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Charnia

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Not to be confused with Charonia or Chania.

Charnia
Temporal range: Late Ediacaran, 570–550 Ma [1]
A cast of the holotype of Charnia masoni. Metric scale.
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: †Petalonamae
Family: †Charniidae
Genus: †Charnia
Ford, 1958
Species:
†C. masoni
Binomial name
†Charnia masoni
Ford, 1958
Synonyms
  • Glassnerina Germs, 1973
  • Rangea grandis Glaessner & Wade, 1966 = Glaessnerina grandis
  • Rangea sibirica Sokolov, 1972 = Glaessnerina sibirica

Charnia is an extinct genus of frond-like lifeforms belonging to the Ediacaran biota with segmented, leaf-like ridges branching alternately to the right and left from a zig-zag medial suture (thus exhibiting glide reflection, or opposite isometry). The genus Charnia was named after Charnwood Forest in Leicestershire, England, where the first fossilised specimen was found; the species name after Roger Mason, a schoolboy who found it. Charnia is significant because it was the first Precambrian fossil to be recognized as such.

The living organism grew on the sea floor, 570 to 550 million years ago, and is believed to have fed on nutrients in the water. Despite Charnia's fern-like appearance, it is not a photosynthetic plant or alga because the nature of the fossil beds where specimens have been found implies that it originally lived in deep water, well below the photic zone where photosynthesis can occur.[2]

Diversity

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Several Charnia species were described but only the type species C. masoni is considered valid. Some specimens of C. masoni were described as members of genus Rangea or a separate genus Glaessnerina:

  • Rangea grandis Glaessner & Wade, 1966[3] = Glaessnerina grandis[4]
  • Rangea sibirica Sokolov, 1972 = Glaessnerina sibirica

Two other described Charnia species have been transferred to two separate genera

  • Charnia wardi Narbonne & Gehling, 2003[5] transferred to the genus Trepassia Narbonne et al., 2009[6]
  • Charnia antecedens Laflamme et al., 2007[7][8] transferred to the genus Vinlandia Brasier, Antcliffe & Liu, 2012[9]

A number of Ediacaran form taxa are thought to represent Charnia, Charniodiscus and other Petalonamids at varying levels of decay; these include the Ivesheadiomorphs Ivesheadia, Blackbrookia, Pseudovendia, and Shepshedia.[10]

Distribution

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Charnia masoni was first described from the Maplewell Group in Charnwood Forest in England and was subsequently found in Ediacara Hills in Australia,[3][11] Siberia and the White Sea area in Russia,[12][13] and Precambrian deposits in Newfoundland, Canada.

It lived about 570-550 million years ago.[1]

Discovery

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Charnia masoni holotype, Leicester Museum & Art Gallery, Leicester

Charnia masoni[14] was brought to the attention of scientists by Roger Mason, a schoolboy who later became a professor of metamorphic petrology. In 1957 Mason and his friends were rock-climbing in Charnwood Forest, in what is now a protected fossil site in Central England. They noticed this unusual fossil, and Mason took a rubbing of the rock. He showed the rubbing to his father, the minister of Leicester's Great Meeting Unitarian Chapel, who also taught at Leicester University nearby and knew Trevor Ford, a local geologist. Mason took Ford to the site; Ford published the discovery in the Journal of the Yorkshire Geological Society.[15] The holotype (the actual physical example from which the species was first described) now resides, along with a cast of the related taxon Charniodiscus, in Leicester Museum & Art Gallery.

It has also been revealed that Tina Negus, then a 15-year-old schoolgirl, had seen this fossil a year before the boys[16] but her geography schoolteacher discounted the possibility of Precambrian fossils.[17] Mason acknowledges, and the museum's Charnia display explains, that the fossil had been discovered a year earlier by Negus, "but no one took her seriously".[18] She was recognised at the 50th anniversary celebrations of the official discovery.

Significance

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Reconstruction of Charnia masoni at Museo delle Scienze in Trento.

