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Centre Pompidou

Coordinates: 48°51′38.311″N 2°21′8.082″E / 48.86064194°N 2.35224500°E / 48.86064194; 2.35224500
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(Redirected from Centre Pompidou Málaga)
"Beaubourg" redirects here. For other uses, see Beaubourg (disambiguation).

Centre Georges Pompidou
Logo of the Centre Pompidou
Map
General information
TypeCultural center
Architectural stylePostmodern / high-tech
LocationParis, France
Completed1971–1977
Technical details
Structural systemSteel superstructure with reinforced concrete floors
Design and construction
Architect(s)Renzo Piano, Richard Rogers and Gianfranco Franchini
Structural engineerArup
Services engineerArup
Website
www.centrepompidou.fr/en/

The Centre Pompidou (French pronunciation: [sɑ̃tʁ pɔ̃pidu]), more fully the Centre national d'art et de culture Georges-Pompidou (lit. 'National Georges Pompidou Centre of Art and Culture'), also known as the Pompidou Centre in English, is a complex building in the Beaubourg area of the 4th arrondissement of Paris, near Les Halles, rue Montorgueil, and the Marais. It was designed in the style of high-tech architecture by the architectural team of Richard Rogers, Su Rogers, Renzo Piano, along with Gianfranco Franchini.[1]

It houses the Bibliothèque publique d'information (Public Information Library), a vast public library; the Musée National d'Art Moderne, which is the largest museum for modern art in Europe; and IRCAM, a centre for music and acoustic research. Because of its location, the centre is known locally as Beaubourg (IPA: [bobuʁ]).[2][3][4] It is named after Georges Pompidou, the President of France from 1969 to 1974 who commissioned the building, and was officially opened on 31 January 1977 by President Valéry Giscard d'Estaing.

The centre had 3.1 million visitors in 2022, a large increase from 2021 but still below 2019 levels, due to closings caused by the COVID pandemic.[5] It has had more than 180 million visitors since 1977[6] and more than 5,209,678 visitors in 2013,[7] including 3,746,899 for the museum.[8]

The sculpture Horizontal by Alexander Calder, a free-standing mobile that is 7.6 m (25 ft) tall, was placed in front of the Centre Pompidou in 2012.

History

[edit]

The idea for a multicultural complex, bringing together different forms of art and literature in one place, developed, in part, from the ideas of France's first Minister of Cultural Affairs, André Malraux, a proponent of the decentralisation of art and culture by impulse of the political power.[citation needed] In the 1960s, city planners decided to move the food markets of Les Halles, historically significant structures long prized by Parisians, with the idea that some of the cultural institutes be built in the former market area. Hoping to renew the idea of Paris as a leading city of culture and art, it was proposed to move the Musée d'Art Moderne to this new location. Paris also needed a large, free public library, as one did not exist at this time. At first the debate concerned Les Halles, but as the controversy settled, in 1968, President Charles de Gaulle announced the Plateau Beaubourg as the new site for the library. A year later in 1969, Georges Pompidou, the new president, adopted the Beaubourg project and decided it to be the location of both the new library and a centre for the contemporary arts. In the process of developing the project, the IRCAM (Institut de Recherche et Coordination Acoustique/Musique) was also housed in the complex.

The Rogers and Piano design was chosen among 681 competition entries. World-renowned architects Oscar Niemeyer, Jean Prouvé and Philip Johnson made up the jury.[9] It was the first time in France that international architects were allowed to participate. The selection was announced in 1971 at a "memorable press conference" where the contrast between the sharply-dressed Pompidou and "hairy young crew" of architects represented a "grand bargain between radical architecture and establishment politics."[10]

Architecture

[edit]

Design

[edit]
Building technology

Rogers and Piano, two emerging architects in their thirties, designed the first major example of an 'inside-out' building with its structural system, mechanical systems, and circulation exposed on the exterior of the building, reflecting their belief that they had no chance of winning the commission.[10][11] This daring design increased the efficiency of interior space utilization.[11] Initially, all of the functional structural elements of the building were colour-coded: green pipes are plumbing, blue ducts are for climate control, electrical wires are encased in yellow, and circulation elements and devices for safety (e.g., fire extinguishers) are red.[12] According to Piano, the design was meant to be "not a building but a town where you find everything – lunch, great art, a library, great music".[10]

