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|langs = [[Chilean Spanish]]
|langs = [[Chilean Spanish]]
|rels = [[Catholicism]], Evangelical Protestantism, a minority are [[Eastern Orthodox]], [[Jew]]ish and [[Islam in Chile|Muslim]].
|rels = [[Catholicism]], Evangelical Protestantism, a minority are [[Eastern Orthodox]], [[Jew]]ish and [[Islam in Chile|Muslim]].
|related = [[Spaniards]], [[Basque people]], [[Italians]], [[Germans]], [[British people]], [[Palestinian people|Palestinians]], [[Mapuche]], [[Croats]] and [[French people|French]].
|related = [[Latin America|Latin Americans]].
}}
}}
'''Chilean people''' are those born in the [[territory]] of [[Chile]], the children of Chileans serving the country abroad or children of a Chilean father or mother who have resided in the country for more than one year, and foreigners who have obtained naturalization papers. Although most Chileans live in Chile there are significant [[communities]] in [[Argentina]]<ref name=repetida_3 /> and [[United States]]<ref name=usa_3 /> among other countries.


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== Ethnic structure of Chile==
'''Chilean people''' are native-born persons and long-term immigrant residents of [[Chile]]. Chileans are mainly of [[Spanish people|Spanish]] and [[Amerindian]] descent<ref>Valenzuela, C. and Harb Z. 1977.[http://docencia.med.uchile.cl/evolucion/paginasnuevas2007/VALENZUELA_HARB1977.pdf Socioeconomic Assortive Mating in Santiago, Chile: A Demostration Using Stochaistic Matrices of Mother-Child Relationships Applied to ABO Blood Groups] Departamento de Biología Celular y Genética, Facultad de Medicina, [[University of Chile|Universidad de Chile]], Santiago, Chile. <br/>Quote: ''The Chilean population steams mainly from the admixture of Spanish people with Chilean aborigines''</ref>, with the addition of [[19th Century|19th]] and [[20th century]], largely [[European]], immigrants. There is a strong correlation between Chileans' [[ancestry]] and their [[socioeconomic]] situation,<ref>Vanegas, J., Villalón, M., Valenzuela, C. [http://www.scielo.cl/scielo.php?pid=S0034-98872008000500014&script=sci_arttext Consideraciones acerca del uso de la variable etnia/raza en investigación epidemiológica para la Salud Pública: A propósito de investigaciones en inequidades] ''Revista Médica de Chile'' 2008; 136: 637-644. <br/>Quote translated from Spanish: ''..in Chile the [racial] process is vinculated to a socioeconomic stratification; the Spaniards of the upper class that did not mix, the mix of European Spaniards and mestizo women in the middle strata, in the lowest substrate the mestizo-mestizo and mestizo-amerindians.''</ref><ref name=Valenzuela/> with a marked continuum<ref name=Valenzuela>Valenzuela, C. [http://www.medwave.cl/ciencia/11.act El Gradiente Sociogenético Chileno y sus Implicaciones Etico-Sociales], Facultad de Medicina, [[Universidad de Chile]]<br/>Qoute: ''Al analizar la composición étnica por estratos sociales nos hemos encontrado con un gradiente sociogenético importante que condiciona la estructura de la morbimortalidad según estrato socioeconómico y la evolución sociocultural de Chile''</ref> of Amerindian input decreasing as one goes from the [[lower class]]es, to the [[middle class]], then ultimately to the [[upper class]], of mainly European descent.
Studies on the ethnic structure of [[Chile]] are non-conclusive and might vary significantly from one study to the next.


⚫
[[UNAM]] professor of [[Latin American]] studies, ''Francisco Lizcano'', believes Chile has an estimated 52,7% of [[Ethnic groups in Europe|white european]], with mestizos estimated at 44%.<ref name="Lizcano">{{cite web|url=http://books.google.cl/books?id=LcabJ98-t1wC&pg=PA93&lpg=PA93&dq=chile+60%25+blancos+Esteva-Fabregat&source=bl&ots=AMUjY09aVi&sig=3PCwfKDokrZYem3dcZ2gkToFIoE&hl=es&ei=k8WjSYT3HJaitgfGncnOBA&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=9&ct=result#PPA110,M1|title=Composición Étnica de las Tres Áreas Culturales del Continente Americano al Comienzo del Siglo XXI}}</ref>
Chilean people share a relatively [[Culture of Chile|homogeneous culture]], mostly inherited from Spain. Indigenous cultural and genetic heritage is most visible in rural areas and in aspects of culture such as [[Chilean cuisine]] and [[Chilean Spanish]]. Although post-independence immigrants never made up more than 2% of the population, there are now hundreds of thousands of Chileans who can trace full or partial descent from [[German-Chilean|German]]<ref>[http://www.embajadaconsuladoschile.de/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=50&Itemid=60&lang=de German Embassy in Chile.] <br/>Quote in German: Es wird geschätzt, dass zwischen 500 bis 600 Tausend Chilenen deutscher Herkunft sind.</ref>, Croatian, Italian or [[Palestinian community in Chile|Palestinian]]<ref>{{citation|periodical=El Economista|url=http://ecodiario.eleconomista.es/sociedad/noticias/1028142/02/09/Los-palestinos-miran-con-esperanza-su-futuro-en-Chile-sin-olvidar-Gaza-e-Irak.html|date=2009-02-11|accessdate=2009-07-29|title=Los palestinos miran con esperanza su futuro en Chile sin olvidar Gaza e Irak}}</ref> immigrants.