Charnia is known from specimens as small as only 1 cm (0.39 in), and as large as 66 cm (26 in) in length.[19] It is a very significant fossil because it is the first fossil which was ever described to have come from undoubted Precambrian rocks. Prior to 1958, the Precambrian was thought to be completely devoid of fossils and consequently possibly devoid of macroscopic life. Similar fossils had been found during the 1930s (in Namibia) and the 1940s (in Australia) but these forms were assumed to be of Cambrian age and were therefore considered unremarkable at the time. Originally interpreted as an alga, Charnia was reinterpreted as a sea pen (a group related to the modern soft corals) from 1966 onwards. Acceptance of Charnia as a Precambrian lifeform resulted in recognition of other major Precambrian animal groups, although the sea pen interpretation of Charnia has been recently discredited,[20][21] and the current[needs update] "state of the art" is something of a "statement of ignorance".[22]

An alternative theory has developed, since the mid-1980s, from the work of Adolf Seilacher who suggested that Charnia belongs to an extinct group of unknown grade which was confined to the Ediacaran Period. This suggests that almost all the forms that have been postulated to be members of many and various modern animal groups are actually more closely related to each other than they are to anything else. This new group was termed the Vendobionta,[23] a clade with unknown relationship to other clades, perhaps united by its construction via unipolar iterations of one cell family.

The holotype is a major attraction at the Leicester Museum & Art Gallery. A day-long seminar in 2007 devoted to Charnia termed it "Leicester's fossil celebrity".[24]

Ecology

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Diorama of Ediacaran ecosystem, with abundant Charnia fronds, at the Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History

Little is known about the ecology of Charnia. It was benthic and sessile, anchored to the sea floor. According to one currently popular hypothesis, it probably lived in deep waters, well below the wave base, thus placing it out of range of photosynthesis. Furthermore, it has no obvious feeding apparatus (mouth, gut, etc.) so its lifestyle remains enigmatic. Some have speculated that it survived either by filter feeding or directly absorbing nutrients, and this is currently[needs update] the emphasis of considerable research.[25]