The Centre Pompidou, initially met with dismay akin to the Eiffel Tower's reception in its time, is now widely regarded as an artwork in its own merit.[13] National Geographic described the reaction to the design as "love at second sight."[14] An article in Le Figaro declared: "Paris has its own monster, just like the one in Loch Ness." But two decades later, while reporting on Rogers' winning the Pritzker Prize in 2007, The New York Times noted that the design of the Centre "turned the architecture world upside down" and that "Mr. Rogers earned a reputation as a high-tech iconoclast with the completion of the 1977 Pompidou Centre, with its exposed skeleton of brightly coloured tubes for mechanical systems". The Pritzker jury said the Pompidou "revolutionised museums, transforming what had once been elite monuments into popular places of social and cultural exchange, woven into the heart of the city."[15]

Construction

[edit]

The centre was built by GTM and completed in 1977.[16] The building cost 993 million French francs. Renovation work conducted from October 1996 to January 2000 was completed on a budget of 576 million francs.[17] The principal engineer was the renowned Peter Rice, responsible for, amongst other things, the Gerberette. During the renovation, the centre was closed to the public for 27 months, re-opening on 1 January 2000.[18]

In September 2020, it was announced that the Centre Pompidou would begin renovations in 2023, which will require either a partial closure for seven years or a full closure for three years. The projected cost for the upcoming renovations is $235 million.[19] In January 2021 Roselyne Bachelot, France's culture minister, announced that the centre would close completely in 2023 for four years.[20]

Building specifications[17]
Land area 2 hectares (5 acres)
Floor area 103,305 m2
Superstructure 7 levels
Height 42 m (Rue Beaubourg side), 45.5 m (Piazza side)
Length 166 m
Width 60 m
Infrastructure 3 levels
Dimensions Depth: 18 m; Length: 180 m; Width: 110 m
Materials used[17]
Earthworks 300,000 m3
Reinforced concrete 50,000 m3
Metal framework 15,000 tonnes of steel
Façades, glass surfaces 11,000 m2
Opaque surfaces 7,000 m2

Stravinsky Fountain

[edit]
Main article: Stravinsky Fountain
The Stravinsky Fountain located outside the Centre Pompidou

The nearby Stravinsky Fountain (also called the Fontaine des automates), on Place Stravinsky, features 16 whimsical moving and water-spraying sculptures by Jean Tinguely and Niki de Saint-Phalle, which represent themes and works by composer Igor Stravinsky. The black-painted mechanical sculptures are by Tinguely, the coloured works by de Saint-Phalle. The fountain opened in 1983.[21]

Video footage of the fountain appeared frequently throughout the French language telecourse, French in Action.

Place Georges Pompidou

[edit]

The Place Georges Pompidou in front of the museum is noted for the presence of street performers, such as mimes and jugglers. In the spring, miniature carnivals are installed temporarily into the place in front with a wide variety of attractions: bands, caricature and sketch artists, tables set up for evening dining, and even skateboarding competitions.

In 2021 artists duo Arotin & Serghei realized for the re-inaugaration of the Place Georges Pompidou after years of works, and in the context of IRCAM's festival Manifeste the intermedial large-scale installation Infinite Light Columns / Constellations of The Future 1-4, Tribute to Constantin Brancusi, installed along Renzo Piano's IRCAM Tower, on the opposite site of Brancusi's studio, visible from both, the Place Igor Stravinsky and Place Georges Pompidou. The president of the Centre Pompidou, Serge Lasvignes, highlighted in his inauguration speech: "The installation symbolizes what the Centre Pompidou wants to be, ... a multidisciplinary ensemble, ... it is the resurrection of the initial spirit of the Centre Pompidou with the Piazza, the living heart of creation".[22]

Attendance

[edit]

By the mid-1980s, the Centre Pompidou was becoming the victim of its huge and unexpected popularity, its many activities, and a complex administrative structure. When Dominique Bozo returned to the Centre in 1981 as Director of the Musée National d'Art Moderne, he re-installed the museum, bringing out the full range of its collections and displaying the many major acquisitions that had been made.[23] By 1992, the Centre de Création Industrielle was incorporated into the Musée National d'Art Moderne, henceforth called "MNAM/CCI". The CCI, as an organisation with its own design-oriented programme, ceased to exist, while the MNAM started to develop a design and architecture collection in addition to its modern and contemporary art collection.