⚫
A study conducted by the [[University of Chile]] found that within the Chilean population 30% are white, the mestizos component of [[Castizo|predominantly white]] ancestry is estimated at 65%.<ref name="UC">{{cite web | title=5.2.6. Estructura racial | url =http://mazinger.sisib.uchile.cl/repositorio/lb/ciencias_quimicas_y_farmaceuticas/medinae/cap2/5b6.html | work =La Universidad de Chile | accessdate = 2007-08-26 | language = }}</ref>
Although most Chileans live in Chile there are significant communities in [[Argentina]]<ref name=repetida_3 /> and the [[United States]]<ref name=usa_3 /> among other countries.


Another genetic study of the [[University of Chile]], found a [[White Latin American|white majority]] that would exceed 60% to 64% of the [[Chile|Chilean population]].<ref>[http://ukpmc.ac.uk/articlerender.cgi?artid=1352132 Genetic epidemiology of single gene defects in Chile.]</ref><ref>'''Esteva-Fabregat (1988), Book: El mestizaje en lberoamérica "a white majority that would exceed 60% of the [[Demographics of Chile|Chilean population]]".</ref>
==Ancestral and ethnic composition==
Studies on the ancestral origins and [[Ethnicity|ethnic identity]] structure of Chile are non-conclusive and vary significantly from one study to the next. The only reliable sources regarding the ancestral origins of Chile's population are [[Genetic genealogy|genetic studies]], and all of these, thus far, indicate various majority figures for Chileans of [[mestizo|racially mixed]] origin, in varying degrees of [[European people|European]] and [[Amerindian]] admixture.

People of mixed European and Amerindian ancestry are commonly known as [[mestizo]]s in the [[Hispanosphere]], although in Chile the term still carries its [[Spanish Empire|Spanish colonial]] connotations of a specific 50:50 contribution, and is thus seldom used. This meaning was lost elsewhere when the colonial [[caste system]] was abolished by post-colonial governments, which in theory, no longer ascertained a person's [[civil rights]] and responsabilities based on the proportion of their European ancesty. [[Castas]] denoting different ratios of European and Amerindian mixtures thus came into disuse, except for "mestizo", which survived to denote all ratios of this mixture.

A genetic study by Cruz-Coke and Moreno from the [[University of Chile]], dealing with genetic epidemiology of single cell defects, presents the general Chilean population as being [[miscegenation|racially mixed]], and on average more European in contribution, at "approximately 64% white and 35% Amerindian with traces [around 1%] of other admixture."<ref>[http://ukpmc.ac.uk/articlerender.cgi?artid=1352132 Genetic epidemiology of single gene defects in Chile.]</ref>

⚫
In line with this, another study also by the [[University of Chile]], classified Chileans into [[Race|racial]] categories and found that of the Chilean population, 30% are white, 65% are [[mestizo]] of a [[Castizo|predominantly white component]], while the remainder was composed largely of [[indigenous peoples|indigenous]] Amerindians and others.<ref> name="UC">{{cite web | title=5.2.6. Estructura racial | url =http://mazinger.sisib.uchile.cl/repositorio/lb/ciencias_quimicas_y_farmaceuticas/medinae/cap2/5b6.html | work =La Universidad de Chile | accessdate = 2007-08-26 | language = }}</ref>


Some publications such as the CIA Worldfact book cassify Chile's population as a combined percentage of 95.4% whites and mestizos.<ref>[http://www.bartleby.com/151/ci.html www.bartleby.com]</ref>
Some publications such as the CIA Worldfact book cassify Chile's population as a combined percentage of 95.4% whites and mestizos.<ref>[http://www.bartleby.com/151/ci.html www.bartleby.com]</ref>


== History ethnographic of Chile ==
⚫
In his work entitled "Ethnic Composition of the Three Cultural Areas of the American Continent to the Begining of the XXI Century", [[UNAM]] [[social studies]] professor, Francisco Lizcano, specializing in [[Latin American]] studies, believes Chile's [[ethnicity|ethnic]] composition is 52,7% [[Ethnic groups in Europe|white]], 44% mestizo, with the remainder comprised of indigenous Amerindians and others.<ref name="Lizcano">{{cite web|url=http://books.google.cl/books?id=LcabJ98-t1wC&pg=PA93&lpg=PA93&dq=chile+60%25+blancos+Esteva-Fabregat&source=bl&ots=AMUjY09aVi&sig=3PCwfKDokrZYem3dcZ2gkToFIoE&hl=es&ei=k8WjSYT3HJaitgfGncnOBA&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=9&ct=result#PPA110,M1|title=Composición Étnica de las Tres Áreas Culturales del Continente Americano al Comienzo del Siglo XXI}}</ref> Note that Lizcano's categories are [[ethnic identity|ethnic]], or cultural in nature, not racial, and the "white" category includes whites plus mestizos of European culture, which for the purpose of his academic work, Lizcano uses to conclude that Chile falls within the European cultural area of [[Latin America]].

Chile's white segment consists mainly of people descended from colonial [[Spanish people|Spanish]] settlers (predominantely [[Basque]]), and to a lesser degree people of [[German Chilean|German]], [[Italian Chilean|Italian]], [[Irish Chilean|Irish]], [[French Chilean|French]], [[British Chilean|English]], [[Swiss Chilean|Swiss]] and [[Croatian people|Croat]] ancestry, alone or combined with each other. The mestizo segment, in this respect, derives its European component from colonial Spanish settlers (mainly [[Andalusians|Andalusian]] and [[Castilian people|Castilian]]), while its Amerindian component derives from various tribes, mainly Picunches and [[Mapuches]].

The [[Afro-Chilean]] population was negligible, reaching a high of 2,500 during the colonial period; their racial contribution is less than 1%.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mazinger.sisib.uchile.cl/repositorio/lb/ciencias_quimicas_y_farmaceuticas/medinae/|title=Elementos de Salud Pública, section 5.2.6|publisher=University of Chile}}</ref> The current Native American population is relatively small (see below). According to the Census 2002, 4.6% of the Chilean population considered themselves indigenous, although most show varying degrees of mixed ancestry.<ref name="medwave">[http://www.medwave.cl/ciencia/11.act El gradiente sociogenético chileno y sus implicaciones ético-sociales.]</ref>

⚫
== Ethnographic history of Chile ==
[[Image:Inquilinos.gif|thumb|left|170px|[[Rural]] population in the nineteenth century by [[Claudio Gay]]]]
[[Image:Inquilinos.gif|thumb|left|170px|[[Rural]] population in the nineteenth century by [[Claudio Gay]]]]
⚫
During the [[colonial period]] the [[Spain|Spanish]] crown found it necessary to maintain a continuous flow of soldiers to protect its distant American colonies. The Spanish came from all regions of Spain, especially from [[Andalusia]], [[Extremadura]], [[Basque Country]], [[Asturias]], [[Navarra]] and the [[Castile]]. Many of them ended up settling in [[Chile]] after the Mapuche resistance to the [[Conquest]].

⚫
Many indigenous groups inhabited Central and Southern Chile for 12,000 years; Of these, the [[Mapuche]] inhabited Central and Southern Chile until Spanish conquest. During the [[colonial period]] the [[Spain|Spanish]] crown found it necessary to maintain a continuous flow of soldiers to protect its distant American colonies. The Spanish came from all regions of Spain, especially from [[Andalusia]], [[Extremadura]], [[Basque Country]], [[Asturias]], [[Navarre]] and the [[Castile]]. Many of them ended up settling in [[Chile]] after the Mapuche resistance to the [[Conquest]].


In the government of [[Agustín de Jáuregui]] between [[1777]] and [[1778]] performed the first general census indicated that the population was 259,646 habitants and was composed of 73.5% whites, 7.9% mestizos, 8.6% indians and 9.8% blacks. In [[1784]], ''Francisco Hurtado'', [[Governor]] of the province of [[Chiloe]], conducted a population census of Chiloe whereby the population was 26,703 habitants, of which 64.4% whites and 33.5% of natives.
In the government of [[Agustín de Jáuregui]] between [[1777]] and [[1778]] performed the first general census indicated that the population was 259,646 habitants and was composed of 73.5% whites, 7.9% mestizos, 8.6% indians and 9.8% blacks. In [[1784]], ''Francisco Hurtado'', [[Governor]] of the province of [[Chiloe]], conducted a population census of Chiloe whereby the population was 26,703 habitants, of which 64.4% whites and 33.5% of natives.
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Along with the conquistadors arrived, from the beginning, African slaves, which constituted 1.5% of the national population in the early [[nineteenth century]].<ref>[Rolando Mellafe (1959): "La introducción de la esclavitud negra en Chile. Tráfico y rutas", Universidad de Chile (Departamento Historia Instituto Pedagógico). Santiago]</ref>The [[Afro-Chilean]] population was negligible, reaching a high of 2,500 during the colonial period; their contribution is less than 0,1% the population.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mazinger.sisib.uchile.cl/repositorio/lb/ciencias_quimicas_y_farmaceuticas/medinae/|title=Elementos de Salud Pública, section 5.2.6|publisher=University of Chile}}</ref>
Along with the conquistadors arrived, from the beginning, African slaves, which constituted 1.5% of the national population in the early [[nineteenth century]].<ref>[Rolando Mellafe (1959): "La introducción de la esclavitud negra en Chile. Tráfico y rutas", Universidad de Chile (Departamento Historia Instituto Pedagógico). Santiago]</ref>The [[Afro-Chilean]] population was negligible, reaching a high of 2,500 during the colonial period; their contribution is less than 0,1% the population.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mazinger.sisib.uchile.cl/repositorio/lb/ciencias_quimicas_y_farmaceuticas/medinae/|title=Elementos de Salud Pública, section 5.2.6|publisher=University of Chile}}</ref>

[[File:Chilenas.jpg|thumb|200px|Chilean girls of [[Europe|European descent]]]]
[[File:Chilenas.jpg|thumb|200px|Chilean girls]].]]
In the eighteenth century there is a massive [[immigration]] of Spanish civilians, mainly of Basque origin, attracted mainly by trade liberalization enacted by the Spanish Crown. The late eighteenth century the [[Basque people|descendents of Basques]] estimated at 27% of the [[Demographics of Chile|Chilean population]]. (18.1% Basques and 8.9% from Navarra).<ref>[http://www.osasun.ejgv.euskadi.net/r52-20726/es/contenidos/noticia/albis12_257_txile_08_11/es_txile/albis12_257_txile_08_11.html vascos] '''Ainara Madariaga''':
In the eighteenth century there is a massive [[immigration]] of Spanish civilians, mainly of Basque origin, attracted mainly by trade liberalization enacted by the Spanish Crown. The late eighteenth century the [[Basque people|descendents of Basques]] estimated at 27% of the [[Demographics of Chile|Chilean population]]. (18.1% Basques and 8.9% from Navarra).<ref>[http://www.osasun.ejgv.euskadi.net/r52-20726/es/contenidos/noticia/albis12_257_txile_08_11/es_txile/albis12_257_txile_08_11.html vascos] '''Ainara Madariaga''':
Autora del estudio ''"Imaginarios vascos"''.</ref> Aim to become the regional group most important of the Chilean population, displacing the natives and their descendants born in the regions of [[New Castile]], [[Old Castile]] and [[Andalusia]], which were the major components of the Chilean population during the colonial period. Most of the Basque immigrants in the beginning were devoted to small businesses, although some of them did not take long to amass a fortune, then mixed with the Criollo aristocracy of Castilian origin, who owned the land. This new ''Castilian-Basque'' [[aristocracy]] which would form the basis of the Chilean ruling class.
Autora del estudio ''"Imaginarios vascos"''.</ref> Aim to become the regional group most important of the Chilean population, displacing the natives and their descendants born in the regions of [[New Castile]], [[Old Castile]] and [[Andalusia]], which were the major components of the Chilean population during the colonial period. Most of the Basque immigrants in the beginning were devoted to small businesses, although some of them did not take long to amass a fortune, then mixed with the Criollo aristocracy of Castilian origin, who owned the land. This new ''Castilian-Basque'' [[aristocracy]] which would form the basis of the Chilean ruling class.

However, the colonial settlers contribute rather little to the present Chilean population as there was a very large immigration from other European countries throughout the 19th century, mainly from Britain, France, Italy, Croatia and Germany. The British, Italians and French settled in the Central Valley and in the North and integrated the local population descended from the colonial settlers to form Chilean society and culture of today. The immigrant groups intermixed, genetically and culturally to form the Chilean people and culture.


In [[1848]] occurred a considerable [[immigration]] of [[Germans]] and [[French people|French]], German immigration was sponsored by the [[Chilean government]] for purposes of colonization to the southern regions of the country. These Germans (also [[Swiss]] and [[Austrian]]s), significantly attracted by the natural composition of the provinces of [[Valdivia]], [[Osorno]], [[Puerto Varas]], [[Frutillar]], [[Puerto Octay]], [[Puerto Montt]] and [[Llanquihue]], settled on land donated by the Chilean government to populate the southern of Chile.<ref>[http://www.embajadaconsuladoschile.de/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=50&Itemid=60&lang=de German Chilean.]</ref> Also a large number of immigrants arrived in Chile after the first and second world war. Today the descendants of these early [[immigrant]]s live mostly in large cities, following the logic concentration of the population, a phenomenon observed in Chile since the twentieth century.
In [[1848]] occurred a considerable [[immigration]] of [[Germans]] and [[French people|French]], German immigration was sponsored by the [[Chilean government]] for purposes of colonization to the southern regions of the country. These Germans (also [[Swiss]] and [[Austrian]]s), significantly attracted by the natural composition of the provinces of [[Valdivia]], [[Osorno]], [[Puerto Varas]], [[Frutillar]], [[Puerto Octay]], [[Puerto Montt]] and [[Llanquihue]], settled on land donated by the Chilean government to populate the southern of Chile.<ref>[http://www.embajadaconsuladoschile.de/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=50&Itemid=60&lang=de German Chilean.]</ref> Also a large number of immigrants arrived in Chile after the first and second world war. Today the descendants of these early [[immigrant]]s live mostly in large cities, following the logic concentration of the population, a phenomenon observed in Chile since the twentieth century.
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{{Main|Immigration to Chile}}
{{Main|Immigration to Chile}}
[[Image:Inmigrantes franceses.jpg|thumb|160px|left|French immigrants]]
[[Image:Inmigrantes franceses.jpg|thumb|160px|left|French immigrants]]
There have been various waves of immigration to Chile. Many [[Spanish people|Spanish]], [[Italian Chilean|Italian]], [[Irish people|Irish]], [[French People|French]], [[Greeks in Chile|Greek]], [[German People|German]], [[English Chilean|English]], [[Dutch Chilean|Dutch]], [[Scottish Chilean|Scot]], [[Croatian Chilean|Croat]], and [[Palestinian Chilean|Palestinian]] communites have settled in Chile.
From Chile's various waves of immigrants [[Spanish people|Spanish]], [[Italian Chilean|Italians]], [[Irish people|Irish]], [[French People|French]], [[Greeks in Chile|Greeks]], [[German People|Germans]], [[English people|English]], [[Dutch Chilean|Dutch]], [[Scottish Chilean|Scots]], [[Croatian Chilean|Croats]], and [[Palestinian Chilean|Palestinian]] communities.


The largest ethnic group in Chile arrived from Spain and the [[Basque Country (greater region)|Basque]] regions in the south of France. Estimates of the number of descendants from [[Basques]] in Chile range from 10% (1,600,000) to as high as 27% (4,500,000).<ref name="Diariovasco">[http://www.diariovasco.com/pg060724/prensa/noticias/AlDia/200607/24/DVA-ALD-003.html Diariovasco.]</ref><ref name="deia.com">[http://www.deia.com/es/impresa/2008/05/22/bizkaia/ekonomia/469496.php entrevista al Presidente de la Cámara vasca.]</ref><ref>[http://www.osasun.ejgv.euskadi.net/r52-20726/es/contenidos/noticia/albis12_257_txile_08_11/es_txile/albis12_257_txile_08_11.html vascos] '''Ainara Madariaga''':
The largest ethnic group in Chile arrived from Spain and the [[Basque Country (greater region)|Basque]] regions in the south of France. Estimates of the number of descendants from [[Basques]] in Chile range from 10% (1,600,000) to as high as 27% (4,500,000).<ref name="Diariovasco">[http://www.diariovasco.com/pg060724/prensa/noticias/AlDia/200607/24/DVA-ALD-003.html Diariovasco.]</ref><ref name="deia.com">[http://www.deia.com/es/impresa/2008/05/22/bizkaia/ekonomia/469496.php entrevista al Presidente de la Cámara vasca.]</ref><ref>[http://www.osasun.ejgv.euskadi.net/r52-20726/es/contenidos/noticia/albis12_257_txile_08_11/es_txile/albis12_257_txile_08_11.html vascos] '''Ainara Madariaga''':
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The descendants of [[Swiss people|Swiss]] add 90,000<ref>[http://schweizergruppe.sv.tc/ 90,000 descendants Swiss in Chile.]</ref> and it is estimated that about 5% of the [[Demographics of Chile|Chilean population]] has some [[France|French ancestry]].<ref>{{es}} [http://www.karnobooks.com/cgi-bin/karno/5814.html 5% de los chilenos tiene origen frances.]</ref> 600,000 to 800,000 are descendants [[Italian Chilean|Italians]]. Other groups of [[Ethnic groups in Europe|European]] descendants have followed, but are found in smaller numbers. They did transform the country [[culturally]], [[economically]] and [[politically]]. [[Europa|European emigration]] in Chile and to a lesser extent, the arrival from Middle East, produced during the second half of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, was the most important in [[Latin America]]<ref>[http://www.oni.escuelas.edu.ar/olimpi98/fronterasculturales/datos/cap-pop.html Juan Bialet Massé en su informe sobre "El estado de las clases obreras en el interior del país"]</ref> <ref>[http://www.umng.edu.co/www/resources/idsocial.doc SOCIAL IDENTITY Marta Fierro Social Psychologist.]</ref> after that occurred in the [[Atlantic Coast]] of the Southern Cone (ie, [[Argentina]] and southern [[Brazil]]).<ref>[http://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:xMNl1h24Z5oJ:www.eclac.org/publicaciones/xml/6/20606/lcg2230e_cap8.pdf+conosur+argentina+chile+y+uruguay+recibieron+inmigrantes+europeos&hl=es&gl=cl&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESgPKhHPhWvASrcdlpdyAdXFt6Kh7N5j-HbzcmA8nSVHcnjm1oaGPUs1LqWeMWLJngvABPlFZm0Ho4ZnZzcuFldFPqnh_0NzjP8w6yt5n1Z5M1ff9y4bVv9pITvkAKRfF-VQFl0W&sig=AHIEtbQeK17QYlHRJLx1ktw1G1JkKR2eHA Etnicidad y ciudadanía en América Latina.]</ref>
The descendants of [[Swiss people|Swiss]] add 90,000<ref>[http://schweizergruppe.sv.tc/ 90,000 descendants Swiss in Chile.]</ref> and it is estimated that about 5% of the [[Demographics of Chile|Chilean population]] has some [[France|French ancestry]].<ref>{{es}} [http://www.karnobooks.com/cgi-bin/karno/5814.html 5% de los chilenos tiene origen frances.]</ref> 600,000 to 800,000 are descendants [[Italian Chilean|Italians]]. Other groups of [[Ethnic groups in Europe|European]] descendants have followed, but are found in smaller numbers. They did transform the country [[culturally]], [[economically]] and [[politically]]. [[Europa|European emigration]] in Chile and to a lesser extent, the arrival from Middle East, produced during the second half of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, was the most important in [[Latin America]]<ref>[http://www.oni.escuelas.edu.ar/olimpi98/fronterasculturales/datos/cap-pop.html Juan Bialet Massé en su informe sobre "El estado de las clases obreras en el interior del país"]</ref> <ref>[http://www.umng.edu.co/www/resources/idsocial.doc SOCIAL IDENTITY Marta Fierro Social Psychologist.]</ref> after that occurred in the [[Atlantic Coast]] of the Southern Cone (ie, [[Argentina]] and southern [[Brazil]]).<ref>[http://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:xMNl1h24Z5oJ:www.eclac.org/publicaciones/xml/6/20606/lcg2230e_cap8.pdf+conosur+argentina+chile+y+uruguay+recibieron+inmigrantes+europeos&hl=es&gl=cl&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESgPKhHPhWvASrcdlpdyAdXFt6Kh7N5j-HbzcmA8nSVHcnjm1oaGPUs1LqWeMWLJngvABPlFZm0Ho4ZnZzcuFldFPqnh_0NzjP8w6yt5n1Z5M1ff9y4bVv9pITvkAKRfF-VQFl0W&sig=AHIEtbQeK17QYlHRJLx1ktw1G1JkKR2eHA Etnicidad y ciudadanía en América Latina.]</ref>


These different [[ethnic groups in Europe|ethnic groups]] intermarried, diluting their cultures and separate identities and fusing them together, with that of the original ''Basque-Castilian'' people of the [[colonial period]] while at the same time preserving elements of them, to form the society and culture of many Chileans.<ref name="deia.com" /> Many enjoy elements of the original European cultures, such as the [[British Chilean|British]] afternoon tea, [[German Chilean|German]] cakes and [[Italian Chilean|Italian]] pasta. This can be clearly in the architecture of the cities. Some descendants of immigrant communites look down on Chilean folk culture, as it is an offshoot of the culture of the [[Spaniards]] who settled the country in the colonial period.
Also, the different [[ethnic groups in Europe]] intermarried therefore diluting the cultures and separate identities of the home countries and fusing them together with each other as well as with that of the original ''Basque-Castilian'' aristocracy of the [[colonial period]] while at the same time preserving elements of them, to form the society and culture of the Chilean middle and upper classes.<ref name="deia.com" /> Therefore they enjoy elements of the original European cultures, such as the [[British Chilean|British]] afternoon tea, [[German Chilean|German]] cakes and [[Italian Chilean|Italian]] pasta. This can be clearly in the architecture of the cities. They also look down on Chilean folk culture, as it is an offshoot of the culture of the [[Spaniards]] who settled the country in the colonial period.


==Indigenous peoples==
==Indigenous peoples==
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* [[Sebastián Keitel]]
* [[Sebastián Keitel]]
* [[Vicente Huidobro]]
* [[Vicente Huidobro]]
* [[José Arraño Acevedo]]


==References==
==References==

Revision as of 04:32, 5 February 2010

This article is about the Chileans as a nation. For information on the population of Chile, see Demographics of Chile. For Chilean nationality, see Chilean nationality law.
Chileans
Chilenos
Notable Chileans: Arturo Prat, Michelle Bachelet, Nicolas Massu
Regions with significant populations
 Chile        16,763,470[1]
 Argentina212,429[2]
 United States113,934[3]
 Brazil65,000[4]
 Sweden42,396[5]
 Canada37,577[6]
 Australia23,305[7]
 Spain25,624[8]
 France15,782[9]
 Germany10,280[10]
 United Kingdom5,131[11]
Languages
Chilean Spanish
Religion
Catholicism, Evangelical Protestantism, a minority are Eastern Orthodox, Jewish and Muslim.
Related ethnic groups
Spaniards, Basque people, Italians, Germans, British people, Palestinians, Mapuche, Croats and French.

Chilean people are those born in the territory of Chile, the children of Chileans serving the country abroad or children of a Chilean father or mother who have resided in the country for more than one year, and foreigners who have obtained naturalization papers. Although most Chileans live in Chile there are significant communities in Argentina[2] and United States[3] among other countries.

Ethnic structure of Chile

Studies on the ethnic structure of Chile are non-conclusive and might vary significantly from one study to the next.

UNAM professor of Latin American studies, Francisco Lizcano, believes Chile has an estimated 52,7% of white european, with mestizos estimated at 44%.[12]

A study conducted by the University of Chile found that within the Chilean population 30% are white, the mestizos component of predominantly white ancestry is estimated at 65%.[13]

Another genetic study of the University of Chile, found a white majority that would exceed 60% to 64% of the Chilean population.[14][15]

Some publications such as the CIA Worldfact book cassify Chile's population as a combined percentage of 95.4% whites and mestizos.[16]

History ethnographic of Chile

Rural population in the nineteenth century by Claudio Gay

During the colonial period the Spanish crown found it necessary to maintain a continuous flow of soldiers to protect its distant American colonies. The Spanish came from all regions of Spain, especially from Andalusia, Extremadura, Basque Country, Asturias, Navarra and the Castile. Many of them ended up settling in Chile after the Mapuche resistance to the Conquest.

In the government of Agustín de Jáuregui between 1777 and 1778 performed the first general census indicated that the population was 259,646 habitants and was composed of 73.5% whites, 7.9% mestizos, 8.6% indians and 9.8% blacks. In 1784, Francisco Hurtado, Governor of the province of Chiloe, conducted a population census of Chiloe whereby the population was 26,703 habitants, of which 64.4% whites and 33.5% of natives.

Finally, in 1812, the Diocese of Concepción made a census of population, south of the Maule river, but not including the indigenous population (estimated at 8,000 people), nor the inhabitants of the province of Chiloé, which gave indicated a population of 210,567, of which 86.1% were Spanish and whites, 10% indians and 3.7% of mestizos, blacks and mulattos.[17] Other estimates of the late seventeenth century indicate that the population reached only 152,000, which was composed of 72% of whites and mestizos, 18% indians and 10% of blacks and mulattos.[18]

Along with the conquistadors arrived, from the beginning, African slaves, which constituted 1.5% of the national population in the early nineteenth century.[19]The Afro-Chilean population was negligible, reaching a high of 2,500 during the colonial period; their contribution is less than 0,1% the population.[20]

File:Chilenas.jpg
Chilean girls

.]]

In the eighteenth century there is a massive immigration of Spanish civilians, mainly of Basque origin, attracted mainly by trade liberalization enacted by the Spanish Crown. The late eighteenth century the descendents of Basques estimated at 27% of the Chilean population. (18.1% Basques and 8.9% from Navarra).[21] Aim to become the regional group most important of the Chilean population, displacing the natives and their descendants born in the regions of New Castile, Old Castile and Andalusia, which were the major components of the Chilean population during the colonial period. Most of the Basque immigrants in the beginning were devoted to small businesses, although some of them did not take long to amass a fortune, then mixed with the Criollo aristocracy of Castilian origin, who owned the land. This new Castilian-Basque aristocracy which would form the basis of the Chilean ruling class.

In 1848 occurred a considerable immigration of Germans and French, German immigration was sponsored by the Chilean government for purposes of colonization to the southern regions of the country. These Germans (also Swiss and Austrians), significantly attracted by the natural composition of the provinces of Valdivia, Osorno, Puerto Varas, Frutillar, Puerto Octay, Puerto Montt and Llanquihue, settled on land donated by the Chilean government to populate the southern of Chile.[22] Also a large number of immigrants arrived in Chile after the first and second world war. Today the descendants of these early immigrants live mostly in large cities, following the logic concentration of the population, a phenomenon observed in Chile since the twentieth century.

Immigration after independence

Main article: Immigration to Chile
French immigrants

From Chile's various waves of immigrants Spanish, Italians, Irish, French, Greeks, Germans, English, Dutch, Scots, Croats, and Palestinian communities.

The largest ethnic group in Chile arrived from Spain and the Basque regions in the south of France. Estimates of the number of descendants from Basques in Chile range from 10% (1,600,000) to as high as 27% (4,500,000).[23][24][25] [26][27][28][29][30]

In 1848 an important and substantial German immigration took place, laying the foundation for the German-Chilean community. Sponsored by the Chilean government for the colonization of the southern region, the Germans (including German-speaking Swiss, Silesians, Alsatians and Austrians), strongly influenced the cultural and racial composition of the southern provinces of Chile. The German Embassy in Chile estimated 500.000 to 600.000 Chileans are of German origin.[31]

It is estimated that near the 5% of the Chilean population is of Asian origin immigrants descendant, chiefly of the Middle East (i.e. Palestinians, Syrians, Lebanese and Middle East Armenians), are around 800,000.[32] Note that Israelis, both Jewish and non-Jewish citizens of the nation of Israel may be included. Chile is home to a large population of immigrants, mostly Christian, from the Levant. Roughly 500,000 Palestinian descendants are believed to reside in Chile.[33][34][35][36][37]

Other historically significant immigrant groups include: Croatia whose number of descendants today is estimated to be 380,000 persons, the equivalent of 2.4% of the population.[38][39] Other authors claim, on the other hand, that close to 4.6% of the Chilean population must have some Croatian ancestry.[40] Over 700,000 Chileans may have British (English, Scottish and Welsh) origin. 4.5% of Chile's population.[41]

Puerto Varas in southern of Chile, colonized by Germans.

Chileans of Greek descent are estimated 90,000 to 120,000.[42] Most of them live either in the Santiago area or in the Antofagasta area, and Chile is one of the 5 countries with the most descendants of Greeks in the world.[43] The descendants of Swiss add 90,000[44] and it is estimated that about 5% of the Chilean population has some French ancestry.[45] 600,000 to 800,000 are descendants Italians. Other groups of European descendants have followed, but are found in smaller numbers. They did transform the country culturally, economically and politically. European emigration in Chile and to a lesser extent, the arrival from Middle East, produced during the second half of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, was the most important in Latin America[46] [47] after that occurred in the Atlantic Coast of the Southern Cone (ie, Argentina and southern Brazil).[48]

Also, the different ethnic groups in Europe intermarried therefore diluting the cultures and separate identities of the home countries and fusing them together with each other as well as with that of the original Basque-Castilian aristocracy of the colonial period while at the same time preserving elements of them, to form the society and culture of the Chilean middle and upper classes.[24] Therefore they enjoy elements of the original European cultures, such as the British afternoon tea, German cakes and Italian pasta. This can be clearly in the architecture of the cities. They also look down on Chilean folk culture, as it is an offshoot of the culture of the Spaniards who settled the country in the colonial period.

Indigenous peoples

Main articles: Mapuche and Indigenous peoples in Chile
Depiction of a Mapuche man. Chile's indigenous people.

The 1907 census reported 101.118 Indians, or 3.1% of the total country population. Only those that practiced their native culture or spoke their native language were considered, irrespective of their "racial purity."[49]

At the 2002 census, only indigenous people that still practiced a native culture or spoke a native language were surveyed: 4.6% of the population (692,192 people) fit that description; of these, 87.3% declared themselves Mapuche.[50] although most show varying degrees of mixed ancestry.

Some native peoples of Chile disappeared product from acculturation and miscegenation, as is the case of peoples Picunches, Diaguitas and Chonos, whereas a large number of Selknam or Onas disappeared by the extermination carried out by settlers Croatian in Tierra del Fuego in the early twentieth century. Other factors that contributed to their extinction, was the disease brought by white man as the smallpox.

Religions

Main article: Religion in Chile
File:Serrano2.jpg
Great Jewish Synagogue in Santiago
Catholic, 70%
Protestant or evangelical, 15.1%
Jehovah's Witnesses, 1%
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, 0.9%
Jewish, 0.4% (75,000) [51]
Atheist or Agnostic, 8.3%
Others, 4.2%.
Less than 0.1% are either Eastern Orthodox (70,000) or Muslim (10,000).

*For the precise numbers of declared religions among the population ages 15 and over as indicated by the results of the latest census, see source *2002 Census data.

Culture

Main article: Chilean Culture
File:Rodeochileno1.jpg
Chilean rodeo, is unique to Chile and is one of the most popular sports in the country

The folk culture of Chile has mostly Spanish origins, especially the huaso culture of the central part of the country, as it arose in the colonial period due to cattle ranching. It could therefore be considered an offshoot of Spanish popular culture of the 17th an 18th centuries as are the folk cultures of the rest of Latin America and also, its direct descendents, Andalusian and Castilian folk cultures. The Andalusian forms in the huaso dress is apparent to Europeans and the music and dances show Spanish origins, even though both have been adapted and are distinct to dress, music and dance in Spain today.

The ranches called fundos, where the huasos lived and worked show strong similarity with Spanish vernacular architecture, especially in the canal roofs and the interior courtyards. The fundo is now thought of as traditional Chilean architecture and is associated with the huaso.

As well as the huaso culture of the central part of the country can be seen the German, Chilote, Croatian and Magallanic culture in the south, and the Andean culture in the north.

Chile's Nueva Canción movement in modern Chilean folk culture is adapted from the folk music of the north, not of the brass bands but of the panpipes and quenas. The traditional Chilean folk music of the huasos were also popularised, particularly the tonadas, folk songs sung with a guitar, mainly on the topics of love. Several folk groups who dress in huaso costume became famous nationwide.

The folk culture that is mainly associated with the Chilean national identity is that of the huasos as that is where the Chilean state was form and it spread northwards and southwards in the late 19th century.

Emigration of Chileans

Emigration of Chileans has decreased during the last decade: It is estimated that 857,781 Chileans live abroad, 50.1% of those being in Argentina (the highest number), 13.3% in the United States, 8.8% in Brazil, 4.9% in Sweden, and around 2% in Australia, with the rest being scattered in smaller numbers across the globe. Other Chilean refugees settled (not ranked by order of size) in Spain, Mexico, Costa Rica, United Kingdom, Canada, France, Germany and Italy.

Many pro-Allende refugees in the 1970s fled to East Germany, including current president Michelle Bachelet had also lived in Australia.[52] While anti-Pinochet refugees formed a large expatriate community in Europe and a smaller community in North America (the US and Canada).

Over 100,000 Chileans fleeing from both regimes in the 1970s and 1980s settled in the US, a small number compared to other Latino groups. The highest number settled in Miami, Florida, but smaller enclaves are in Washington, D.C.; New York City; and California (the Los Angeles area - Beverly Hills and Long Beach); and San Francisco (San Mateo County).

Approximately 2,500 Chilean exiles fled to the UK in the early 1970s and by most recent estimates the Chilean British population is in its tens of thousands, and represents a significant proportion of the UK's one million strong Latin American community. By far the largest concentration of Chileans can be found in London with significant other communities being Birmingham, Sheffield and the Manchester-Liverpool Metropolitan area.[53]

Historic emigration took place in the early 19th century when Chilean ranchers went to Mexico after their independence. Thousands of miners from Chile went to California, the U.S. during the 1850s California Gold Rush, as well in other gold rushes in Colorado (1870s) and the Yukon (1890s). Small numbers of Chilean miners also migrated to South Africa and Australia for the same reason.[54][55]

See also

Notable Chileans

References

  1. ^ www.ine.cl
  2. ^ a b Colectividad chilena, Bajaron de los barcos, ONI
  3. ^ a b "Top 101 cities with the most residents born in Chile (population 500+)". city-data.com. Retrieved 2010-01-04.
  4. ^ Chileans in Brazil
  5. ^ Antecedentes históricos de los chilenos en Suecia
  6. ^ Template:Es Registro de chilenos en el exterior - Principales resultados
  7. ^ "20680-Country of Birth of Person (full classification list) by Sex - Australia" (Microsoft Excel download). 2006 Census. Australian Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved 2008-05-27.
  8. ^ Template:Es Censo Electoral
  9. ^ Template:Es Chile.com - Radiografía a los Chilenos en el Mundo
  10. ^ Template:Es Chilenos En Alemania Y Alemanes En Chile - Viaje Y Nación En El Siglo XIX pagina 26, por Carlos Sanhueza Cerda
  11. ^ "Country-of-birth database". Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Retrieved 2010-01-04.
  12. ^ "Composición Étnica de las Tres Áreas Culturales del Continente Americano al Comienzo del Siglo XXI".
  13. ^ "5.2.6. Estructura racial". La Universidad de Chile. Retrieved 2007-08-26.
  14. ^ Genetic epidemiology of single gene defects in Chile.
  15. ^ Esteva-Fabregat (1988), Book: El mestizaje en lberoamérica "a white majority that would exceed 60% of the Chilean population".
  16. ^ www.bartleby.com
  17. ^ INE - Censo de 1813. Introducción
  18. ^ Icarito - La Colonia:Población y sociedad
  19. ^ [Rolando Mellafe (1959): "La introducción de la esclavitud negra en Chile. Tráfico y rutas", Universidad de Chile (Departamento Historia Instituto Pedagógico). Santiago]
  20. ^ "Elementos de Salud Pública, section 5.2.6". University of Chile.
  21. ^ vascos Ainara Madariaga: Autora del estudio "Imaginarios vascos".
  22. ^ German Chilean.
  23. ^ Diariovasco.
  24. ^ a b entrevista al Presidente de la Cámara vasca.
  25. ^ vascos Ainara Madariaga: Autora del estudio "Imaginarios vascos desde Chile La construcción de imaginarios vascos en Chile durante el siglo XX".
  26. ^ Basques au Chili.
  27. ^ Contacto Interlingüístico e intercultural en el mundo hispano.instituto valenciano de lenguas y culturas. Universitat de València Cita: " Un 20% de la población chilena tiene su origen en el País Vasco".
  28. ^ Template:Es La población chilena con ascendencia vasca bordea entre el 15% y el 20% del total, por lo que es uno de los países con mayor presencia de emigrantes venidos de Euskadi.
  29. ^ El 27% de los chilenos son descendientes de emigrantes vascos. DE LOS VASCOS, OÑATI Y LOS ELORZA Waldo Ayarza Elorza.
  30. ^ Template:Es Presencia vasca en Chile.
  31. ^ German Embassy in Chile.
  32. ^ Template:Es En Chile viven unas 700.000 personas de origen árabe y de ellas 500.000 son descendientes de emigrantes palestinos que llegaron a comienzos del siglo pasado y que constituyen la comunidad de ese origen más grande fuera del mundo árabe.
  33. ^ Chile: Palestinian refugees arrive to warm welcome.
  34. ^ Template:Es 500,000 descendientes de primera y segunda generación de palestinos en Chile.
  35. ^ Template:Es Santiago de Chile es un modelo de convivencia palestino-judía.
  36. ^ Exiling Palestinians to Chile.
  37. ^ Template:Es Chile tiene la comunidad palestina más grande fuera del mundo árabe, unos 500.000 descendientes.
  38. ^ Template:Es Diaspora Croata..
  39. ^ Splitski osnovnoškolci rođeni u Čileu.
  40. ^ hrvatski.
  41. ^ "Historia de Chile, Británicos y Anglosajones en Chile durante el siglo XIX". Retrieved 2009-04-26.
  42. ^ Template:Es Embajada de Grecia en Chile.
  43. ^ Template:Es Griegos de Chile
  44. ^ 90,000 descendants Swiss in Chile.
  45. ^ Template:Es 5% de los chilenos tiene origen frances.
  46. ^ Juan Bialet Massé en su informe sobre "El estado de las clases obreras en el interior del país"
  47. ^ SOCIAL IDENTITY Marta Fierro Social Psychologist.
  48. ^ Etnicidad y ciudadanía en América Latina.
  49. ^ 1907 census
  50. ^ "Censo 2002 - Síntesis de Resultados" (PDF). Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas.
  51. ^ estimaciones para la Población judía 2008.
  52. ^ Bachelet is first female Chilean leader New Age (Online Newspaper)
  53. ^ Diversity news page
  54. ^ Chilean Americans
  55. ^ Origins: History of immigration from Chile - Immigration Museum, Melbourne Australia
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