The growth and development of the Ediacara biota is also a subject of continued research, and this has discredited the sea pen hypothesis. In contrast to sea pens, which grow by basal insertion, Charnia grew by the apical insertion of new buds.[22]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b "Leicester's fossil celebrity: Charnia and the evolution of early life" (PDF). University of Leicester. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 5 April 2016.
  2. ^ Hoyal Cuthill, Jennifer F.; Han, Jian (2018). Álvaro, Javier (ed.). "Cambrian petalonamid Stromatoveris phylogenetically links Ediacaran biota to later animals". Palaeontology. 61 (6): 813–823. doi:10.1111/pala.12393. ISSN 0031-0239.
  3. ^ a b Glaessner, M.F.; Wade, M. (1966). "The late Precambrian fossils from Ediacara, South Australia" (PDF). Palaeontology. 9 (4): 599.
  4. ^ Germs, G. J. B. (1973). "A reinterpretation of Rangea schneiderhoehni and the discovery of a related new fossil from the Nama Group, South West Africa". Lethaia. 6 (1): 1–10. Bibcode:1973Letha...6....1G. doi:10.1111/j.1502-3931.1973.tb00870.x.
  5. ^ Narbonne, G.M.; Gehling, J.G. (2003). "Life after Snowball: the oldest complex Ediacaran fossils" (PDF). Geology. 31 (1): 27–30. Bibcode:2003Geo....31...27N. doi:10.1130/0091-7613(2003)031<0027:LASTOC>2.0.CO;2. Archived from the original (PDF) on 31 October 2004.
  6. ^ Narbonne, G.M.; Laflamme, M.; Greentree, C.; Trusler, P. (2009). "Reconstructing a lost world: Ediacaran rangeomorphs from Spaniard's Bay, Newfoundland". Journal of Paleontology. 83 (4): 503–523. Bibcode:2009JPal...83..503N. doi:10.1666/08-072R1.1. S2CID 129788025.
  7. ^ M. Laflamme; G. M. Narbonne; C. Greentree; M. M. Anderson (2007). "Morphology and taphonomy of an Ediacaran frond: Charnia from the Avalon Peninsula of Newfoundland". Geological Society, London, Special Publications. 286 (1): 237–257. Bibcode:2007GSLSP.286..237L. doi:10.1144/SP286.17. ISBN 9781862392335. S2CID 129001821.
  8. ^ Hofmann, H. J.; O'Brien, S. J.; King, A. F. (2008). "Ediacaran Biota on Bonavista Peninsula, Newfoundland, Canada". Journal of Paleontology. 82 (1): 1–36. Bibcode:2008JPal...82....1H. doi:10.1666/06-087.1. S2CID 130150962.
  9. ^ Brasier, M.D.; Antcliffe, J.B.; Liu, A.G. (2012). "The architecture of Ediacaran Fronds". Palaeontology. 55 (5): 503–523. Bibcode:2012Palgy..55.1105B. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2012.01164.x. S2CID 86538017.
  10. ^ Liu, A. G.; McIlroy, D.; Antcliffe, J. B.; Brasier, M. D. (2010). "Effaced preservation in the Ediacara biota and its implications for the early macrofossil record". Palaeontology. 54 (3): 607–630. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2010.01024.x.
  11. ^ Nedin C.; Jenkins R.J.F. (1998). "First occurrence of the Ediacaran fossil Charnia from the southern hemisphere". Alcheringa. 22 (3/4): 315–316. Bibcode:1998Alch...22..315N. doi:10.1080/03115519808619329.
  12. ^ Grazhdankin, Dima (2004). "Patterns of distribution in the Ediacaran biotas: facies versus biogeography and evolution" (PDF). Paleobiology. 30 (2): 203–221. doi:10.1666/0094-8373(2004)030<0203:PODITE>2.0.CO;2. S2CID 129376371.
  13. ^ Grazhdankin, D. V.; Balthasar, U.; Nagovitsin, K. E.; Kochnev, B. B. (2008). "Carbonate-hosted Avalon-type fossils in arctic Siberia". Geology. 36 (10): 803–806. Bibcode:2008Geo....36..803G. doi:10.1130/G24946A.1.
  14. ^ Ford, T.D. (1958). "Precambrian fossils from Charnwood Forest". Yorkshire Geological Society Proceedings. 31 (3): 211–217. Bibcode:1958PYGS...31..211F. doi:10.1144/pygs.31.3.211.
  15. ^ Mason, Roger. "The discovery of Charnia masoni" (PDF). University of Leicester. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 5 April 2016.
  16. ^ Ford, Trevor. "The discovery of Charnia". Archived from the original on 23 July 2011. Retrieved 12 March 2011.
  17. ^ Negus, Tina. "An account of the discovery of Charnia". Archived from the original on 23 July 2011. Retrieved 12 March 2011.
  18. ^ Mason, Roger. "The discovery of Charnia masoni" (PDF). University of Leicester. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 5 April 2016. In April 1957, I went rock-climbing in Charnwood Forest with two friends, Richard Allen and Richard Blachford ('Blach'), fellow students at Wyggeston Grammar School, Leicester. I was already interested in geology and knew that the rocks of the Charnian Supergroup were Precambrian although I had not heard of the Australian fossils. Richard Allen and I agree that Blach (who died in the early 1960s) drew my attention to the leaf-like fossil holotype now on display in Leicester City Museum. I took a rubbing and showed it to my father, who was Minister of the Great Meeting Unitarian Chapel in East Bond Street, taught part-time at University College (soon to be Leicester University) and thus knew Trevor Ford. We took Trevor to visit the fossil site and convinced him that it was a genuine fossil. His publication of the discovery in the Journal of the Yorkshire Geological Society established the genus Charnia and aroused worldwide interest. ... I was able to report the discovery because of my father's encouragement and the enquiring approach fostered by my science teachers. Tina Negus saw the frond before I did but no one took her seriously.
  19. ^ Dunn, Frances S.; Wilby, Philip R.; Kenchington, Charlotte G.; Grazhdankin, Dmitriy V.; Donoghue, Philip C. J.; Liu, Alexander G. (2019). "Anatomy of the Ediacaran rangeomorph Charnia masoni". Papers in Palaeontology. 5 (1): 157–176. Bibcode:2019PPal....5..157D. doi:10.1002/spp2.1234. PMC 6472560. PMID 31007942.
  20. ^ Antcliffe, J.B.; Brasier, M.D. (2007). "Charnia and sea pens are poles apart". Journal of the Geological Society. 164 (1): 49. Bibcode:2007JGSoc.164...49A. doi:10.1144/0016-76492006-080. S2CID 130602154.
  21. ^ Gary C. Williams. "Aspects of the Evolutionary Biology of Pennatulacean Octocorals".
  22. ^ a b Antcliffe, J.B.; Brasier, M.D. (2008). "Charnia at 50: Developmental Models for Ediacaran Fronds". Palaeontology. 51 (1): 11–26. Bibcode:2008Palgy..51...11A. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2007.00738.x. S2CID 83486435.
  23. ^ Seilacher, A. 1984. Late Precambrian and Early Cambrian Metazoa: preservational or real extinctions? 159–168. In Holland, H. D., Trendal, A. F. and Bernhard, S. (eds). Patterns of Change in Earth Evolution. Springer Verlag, New York, NY, 450 pp.
  24. ^ "Leicester's fossil celebrity: Charnia and the evolution of early life" (PDF). University of Leicester. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 5 April 2016.
  25. ^ Narbonne
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An article on the discovery of Charnia masoni:

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