Pablo Picasso's works in the Centre

The Centre Pompidou was intended to handle 8,000 visitors a day.[24] In its first two decades it attracted more than 145 million visitors, more than five times the number first predicted.[25] As of 2006, more than 180 million people have visited the centre since its opening in 1977.[6] However, until the 1997–2000 renovation, 20 percent of the centre's eight million annual visitors—predominantly foreign tourists—rode the escalators up the outside of the building to the platform for the sights.[26]

Since re-opening in 2000 after a three-year renovation, the Centre Pompidou has improved accessibility for visitors. Now they can only access the escalators if they enter, though entrance to the building is free.[27]

Since 2006, the global attendance of the centre is no longer calculated at the main entrance, but only the one of the Musée National d'Art Moderne and of the public library (5,209,678 visitors for both in 2013),[8] but without the other visitors of the building (929,431 in 2004 or 928,380 in 2006, for only the panorama tickets or cinemas, festivals, lectures, bookshops, workshops, restaurants, etc.).[6] In 2017, the museum had 3.37 million visitors. The public library had 1.37 million.[28]

The Musée National d'Art Moderne itself saw an increase in attendance from 3.1 million (2010) to 3.6 million visitors in 2011[29] and 3.75 million in 2013.[8]

The 2013 retrospective "Dalí" broke the museum's daily attendance record: 7,364 people a day went to see the artist's work (790,000 in total).[30]

Exhibitions

[edit]

Several major exhibitions are organised each year on either the first or sixth floors. Among them, many monographs:[31]

Group exhibitions
  • Photography as a weapon of class (2018 Group Exhibition)[32]
  • Coder le monde (2018 Group Exhibition)[32]
  • La Fabrique Du Vivant (2019 Group Exhibition)[33][34]
  • Jo-Ey Tang & Thomas Fougeirol – Dust. The Plates Of The Present (2020 Group Exhibition)[32]
  • Les Moyens Du Bord (2020 Group Exhibition)[32]
  • Global(e) Resistance – Pour une histoire engagée de la collection contemporaine de Jonathas de Andrade à Billie Zangewa (2020 Group Exhibition)[32]
  • NEURONS Simulated intelligence (2020 Group Exhibition)[32]
  • L'écologie des images (2021 Group Exhibition)[32]

Expansion

[edit]

Regional branches

[edit]
Main article: Centre Pompidou-Metz
The Centre Pompidou-Metz

In 2010, the Centre Georges Pompidou opened a regional branch, the Centre Pompidou-Metz, in Metz a city 250 kilometres east of Paris. The new museum is part of an effort to expand the display of contemporary arts beyond Paris's large museums. The new museum's building was designed by the architect Shigeru Ban with a curving and asymmetrical pagoda-like roof topped by a spire and punctured by upper galleries. The 77-metre central spire is a nod to the year the Centre Georges Pompidou of Paris was built – 1977. The Centre Pompidou-Metz displays unique, temporary exhibitions from the collection of the Musée National d'Art Moderne, which is not on display at the main Parisian museum. Since its inauguration, the institution has become the most visited cultural venue in France outside Paris, accommodating 550,000 visitors/year.[35][36]

Launched in 2011 in Chaumont, the museum for the first time went on the road to the French regions with a selection of works from the permanent collection. To do this, it designed and constructed a mobile gallery, which, in the spirit of a circus, will make camp for a few months at a time in towns throughout the country.[37] However, in 2013, the Centre Pompidou halted its mobile-museum project because of the cost.[38]

In 2014, plans were released for a temporary satellite of the Centre Pompidou in the northern French town of Maubeuge close to the Belgian border. The 3,000-square-metre outpost, to be designed by the architects Pierre Hebbelinck and Pierre de Wit, is said to be located at the 17th-century Maubeuge Arsenal for four years. The cost of the project is €5.8 million.[39]

In 2015, the city authorities in Libourne, a town in south-western France, proposed a Pompidou branch housed in a former military base called Esog.[40]

In 2019, the Centre Pompidou announced plans to open a 22,000 m2 (240,000 sq ft) conservation, exhibition and storage space in Massy (Essonne) by 2025. Project backers include the Région Ile-de-France and the French state.[41]

International expansion

[edit]

Europe

[edit]
Branch in Málaga (Spain)

Málaga

In 2015, approximately 70 works from the Centre Pompidou's collection went on show in a 2,000 square metres (22,000 square feet) subterranean glass-and-steel structure called The Cube (El Cubo) in Málaga. According to the Spanish newspaper El País, the annual €1 million cost of the five-year project were funded by the city council.[42] The partnership with Málaga was announced by the city's mayor but was not confirmed by Pompidou Centre president Alain Seban until 24 April 2014.[43]

Under the agreement, approximately 100 works from the Pompidou's 20th and 21st century collection were put on display, while a smaller area is being used for temporary exhibitions. Portraiture and the influence of Picasso will be among the subjects explored in the permanent display, organised by the Pompidou's deputy director Brigitte Leal. Highlights will include works by Alberto Giacometti, René Magritte, Alexander Calder and Constantin Brâncuși, and contemporary works by Sophie Calle, Bruce Nauman and Orlan. The city of Málaga also commissioned Daniel Buren to create a large-scale installation within El Cubo.[44]

Following the original five-year agreement that was signed in September 2014, the terms were renewed early 2018 and again in 2024. Under the most recent renewal, Málaga city council agreed to pay the Centre Pompidou an annual fee of €2.7 million over five years (2025–29), rising to €3.1 million in the latter period (2030–34).[45]

KANAL - Centre Pompidou in Brussels

Brussels

In March 2018, the Centre Pompidou announced plans to open an offshoot branch in Brussels, under the name KANAL - Centre Pompidou. Housed in a former Citroën garage which was transformed by a team comprising ces noAarchitecten (Brussels), EM2N (Zurich) and Sergison Bates architects (London), the new centre brings together the 12,200 sq ft (1,130 m2) Museum of Modern and Contemporary Art, an architecture centre (CIVA Foundation) and public spaces devoted to culture, education and leisure.[46] The Brussels-Capital region — which acquired the 16,000 sq ft (1,500 m2) Art Deco-style building in October 2015 — is the main funder project, with the conversion costing €122 million.

Asia

[edit]

In a joint proposal with the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum presented in 2005, the Centre Pompidou planned to build a museum of modern and contemporary art, design and the media arts in Hong Kong's West Kowloon Cultural District.[47]

In 2007, the then president Bruno Racine announced plans to open a museum carrying the Pompidou's name in Shanghai, with its programming to be determined by the Pompidou. The location chosen for the new museum was a former fire station in the Luwan district's Huaihai Park. However, the scheme did not materialize for several years, reportedly due to the lack of a legal framework for a non-profit foreign institution to operate in China.[48] In 2019, the Centre Pompidou x West Bund Museum opened to the public, based in a wing of the 25,000 sq ft (2,300 m2) West Bund Art Museum designed by David Chipperfield.[49] The inaugural exhibitions The Shape of Time, Highlights of the Centre Pompidou Collection and Observations, Highlights of the New Media Collection were curated by Marcella Lista.[50][51]

Other projects include the Pompidou's joint venture with the King Abdulaziz Centre for World Culture, an arts complex incorporating a museum in Dhahran, the building of which has stalled.[38]

North America

[edit]

In April 2014, Pompidou president Alain Seban confirmed that after Malaga (Spain), Mexico will be the next site for a pop-up Pompidou Centre.[43] A 58,000-square-foot satellite museum Centre Pompidou x Jersey City in Jersey City, New Jersey, was scheduled to open in 2024, which would have made it the Pompidou's first satellite museum in North America;[52] by 2024, however, the New Jersey Economic Development Authority and the Jersey City Redevelopment Authority decided they would no longer fund the museum.[53]

South America

[edit]

There have been rumours of a pop-up Pompidou satellite museum in Brazil since Alain Seban announced the plan for these temporary locations back in 2012.[48] At a talk on satellite museums at the Guggenheim on 24 April 2014, Alain Seban suggested that Brazil may be the third country to host a temporary satellite museum, after Spain and Mexico.[43]

Management

[edit]

Presidents

[edit]
  • since 2021 : Laurent Le Bon
  • 2015 – 2021 : Serge Lasvignes
  • 2007 – 2015: Alain Seban
  • 2002 – 2007: Bruno Racine
  • 1996 – 2002: Jean-Jacques Aillagon
  • 1993 – 1996: François Barré
  • 1991 – 1993: Dominique Bozo
  • 1989 – 1991: Hélène Ahrweiler
  • 1983 – 1989: Jean Maheu
  • 1980 – 1983: Jean-Claude Groshens
  • 1977 – 1980: Jean Millier
  • 1976 – 1977: Robert Bordaz
  • 1969 – 1977: Georges Pompidou

Funding

[edit]
Part of the expositions in the Centre

As a national museum, the Centre Pompidou is government-owned and subsidised by the Ministry of Culture (64.2% of its budget in 2012 : 82.8 on 129 million €), essentially for its staff. The Culture Ministry appoints its directors and controls its gestion, which is nevertheless independent, as Etablissement public à caractère administratif since its creation. In 2011, the museum earned $1.9 million from travelling exhibitions.[54]

Established in 1977 as the institution's US philanthropic arm, the Georges Pompidou Art and Culture Foundation acquires and encourages major gifts of art and design for exhibition at the museum.[55][56] Since 2006, the non-profit support group has brought in donations of 28 works, collectively valued at more than $14 million, and purchased many others.[57] In 2013, New York-based art collectors Thea Westreich Wagner and Ethan Wagner announced their intention to donate about 300 works by 27 European and international artists to the Centre Pompidou, thereby making one of the largest gifts in the institution's history.[58]

Nazi-looted art

[edit]

In 1999, the heirs of Alphonse Kann requested the return of Georges Braque's The Guitar Player, which the Centre Pompidou had acquired from Heinz Berggruen in 1981.[59]

In 2011, Centre Pompidou admitted that it held three paintings, Les Peupliers (Poplars), Arbres (Trees), and Composition by the artist Fédor Löwenstein that had been looted during the Nazi occupation of France.[60]

In 2021, after the French government restituted a looted Max Pechtstein painting to the heirs of Hugo Simon, the Centre Pompidou held an exhibition in a tribute to the persecuted art collector.[61][62]

Use in film and television

[edit]

Touche pas à la Femme Blanche Catherine Deneuve (Actor), Marcello Mastroianni (Actor), Marco Ferreri (Director)

Public transport

[edit]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Hall, Jane (Writer on architecture) (16 October 2019). Breaking ground : architecture by women. London. p. 161. ISBN 978-0-7148-7927-7. OCLC 1099690151.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  2. ^ Gignoux, Sabine (4 March 2015). "Serge Lasvignes, un nouvel énarque à la tête de Beaubourg", La Croix. Archived 23 July 2015 at the Wayback Machine.
  3. ^ Bommealer, Claire (5 March 2015). "Pompidou: Serge Lasvignes s'explique, Fleur Pellerin assume", Le Figaro. Archived 23 July 2015 at the Wayback Machine.
  4. ^ Rossellini, Roberto. Beaubourg, centre d'art et de culture, 1977 au cinéma
  5. ^ "La fréquentation des musées parisiens en nette hausse en 2022, un retour à la normale d'avant pandémie se profile". 5 January 2023. Retrieved 7 January 2023.
  6. ^ a b c "La fréquentation du (Global attendance of Pompidou Centre), 2006". Mediation. Centre Pompidou. Archived from the original on 19 December 2013. Retrieved 5 December 2014.
  7. ^ Since 2006, the calculated attendance of the centre includes only those of the Musée National d'Art Moderne and of the public library but no more those of the panorama tickets or cinemas, festivals, lectures, bookshops, workshops, restaurants, etc: 929,431 visitors in 2004 or 928,380 in 2006, which should bring the actual total attendance of the centre to more than 6 million
  8. ^ a b c "Annual report 2013". Centre Pompidou. p. 205. Archived from the original on 21 October 2014. Retrieved 5 December 2014.
  9. ^ Richard Copans, Director (2007). Le Centres Georges Pompidou (Film). France. Retrieved 17 September 2019.
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  12. ^ Sisson, Patrick (23 January 2017). "Centre Pompidou, a monument to modernity: 8 things you didn't know". Curbed. Archived from the original on 2 May 2019. Retrieved 17 September 2019.
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  21. ^ Hortense Lyon, La Fontaine Stravinsky, Collection Baccalaureat arts plastiques 2004, Centre national de documentation pedagogique
  22. ^ Stocker, Gerfried (2023). AROTIN & SERGHEI Infinite Screen – From Light Cells to Monumental Installations at Centre Pompidou. