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A '''chess variant''' is a [[game]] derived from, related to or similar to [[chess]] in at least one respect.<ref name=eocv>{{cite book | author=[[David Pritchard (chess writer)|Pritchard, D.]] | title=The Encyclopedia of Chess Variants
|publisher=Games & Puzzles Publications | year=1994 | isbn=0-9524-1420-1}}</ref> The difference from [[chess]] can include one or more of the following:
* Different board (larger or smaller, non-square board shape overall or different spaces used within the board such as triangles or hexagons instead of squares).
* [[Fairy piece]]s different from those used within [[chess]].
* Different rules for capture, move order, game goal, etc.

National chess variants which are older than Western chess, such as [[chaturanga]], [[shatranj]], [[xiangqi]], and [[shogi]], are traditionally also called chess variants in the [[Western world]]. They have some similarities to [[chess]] and share a common ancestor game.

The number of possible chess variants is unlimited. [[David Pritchard (chess writer)|D.B. Pritchard]], the author of ''Encyclopedia of Chess Variants'', estimates that there are over 2000 chess variants,<ref>{{cite book | author=[[David Pritchard (chess writer)|Pritchard, D.]] | title=Popular Chess Variants
|publisher=Bastford Chess Books | year=2000 | isbn=0-7134-8578-7}}</ref> confining the number to published ones.

[[Image:Glinski Chess Setup.png|right|thumb|300px|[[Władysław Gliński]]'s [[hexagonal chess]]. One of many chess variants.]]

In the context of [[chess problem]]s, chess variants are called ''fantasy chess'', ''heterodox chess'' or ''[[fairy chess]]''. Some chess variants are used only in chess composition and not for playing.

==Chess-derived games==
These chess variants are derived from [[chess]] by changing the board, pieces or rules.

===Chess with different starting positions===
In these variants, the starting position is different, but otherwise the board, pieces and rules are the same. The most important motivation for these chess variants is to nullify established [[chess opening|opening]] knowledge.
* '''[[Chess960]]''' (or '''Fischer random chess'''): the placement of the pieces on the 1st rank is randomized, and the pieces on the 8th rank mirror it.
* '''[[Displacement chess]]''': some pieces in the initial position are exchanged but the rules remain exactly the same. Some examples of this may be that the king and queen are flipped, or the b knight is traded with the f bishop.
* '''[[Transcendental chess]]''': similar to [[chess960]], but the opening white and black positions do not mirror each other.
* '''[[D-chess]]''': similar to Transcendental Chess, but only one game is needed to be played against each opponent as the unequal starting positions are equalized with the weaker side having the option to transpose two pieces and then gets to move first.<ref>[http://www.d-chess.com] D-Chess</ref>
* '''Upside-down chess'''. The black and white pieces are switched so that all the pawns are one step away from getting promoted.<ref>[http://www.chessvariants.org/diffsetup.dir/upside.html Upside-down chess] by Hans Bodlaender</ref> The game can start, for example: '''1. Nc6 Nf3 2. b8Q g1Q''' etc.
{|
|-
|{{Chess diagram|=
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|=
8 |bd|nd|rd|bd|nd|kd|rd|qd|=
7 |pd|pd|pd|pd|pd|pd|pd|pd|=
6 | | | | | | | | |=
5 | | | | | | | | |=
4 | | | | | | | | |=
3 | | | | | | | | |=
2 |pl|pl|pl|pl|pl|pl|pl|pl|=
1 |bl|nl|rl|bl|nl|kl|rl|ql|=
a b c d e f g h
| One of the 960 openings in '''Chess 960'''
}}
|{{Chess diagram|=
|
|
|=

8 |rl|nl|bl|ql|kl|bl|nl|rl|=
7 |pl|pl|pl|pl|pl|pl|pl|pl|=
6 | | | | | | | | |=
5 | | | | | | | | |=
4 | | | | | | | | |=
3 | | | | | | | | |=
2 |pd|pd|pd|pd|pd|pd|pd|pd|=
1 |rd|nd|bd|qd|kd|bd|nd|rd|=
a b c d e f g h

| '''Upside-down chess'''
}}
|}

===Chess with different forces===
Some chess variants use different number of pieces for white and black. All pieces in these games are standard chess pieces, there are no [[fairy chess piece]]s.
* '''[[Dunsany's chess]]''' (or '''Horde chess'''): one side has standard [[chess pieces]], and the other side has 32 [[pawn (chess)|pawns]].
* '''[[Chess handicap|Handicap chess]]''' (or '''chess with odds'''): variations to equal chances of players with different strength.
* '''Pawns game'''. In the starting position white does not have a queen, but has eight additional pawns (see diagram below). The game was played by such old masters as [[Louis-Charles Mahé de La Bourdonnais|Labourdonnais]], [[Alexandre Deschapelles|Deschappelles]] and [[Lionel Kieseritzky|Kieseritsky]].<ref>[http://www.chessvariants.org/columns.dir/vc-2001-spring.html#unbalanced Unbalanced games] by John Beasley, ''Variant Chess'', Volume 5, Issue 37, ISSN 0958-8248.</ref>
* '''Peasant's revolt''' by R.L.Frey (1947). White has a king and eight pawns (the peasants) against king, pawn and four knights by black (the nobles).<ref> Pritchard (2007), p. 76</ref> An alternate setup is that the knight next to the king is taken. There is still another alternate set up used for [[Chess as mental training|mental training]].
* '''Weak!'''. White has usual pieces, black has king, seven knights and sixteen pawns. This game was played at [[Columbia University]] chess club in the 1960s.<ref>[http://www.chessvariants.org/unequal.dir/weak.html Weak!] by Hans Bodlaender.</ref>
* '''Marxist Game''' used by [[Jose Fadul|J. Fadul]] of [[De La Salle-College of Saint Benilde]] [[Chess as mental training|as mental training]] , together with the '''Republican Game''', the '''Atheist Game''', and the other alternate set up for the '''Peasants' revolt'''.<ref>{{Citation
|surname1=Fadul|given1=Jose|authorlink1=Jose Fadul
|title=More Lessons in Chess and in Life
|year=2009
|publisher=Lulu Press
|ID=ISBN 978-0-557-04627-0}}</ref>
{|
|-
|{{Chess diagram small|=
|
|
|=

8 |rd|nd|bd|qd|kd|bd|nd|rd|=
7 |pd|pd|pd|pd|pd|pd|pd|pd|=
6 | | | | | | | | |=
5 | | | | | | | | |=
4 | | |pl|pl|pl|pl| | |=
3 | |pl|pl| | |pl|pl| |=
2 |pl|pl|pl|pl|pl|pl|pl|pl|=
1 |rl|nl|bl| |kl|bl|nl|rl|=
a b c d e f g h

| '''Pawns game'''
}}
|{{Chess diagram small|=
| tright
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|=

8 | |nd|nd| |kd|nd|nd| |=
7 | | | | |pd| | | |=
6 | | | | | | | | |=
5 | | | | | | | | |=
4 | | | | | | | | |=
3 | | | | | | | | |=
2 |pl|pl|pl|pl|pl|pl|pl|pl|=
1 | | | | |kl| | | |=
a b c d e f g h

| '''Peasant's revolt'''
}}
|{{Chess diagram small|=
| tright
|
|=

8 | |nd|nd| |kd| |nd| |=
7 | | | | |pd| | | |=
6 | | | | | | | | |=
5 | | | | | | | | |=
4 | | | | | | | | |=
3 | | | | | | | | |=
2 |pl|pl|pl|pl|pl|pl|pl|pl|=
1 | | | | |kl| | | |=
a b c d e f g h

| Alternate setup for '''Peasant's revolt'''
}}
|{{Chess diagram small|=
| tright
|
|=

8 |nd|nd|nd|nd|kd|nd|nd|nd|=
7 |pd|pd|pd|pd|pd|pd|pd|pd|=
6 | | |pd| | |pd| | |=
5 | |pd|pd|pd|pd|pd|pd| |=
4 | | | | | | | | |=
3 | | | | | | | | |=
2 |pl|pl|pl|pl|pl|pl|pl|pl|=
1 |rl|nl|bl|ql|kl|bl|nl|rl|=
a b c d e f g h

| '''Weak!'''
}}
|}
{{clear}}
{|
|{{Chess diagram small|=
| tleft
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|=

8 | | | | | | | | |=
7 |pd|pd|pd|pd|pd|pd|pd|pd|=
6 | | | | | | | | |=
5 | | | | | | | | |=
4 | | | | | | | | |=
3 | | | | | | | | |=
2 |pl|pl|pl|pl|pl|pl|pl|pl|=
1 | | | | | | | | |=
a b c d e f g h

| '''Marxist game'''
}}

|{{Chess diagram small|=
| tleft
|
|=

8 |rd|nd|bd| | |bd|nd|rd|=
7 |pd|pd|pd|pd|pd|pd|pd|pd|=
6 | | | | | | | | |=
5 | | | | | | | | |=
4 | | | | | | | | |=
3 | | | | | | | | |=
2 |pl|pl|pl|pl|pl|pl|pl|pl|=
1 |rl|nl|bl| | |bl|nl|rl|=
a b c d e f g h

| '''Republican game'''
}}
|{{Chess diagram small|=
| tleft
|
|=
8 |rd|nd| |qd|kd| |nd|rd|=
7 |pd|pd|pd|pd|pd|pd|pd|pd|=
6 | | | | | | | | |=
5 | | | | | | | | |=
4 | | | | | | | | |=
3 | | | | | | | | |=
2 |pl|pl|pl|pl|pl|pl|pl|pl|=
1 |rl|nl| |ql|kl| |nl|rl|=
a b c d e f g h

| '''Atheist game'''
}}
|{{Chess diagram small|=
| tleft
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|=
8 | |nd| | |kd| |nd| |=
7 | | |pd| |pd| | | |=
6 | | | | | | | | |=
5 | | | | | | | | |=
4 | | | | | | | | |=
3 | | | | | | | | |=
2 |pl|pl|pl|pl|pl|pl|pl|pl|=
1 | | | | |kl| | | |=
a b c d e f g h

| Another Alternate Set up for '''Peasants' revolt'''
}}
|}

===Chess with different boards===
{{Raumschach diagram|=
| tright
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5 |rd|nd|kd|nd|rd|=
4 |pd|pd|pd|pd|pd|=
3 | | | | | |=
2 | | | | | |=
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Ea Eb Ec Ed Ee

