media landscape and present a pro-Chinese government viewpoint to Ghanaian audiences.[15]

Security

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In April 2007 the CPPCC's Chairman, Jia Qinglin, granted a US$30 million concessional loan for the Dedicated Communications Project to foster closer military and security ties between the two countries. This included a grant of a US$7.5 million for the construction of an office complex for Ghana's Ministry of Defence.[5]: 5 

Ghanaian Chinese

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Main article: Ghanaian Chinese

Ghanaian Chinese are an ethnic group of Chinese diaspora in Ghana. The ancestors of ethnic Chinese migrants to Ghana were of Hong Kong origin. They began arriving in the late 1940s and early 1950s.[16] In the late 1960s and early 1970s, some of the Hong Kong migrants began to bring their wives and children over to Ghana.[17] Migrants from Shanghai also began to arrive round this time.[18] With the economic reform and opening up in the PRC, migrants from mainland China began arriving. Migration from mainland China intensified in the 1990s; some came as employees, but most were independent traders running import-export businesses or restaurants.[17] The sources of migration have also expanded; whereas earlier migrants came mostly from Hong Kong or Shanghai, later Chinese migrants have arrived from Guangdong and Henan as well as the Republic of China on Taiwan.[18] As of 2009 there were an estimated 700,000 ethnic Chinese migrants that have settled in Ghana.[19]

References

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  1. ^ a b c d Shinn, David H.; Eisenman, Joshua (2023). China's Relations with Africa: a New Era of Strategic Engagement. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-21001-0.
  2. ^ ""老外经"心中的周恩来总理". Ministry of Commerce (China). 2014-05-12. Archived from the original on 2018-06-28. Retrieved 2020-01-11.
  3. ^ 杨明伟; 陈扬勇. 周恩来外交风云. 解放军文艺出版社. 1995. ISBN 9787503306907. p.357
  4. ^ "The Confused Moments Of Nkrumah In China After The Coup". modernghana.com. Retrieved 2018-08-19.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g Idun-Arkhurst, Isaac (2008). Ghana's Relations with China. Johannesburg: South African Institute of International Affairs. ISBN 978-1-919969-32-9.
  6. ^ Deng, Shasha (November 12, 2011). "Visiting senior Chinese official lauds Ghana for political stability, national unity". Xinhua. Archived from the original on September 9, 2013. Retrieved November 13, 2011.
  7. ^ a b c Dankwah, Kwaku Opoku and Marko Valenta (2019) (2019). "Chinese entrepreneurial migrants in Ghana: socioeconomic impacts and Ghanaian trader attitudes". Journal of Modern African Studies. 57: 1–29. doi:10.1017/S0022278X18000678. hdl:11250/2608582. S2CID 159241142. Retrieved 2019-04-03.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  8. ^ a b Dankwah, Kwaku Opoku; Amoah, Padmore Adusei (2 January 2019). "Gauging the dispositions between indigenes, Chinese and other immigrant traders in Ghana: towards a more inclusive society". Asian Ethnicity. 20 (1): 67–84. doi:10.1080/14631369.2018.1490173. S2CID 150201924.
  9. ^ Chinese Embassy in Ghana (November 16, 2011). "The Fourth Office of China-Africa Development Fund Inaugurated in Ghana". The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China. Retrieved November 22, 2011.
  10. ^ a b c Strange, Austin (2023-12-21). Chinese Global Infrastructure (EPUB). Elements in Global China. Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781009090902. ISBN 978-1-009-09090-2.
  11. ^ Austin Strange, Bradley C. Parks, Michael J. Tierney, Andreas Fuchs, Axel Dreher, and Vijaya Ramachandran. 2013. China’s Development Finance to Africa: A Media-Based Approach to Data Collection. CGD Working Paper 323. Washington DC: Center for Global Development. http://aiddatachina.org/projects/130
  12. ^ Austin Strange, Bradley C. Parks, Michael J. Tierney, Andreas Fuchs, Axel Dreher, and Vijaya Ramachandran. 2013. China’s Development Finance to Africa: A Media-Based Approach to Data Collection. CGD Working Paper 323. Washington DC: Center for Global Development. http://aiddatachina.org/projects/28056 Archived 2013-06-28 at archive.today
  13. ^ Austin Strange, Bradley C. Parks, Michael J. Tierney, Andreas Fuchs, Axel Dreher, and Vijaya Ramachandran. 2013. China’s Development Finance to Africa: A Media-Based Approach to Data Collection. CGD Working Paper 323. Washington DC: Center for Global Development. http://aiddatachina.org/projects/120
  14. ^ a b Curtis, Simon; Klaus, Ian (2024). The Belt and Road City: Geopolitics, Urbanization, and China's Search for a New International Order. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. doi:10.2307/jj.11589102. ISBN 9780300266900. JSTOR jj.11589102.
  15. ^ Dogbevi, Emmanuel K. (June 1, 2022). "China in Africa's Media: A Case Study of Ghana" (PDF). National Bureau of Asian Research. pp. 57–67. Retrieved 2023-09-07.
  16. ^ Ho 2008a, p. 9
  17. ^ a b Ho 2008a, p. 10
  18. ^ a b Aosa, Liuying (August 2006), "加纳商界的上海人朱亦念/Zhu Yinian, a Shanghai person in Ghana's world of commerce", Xinhua Monthly Tianxia, retrieved 2009-04-01
  19. ^ "Africa-China Relationship: Gains So Far", ModernGhana.com, 2009-11-17, retrieved 27 April 2013

Works cited

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