5 |bd|sd|qd|bd|sd|=
4 |pd|pd|pd|pd|pd|=
3 | | | | | |=
2 | | | | | |=
1 | | | | | |=
Da Db Dc Dd De

5 | | | | | |=
4 | | | | | |=
3 | | | | | |=
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1 | | | | | |=
Ca Cb Cc Cd Ce

5 | | | | | |=
4 | | | | | |=
3 | | | | | |=
2 |pl|pl|pl|pl|pl|=
1 |bl|sl|ql|bl|sl|=
Ba Bb Bc Bd Be

5 | | | | | |=
4 | | | | | |=
3 | | | | | |=
2 |pl|pl|pl|pl|pl|=
1 |rl|nl|kl|nl|rl|=
Aa Ab Ac Ad Ae

| '''[[Raumschach]]''', Starting position.
}}
In these chess variants the same pieces and rules as in chess are used, but the board is different. It can be smaller or larger, non-square overall or based upon triangle or hexagon spaces (instead of square spaces). The movement of pieces in some variants is modified to account for the unusual property of the playing board.
* '''[[Alice chess]]''': played with two boards. A piece moved on one board passes "through the looking glass" onto the other board.
* '''[[Added Ranks chess]]''': played on a board with four added ranks; 12 added pawns and 4 added knights on each side.
* '''[[Circular chess]]''': played on a circular board consisting of four rings, each of sixteen squares.
* '''[[Courier Chess]]''': played on a board with four added files; a sage, a fool, two archers, and four pawns added on each side.
* '''[[Cylinder chess]]''': played on a cylinder board with A and H files "connected". Thus a player can use them as if the A file were next to the H file (and vice versa).
* '''Doublewide chess''': two or four regular chess boards are connected (for a 16x8 or 16x16 play surface) and each player plays with two complete sets of chess pieces. Because each player has two kings, the first king can be captured without ending the game.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chessvariants.org/large.dir/doublewide-chess.html|title=Doublewide chess}}</ref>
* '''[[Flying chess]]''': This is played on a board of 8x8x2, giving a total of 128 cells. Only certain pieces can move to and from the additional level.
* '''Gravity chess''': Rules are the same as in regular chess, except that all pieces are gravitationally "attracted" to the h-file (or a-file, depending on variants). This means that whenever there is free space between a piece and the h-file, the piece moves as far as it can to the h-file until the free space runs out.
* '''[[Grid chess]]''': the board is overlaid with a grid of lines. For a move to be legal, it must cross at least one of these lines.
* '''[[Hexagonal chess]]''': a family of chess variants played on a [[hexgrid]] with three colours and three bishops.
* '''Infinite chess''': has a board shaped like the [[Lemniscate|infinity symbol]]. It is connected at the center, and all pieces of the traditional chess are used.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boardgamegeek.com/game/32793|title=Infinite chess}}</ref>
*'''Lord Loss chess''': played on five different boards with two players. One person moves a piece on any board and his/her opponent can choose to move on a different or the same board. The game is featured in the book ''[[Lord Loss]]'' by [[Darren Shan]].
* '''[[Los Alamos chess]]''' (or '''Anti-Clerical chess'''): played on a 6x6 board without bishops. This was the first chess-like game played by a computer program.
* '''Millennium chess''': similar to Doublewide chess. Two boards are connected side by side; however, in this variant the middle files are merged, making a 15x8 board.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vipchess.com|title=Millennium chess}}</ref>
* '''[[Minichess]]''': a family of chess variants played with regular chess pieces and standard rules, but on a smaller board.
* '''[[Three-dimensional chess]]''': several variants exist with the most commonly known being "Tri-D chess" from the television series ''[[Star Trek: The Original Series|Star Trek]]'' as well as an easily playable 3x8x8 variant known as Millennium 3D chess.

===Chess with unusual rules===
These chess variants have the same pieces and board as chess but some rules for moving, capturing, etc are changed. The game goal can be also different from that in chess.
* '''[[Andernach chess]]''': a piece making a capture changes colour.
* '''[[Atomic chess]]''': any capture on a square results in an "atomic explosion" which kills (''i.e.'' removes from the game) all pieces in any of the eight surrounding squares, except for pawns.
* '''Benedict chess''': pieces are not allowed to be "captured". If a piece when moved could capture an opposing piece in its next move, that opposing piece changes sides.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chessvariants.com/difftaking.dir/benedict.html|title=Benedict chess}}</ref>
* '''[[Castle Wars chess]]''': Some pieces have different moves.
* '''[[Checkers chess]]''': normal rules of chess are followed. However, pieces can only move forwards until they have reached the far rank.
* '''[[Checkless chess]]''': players are forbidden from giving [[check (chess)|check]] except to [[checkmate]].
* '''[[Chicken Chess]]''': Chicken Chess is a combination of Benedict Chess and Suicide Chess. As in Suicide, the object is to lose all of your pieces and captures are mandatory. As in Benedict, if you threaten a piece it changes to your color.
* '''[[Circe chess]]''': captured pieces are reborn on their starting squares.
* '''[[Crazyhouse]]''': captured pieces change the colour and can be dropped on any unoccupied location. There are two variations of this chess variant, known as '''Loop chess''' and '''chessgi'''.
* '''[[Einstein chess]]''': pieces transform into more or less powerful pieces when they move.<ref>[http://www.janko.at/Retros/Glossary/Einstein.htm Einstein chess]</ref>
* '''[[Extinction chess]]''': A player must capture all of any one type of pieces his/her opponent controls to win (for example, all the knights an opponent has, or all their pawns, etc.)
*'''[http://jdserver.homelinux.org/genesischess.php Genesis Chess]''': The game begins with a blank board and opponents take turns placing down or moving pieces.
* '''[[Friendly Fire chess]]''': A player can capture not only his/her opponent's pieces but also his/her own instead. Still, the King can't be checked by his own chessmen, though it has a right to capture its chessmen, for example, the King may capture a Rook (which has made castling with it) while it is checked and the Rook is not threatened.<ref>[http://bogenseeberg.livejournal.com/15635.html Friendly Fire chess]</ref>
* '''[[Ghost chess]]''': variation in which the black Queen (Ghost), faces the white ranks (Paradigm), and each side has a variety of special moves.
* '''Guard chess''' (or ''Icelandic chess''): allows captures only when a piece is completely unprotected by friendly pieces. Checkmate occurs when the piece forcing the mate is protected and therefore cannot be captured.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chessvariants.org/difftaking.dir/guardchess.html|title=Guard chess}}</ref>
* '''Hierarchical chess''': pieces must be moved in the following order: pawn, knight, bishop, rook, queen, king. A player who has the corresponding piece but cannot move it loses the game.<ref>Pritchard (2007), p. 48.</ref>
* '''Jedi Knight chess''': Knights may move three spaces diagonally or horizontally or both, depending on the rules accepted.<ref>[http://gotjustice.wordpress.com/2007/10/19/jedi-knight-chess-variant/ Jedi Knight chess].</ref>
* '''[[Knight relay chess]]''': pieces defended by a friendly knight can move as a knight.
{{Chess diagram|=
| tright
|
|=

8 |rd|kd|bd|qd|nd|bd|kd|rd|=
7 |pd|pd|pd|pd|pd|pd|pd|pd|=
6 | | | | | | | | |=
5 | | | | | | | | |=
4 | | | | | | | | |=
3 | | | | | | | | |=
2 |pl|pl|pl|pl|pl|pl|pl|pl|=
1 |rl|kl|bl|ql|nl|bl|kl|rl|=
a b c d e f g h

| '''Knightmate'''. Starting position
}}
* '''Knightmate''' (also called ''Mate The Knight'') is a game invented by Bruce Zimov in 1972. The goal of the game is to checkmate the opponents's knight (which is placed on e-file). The kings on b- and g- files can be captured as other pieces. Pawns can additionally promote to kings but not to knights.<ref>[http://www.chessvariants.org/diffobjective.dir/knightmate.html Knightmate] by Hans Bodlaender.</ref>
* '''[[Legan chess]]''': played as if the board would be rotated 45°, initial position and pawn movements are adjusted accordingly.
* '''[[Madrasi chess]]''': a piece which is attacked by the same type of piece of the opposite colour is paralysed.
* '''[[Monochromatic chess]]''': all pieces must stay on the same colour square as they initially begin.
* '''[[Patrol chess]]''': captures and checks are only possible if the capturing or checking piece is guarded by a friendly piece.
* '''[[PlunderChess]]''': the capturing piece is allowed to temporarily take the moving abilities of the piece taken.
* '''Refusal chess''' (also called ''Outlaw chess'' or ''Rejection chess''): when a player makes a move the opponent can refuse to accept it, forcing the first player to change to another move, which must be accepted. The only exception is when only one legal move is possible.<ref>Pritchard (2007), p.61.</ref>
* '''Replacement chess''': captured pieces are not removed from the board but moved by the capturer anywhere else on the board.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chessvariants.org/difftaking.dir/replacement.html|title=Replacement chess}}</ref>
* '''Rifle chess''' (also known as ''Shooting chess'' or ''Sniper chess''): When one piece captures another, it remains unmoved in its original square, instead of occupying the square of the piece it has captured.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chessvariants.org/difftaking.dir/rifle.html|title=Rifle chess}}</ref> [http://www.pathguy.com/chess/RifleChs.htm]
* '''[[Antichess|Suicide chess]]''' (also known as '''Giveaway chess''', '''Take Me chess''', '''Loser's chess''', '''Antichess''', '''Must Kill''', '''Reverse Chess'''): capturing moves are mandatory and the object is to lose all pieces. There is no check - the king is captured like an ordinary piece.
* '''[[Three checks chess]]''': you win if you check your opponent three times.
* '''[[Transformer chess]]''': Players may swap out pieces for those on the sideline before moving, which are in turn swapped back into play.
*'''[[Tsar-Battle]]'''.
Piece kinds: Pawn, Queen, Rook, Bishop, Knight, King.
Moves & Kills: All pieces advance & kill like classical rules, except following differences: pawn moves & kills like classical King; null-step is allowed(player can give own turning to opponent); white can make first step without killing only; played on a 10x10 board.
Before game's start, players must place pieces on the own half of the board secretly(order of placement is defined by player's idea). by default, each players get queen, king &
10 pawns -- others(21) are chosen freely, but chosen piece cannot be king or queen.

===Chess with incomplete information or elements of chance===
<!-- Image with inadequate rationale removed: [[Image:Knightmare Chess Demotion.jpg|thumb|200px|A card from '''[[Knightmare chess]]'''.]] -->
In these chess variants, luck or randomness sometimes plays a role. Still, like in [[poker]] or [[backgammon]], good luck and bad luck even out over the long-term with clever strategy and consideration of probabilities being decisively important.
* '''ChessHeads''': played with cards that change the game rules.<ref>[http://www.chessmate.com/ChessHeads.html ChessHeads] chessmate.com</ref><ref>[http://www.boardgamegeek.com/boardgame/12932 ChessHeads] BoardGameGeek</ref>
* '''[[Dark chess]]''': you see only squares of the board that are attacked by your pieces.
* '''[[Dice chess]]''': the pieces a player is able to move are determined by rolling a pair of [[dice]].
* '''[[Knightmare Chess]]''': played with cards that change the game rules.
* '''[[Kriegspiel (chess)|Kriegspiel]]''': neither player knows where the opponent's pieces are but can deduce them with information from a referee.
* '''No Stress Chess''': marketed for teaching beginners, the piece or pieces a player is able to move are determined by drawing from a deck of cards, with each card providing the rules for how the piece may move.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boardgamegeek.com/game/19918|title=No Stress Chess}}</ref> [[Castling]] and [[en passant]] are not allowed.
* '''[[Penultima (game)|Penultima]]''': an inductive chess variant where the players must deduce hidden rules invented by "Spectators".
* '''Schrödinger's chess''': each player's minor pieces are concealed in such a way that the opponent does not know what they are until they are revealed. When covered, pieces move in a restricted way.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://elvis.rowan.edu/~kilroy/other/?chess|title=Schrödinger's chess}}</ref>
* '''Synchronous chess''': players try to outguess each other, moving simultaneously after privately recording intended moves and anticipated results. Incompatible moves, for instance to the same square with no anticipated capture, are replayed. Alternatively, two pieces moving to the same square are both captured, unless one is the king, in which case it captures the other. Play ends with capture of king.<ref>Pritchard (2007), p.100</ref>

===Multimove variants===
In these variants one or both players can move more than once per turn. The board and the pieces in these variants are the same as in standard [[chess]].
* '''[[Avalanche chess]]''': each move consists of a standard chess move followed by a move of one of the opponent's pawns.
* '''Doublemove chess''':<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chessvariants.com/multimove.dir/doublemove.html|title=Doublemove chess}}</ref> Similar to Marseillais chess, but with no en passant, check, or checkmate; the object is to capture the king.
* '''[[Kung-fu chess|Kung-Fu chess]]''': a chess variant without turns. Any player can move any of his pieces at any given moment.
* '''[[Marseillais chess]]''' or Two-move chess: after the first turn of the game by white being a single move, each player moves twice per turn.
* '''[[Monster chess]]''' (Also known as '''Super King'''): white has the king and four pawns against the entire black army but may make two successive moves per turn.
* '''[[Progressive chess]]''': (also known as '''Scottish chess''') the white player moves once, the black player moves twice, the white player moves three times, etc.
* '''Zonal chess''':<ref>[http://www.chessvariants.org/shape.dir/zonal/zonal.html Zonal chess] by Larry Smith</ref> board has triangular wings or "zones" on either side of the main 8x8 board. Queens, bishops, and rooks that ''start'' from one of the squares in either zone may change direction and keep going on the same move. A queen, for example, could zig around an obstruction and attack a piece in the opposite zone. Note that the power to change direction only applies when a piece's move ''starts'' from a zonal area. It is possible (using the queen and rook) to cross the board from one zone to another, but any piece ''entering'' a zone cannot make use of the extended move.

===Multiplayer variants===
[[Image:Bughouse game.jpg|right|thumb|275px|'''[[Bughouse chess]]''', the game in progress.]]
These variants arose out of the desire to play chess with more than just one other person.
*'''[[Bosworth (game)|Bosworth]]''': A four player chess variant played on 6x6 board. It uses a special card system with the pieces for spawning.
* '''[[Bughouse chess]]''': (also known as '''Double chess''', '''Exchange chess''', '''Siamese chess''', '''Swap chess''', '''Tandem chess''', '''Matrix chess''') two teams of two players face each other on two boards. Allies use opposite colours and give captured pieces to their partner. The two-player version of the game, played with only one board, is [[Crazyhouse]].
* '''[[Djambi]]:''' can be played by four people with a 9x9 board and four sets of special pieces. The pieces can capture or move the pieces of an adversary. Captured pieces are not removed from the board, but turned upside down. There are variants for three players or five players (''Pentachiavel'').
*'''[[Enochian chess]]:''' a four-player variant with [[magical]] [[symbolism]], associated with the [[Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn]].
* '''[[Forchess]]:''' a four-person version using the standard board and two sets of standard pieces.
* '''[[Four-handed chess]]:''' (also known as '''chess 4''' and '''4-Way chess''') can be played by four people and uses a special board and four sets of differently coloured pieces.
* '''[[Three-handed chess]]''': family of chess variants specially designed for three players.

===Chess with unusual pieces===
Most of the pieces in these chess variants are borrowed from [[chess]]. The game goal and rules are also very similar to those in [[chess]]. However, these chess variants include one or more [[fairy pieces]] which move differently than chess pieces.

{{Chess diagram|=
| tright
|
|=

8 |rd|nd|bd|qd|kd|bd|nd|rd|=
7 |pd|pd|pd|pd|pd|pd|pd|pd|=
6 | | | |fl| | | | |=
5 | | | | | | | | |=
4 | | | | | | | | |=
3 | | | |fd| | | | |=
2 |pl|pl|pl|pl|pl|pl|pl|pl|=
1 |rl|nl|bl|ql|kl|bl|nl|rl|=
a b c d e f g h

| '''Anti-king chess'''. The anti-king is shown as an inverted king.
}}
* '''Anti-king chess''': uses an ''anti-king''. This piece is in check when not attacked. If the player has an anti-king in check and unable to move it to the position attacked by the opponent, the player loses (checkmate). The anti-king cannot capture opponent's pieces, but it can capture friendly pieces. The king does not attack the anti-king of the opponent. The anti-king does not check its own king. All other rules are the same as in standard chess, including check and checkmate to usual king. The game was invented by Peter Aronson in 2002.<ref>[http://www.chessvariants.org/diffobjective.dir/anti-king-chess.html Anti-king chess] by Peter Aronson. Two setups were suggested by the inventor initially, but only the second one (Anti-King II), which is very close to standard chess gained popularity.</ref>
* '''[[Baroque chess|Baroque]]''': (also known as '''Ultima''') pieces on the first row move like queens, and pieces on the second row move like rooks. They are named after their unusual capturing methods. For example, Leaper, Immobilizer, and Coordinator.
*'''[[Berolina chess]]''': Which uses the Berolina Pawn instead of the normal pawn, all other things being equal.
*'''Bomberman chess''': Inspired by the ''[[Bomberman]]'' video game series. Played on an 10x8 board with special Bomb and Defuser pieces. The Bomb piece can be exploded on its turn in vertical and horizontal directions (similar to the movement of a rook), destroying any pieces in the blast range, and the Defuser piece can capture a bomb piece.<ref>[http://www.chessvariants.com/large.dir/contest/bomberman.html Bomberman chess]</ref>
*'''[[Chess with different armies]]''': two sides use different sets of fairy pieces. There are several armies of approximately equal strength to choose from including the standard FIDE chess army.
* '''[[Dragon chess]]''': uses three 8×12 boards atop one another, with new types of chess pieces.
* '''[[Duell (chess)|Duell]]''': dice are used instead of pieces.
* '''[[Gess]]''': chess with variable pieces, played on a [[go (game)|go]]-board.
* '''[[Grasshopper chess]]''': is a chess variant in which the pawns can promote to grasshopper, or in which grasshoppers are on the board in the opening position.
* '''[[Maharajah and the Sepoys]]''': black has a complete army, white only one piece - Maharajah (Queen + Knight).
* '''[[Omega chess]]''': played on a 10×10 board with four extra squares, one per corner. Also, two fairy chess pieces are used, the Champion and the Wizard. Both can jump other pieces like the Knight.
* '''[[Pocket mutation chess]]''': player can put a piece temporary into the pocket, optionally mutating it into another piece.
* '''[[Pole chess]]''': each player has an uncapturable piece known as a Pole. The Pole, which does not begin play on the board, may be moved to any empty space on the board as a legal move. Thus, the Pole can be used to block check, making it much harder to achieve mate. Mentioned in the novel [[Blue Adept]] by [[Piers Anthony]].
* '''[[Reflecting Bishops]]''': a Bishop is allowed to "bounce" off the edge of the board when making a move, similar to a hockey puck or billiard ball. Its path continues down the diagonal to any legitimate square after the "bounce".
* '''[[Stealth chess]]''': played in the fictional [[Ankh-Morpork Assassins' Guild]] from the ''[[Discworld]]'' series of books; played on an 8×10 board. The fairy piece is the [[Assassin]].
* '''[[Shako (Chess)]]''': played on a 10×10 board. New pieces are the Cannon from [[Xiangqi]](Chinese Chess) and an Elephant moving as Fers+Alfil of old [[Shatranj]] (ancestors of Queen and Bishop), so diagonally one or two squares with jumps allowed.

====Bishop+knight and rook+knight compounds====
There are a numbers of chess variants which use bishop+knight and rook+knight compound pieces. Several different names have been given to these pieces. Rook and knight compound (R+N) is named ''chancellor'', ''marshall'', ''empress'' etc.<ref>[http://www.chessvariants.org/piececlopedia.dir/rook-knight.html The Piececlopedia: The Rook-Knight Compound] by Fergus Duniho and David Howe.</ref> Bishop and knight compound piece (B+N) is called ''archbishop'', ''cardinal'', ''janus'', ''Prime Minister'' etc.<ref>[http://www.chessvariants.org/piececlopedia.dir/bishop-knight.html The Piececlopedia: Bishop-Knight Compound] by Fergus Duniho and David Howe.</ref> To adapt two new pieces the board is usually extended to 10x8 or 10x10 with two additional pawns added.
* '''[[Capablanca chess]]''': a chess variant by the former [[world chess champion]], [[José Raúl Capablanca]]. Played on a 10×8 board with ''chancellor'' (R+N) and ''archbishop'' (B+N).
* '''[[Capablanca random chess]]''': by [[Reinhard Scharnagl]] (2004). A generalization of all possible variants of [[Capablanca chess]] with random starting positions following a method similar to that used in [[Chess960]].
* '''[[Embassy Chess]]''': by Kevin Hill (2005). Played on a 10×8 board with ''marshall'' (R+N) and ''cardinal'' (B+N). The starting position is taken from [[Grand chess]].
* '''[[Gothic chess]]''': a commercial chess variant. Played on a 10×8 board with ''chancellor'' (R+N) and ''archbishop'' (B+N).
* '''[[Grand chess]]''': by [[Christian Freeling]] (1984). Played on a 10×10 board with ''marshall'' (R+N) and ''cardinal'' (B+N).
* '''[[Janus chess]]''' by Werner Schöndorf (1978). Played on 10×8 board with two ''januses'' (B+N).
* '''[[Modern chess]]''': played on a 9x9 board, with an extra pawn and a Prime Minister (Bishop + Knight). It was created by Puerto Rico's Gabriel Vicente Maura in 1968.
* '''[[Seirawan chess]]''': invented by [[Grandmaster (chess)|grandmaster]] [[Yasser Seirawan]] in 2007. Played on standard 8x8 board with ''elephant'' (R+N) and ''hawk'' (B+N).

===Games inspired by chess===
These chess variants are very different from [[chess]] and may be classified as abstract board games instead of chess variants (by restrictive, proper definition).
* '''[[Arimaa]]''': A game inspired by [[Garry Kasparov|Garry Kasparov's]] defeat by [[computer chess|chess computer]] [[IBM Deep Blue|Deep Blue]]. This game is easy for people to understand but difficult for computers to play well.
* '''ChessWar''': complex strategy game played with chess pieces and board.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://rpr.kapsi.fi/games/misc/chesswar.html|title=ChessWar}}</ref>
* '''[[Navia Dratp]]''':a cross between chess and [[miniature wargaming]].
* '''[[Martian chess]]''': played with [[Icehouse pieces]].
* '''[[Shuuro]]''': a cross between chess and [[miniature wargaming]].
* '''DracoKrak Chess''': fully customizable fantasy board game with elements of Chess, miniature wargame, role-playing game.

==Chess-related national games==
[[Image:Shatranj.jpg|thumb|250px|right|'''[[Shatranj]]''' set, 12th century.]]
Some of these games have developed independently while others are ancestors or relatives of modern [[chess]].<ref>{{cite book | author=[[Harold James Ruthven Murray|Murray, H.J.R.]] | title=[[A History of Chess]]
|publisher=Benjamin Press (originally published by Oxford University Press)| year=1913 | isbn=0-936-317-01-9}}</ref> Nonetheless, they are potentially definable as chess variants (with some possible difficulties). The popularity of these chess variants may be limited to their respective places of origin (as is largely the case for ''shogi''), or worldwide, as is the case for ''xiangqi'' which is played by [[overseas Chinese]] everywhere. These games have their own institutions and traditions.

*[[Chaturanga]] - an ancient [[India]]n game, presumed to be the [[origins of chess|common ancestor of chess]] and other national chess-related games.
*[[Chaturaji]] - four handed version of Chaturanga, played with a die.
*[[Shatranj]] - an ancient [[Persians|Persian]] game, derived from [[Chaturanga]].
*[[Tamerlane chess]] - a significantly expanded variation of [[Shatranj]].
*[[Xiangqi]] - [[China]].
*[[Jungle (board game)|Jungle]] (or animal chess) - [[China]].
*[[Banqi]] (or Chinese Half chess) - [[China]].
*[[Chandraki]] - [[Tibet]].
*[[Shogi]] - [[Japan]] (see also [[shogi variant]]s).
*[[Hiashatar]] - [[Mongolia]]
*[[Janggi]] - [[Korea]].
*[[Main Chator]] - [[Malaysia]], [[Indonesia]], [[Philippines]].
*[[Makruk]] - [[Thailand]].
*[[Samantsy]] - [[Madagascar]]
*[[Senterej]] - [[Ethiopia]]
*[[Sittuyin]] - [[Burma]].
*[[Shatar]] - [[Mongolia]].
*[[Ouk Chatrang]] - [[Cambodia]]
*[[Rek Chess]] - [[Cambodia]]

==Chess variants software==
Some program authors have created stand-alone applications that are capable of playing a few, many or an unlimited number of variants.
* [[Zillions of Games]] - supports an unlimited number (but not types) of chess variants. One can write his/her own rule files to create and play almost all chess variants, as well as almost any abstract strategy board game.
* [[ChessV]] - supports around 50 chess variants, including such popular variants as [[Grand chess]], [[Shatranj]], [[Three checks chess|Three Checks chess]], [[Baroque chess|Ultima]].
* [[SMIRF]] - supports all [[Chess960|FRC]] variants upon the 8x8 board and all [[Capablanca random chess|CRC]] variants upon the 10x8 board.
* [http://sunsetter.sourceforge.net Sunsetter] - Normal Chess, [[Crazyhouse]] and [[Bughouse chess]] engine (opensource).
* [http://sjeng.org/indexold.html Sjeng] - besides [[Crazyhouse]] and [[Bughouse chess]], supports other chess variants.
* [http://www.xenoclone.com/game_minichess.html Mini Chess] - supports 6x5 board variants of chess, makruk, and shatranj.
* [http://bughousechess.wz.cz/DoubleChessBoard/index.htm DoubleChessBoard] - supports bughouse, coin, ingols chess variants and various alternative starting positions.

==Notes==
{{reflist|2}}

==References==
* {{cite book | author=[[David Pritchard (chess writer)|Pritchard, D.]] | title=The Classified Encyclopedia of Chess Variants
|publisher=John Beasley | year=2007 | isbn=978-0955516801}}

==See also==
{{Wikipedia-Books|Chess variants}}
* [[Advanced chess|Advanced chess, Centaur chess or Cyborg chess]]
* [[Fast chess|Blitz chess]]
* [[Fairy chess]]
* [[Fairy chess piece]]s
* [[Chess boxing]]
* [[Chess as mental training]]

==External links==
===General===
* [http://www.chessvariants.org The Chess Variant Pages]
* [http://chessvariants.wikidot.com/ The Chess Variants wiki]
* [http://www.bcvs.ukf.net/index.htm British Chess Variant Society]
* [http://homepage.ntlworld.com/gpjnow/VC-GG.htm Variant Chess Games]
* [http://history.chess.free.fr/variety.htm Variety of Chess in ancient world]
* [http://www.tradgames.org.uk/games/Chess.htm The Chess Family - History and Useful Information]
* [http://wildchess.org Variant chess database] - contains games for [[atomic chess]], [[suicide chess]], [[Antichess|losers chess]] and "wild" variants.
* [http://www.pathguy.com/chess/ChessVar.htm Chess Variant Applets that can play each variant]

===Collections===
In addition to individual chess variants with popularity, collections (generally acknowledged to be of respectable quality) have been created by several inventors:
* [http://karl.kiwi.gen.nz/swindex3.html Zillions Chess Variants Karl Scherer]
* [http://www.duniho.com/fergus/games/ Games Gallery Fergus Duniho]
* [http://home.att.net/~pbaronson/ Board Game Page Peter Aronson]
* [http://www.di.fc.ul.pt/~jpn/cv/index.htm Chess Variants João Pedro Neto]
* [http://hem.passagen.se/melki9/chessvar.htm Chess Variants (Zillions) Mats Winther]
* [http://history.chess.free.fr/cvindex.htm Chess Variants Jean-Louis Cazaux]

===Internet servers to play chess variants===
* [http://www.BrainKing.com BrainKing.com]
* [http://www.itsyourturn.com ItsYourTurn.com]
* [http://www.goldtoken.com GoldToken.com]
* [http://www.cowplay.com Cowplay.com]
* [http://SchemingMind.com/ SchemingMind.com] - International [[Correspondence Chess]] Server & Chess Variants.
* [http://play.chessvariants.org/pbm/ Game Courier]
* [http://www.xymyx.com XYMYX The Evolution of Chess]
* [http://FourPlayerChess.googlepages.com An Online Four Player Chess Game]
* [http://www.chessboss.com/chessgame.php ChessBoss.com]
* [http://bremboce.cisana.com Applet that can play Wild and Chess960 Variants]
* [http://tsar.battle.electorum.com Tsar-Battle Variant]
* [http://www.opengames.com.ar/en Opengames server] - Peasant revolt, Retired and Benedict Chess game server.
{{chess}}

[[Category:Chess variants|Chess variants]]

[[cs:Šachové varianty]]
[[de:Schachvariante]]
[[es:Variante del ajedrez]]
[[eo:Alternativaj reguloj de ŝako]]
[[fr:Variante du jeu d'échecs]]
[[ko:변형 체스]]
[[it:Scacchi eterodossi]]
[[he:וריאציות של משחק השחמט]]
[[hu:Sakkváltozatok]]
[[nl:Schaakvariant]]
[[ja:変則チェス]]
[[pt:Variantes do Xadrez]]
[[ro:Variante de şah]]
[[ru:Варианты шахмат]]
[[sl:Šahovska različica]]
[[fi:Shakkivariantti]]
[[th:หมากรุก]]
[[tr:Satranç türevi]]
[[uk:Варіанти шахів]]
[[zh:象棋變體]]

Revision as of 15:03, 9 October 2009

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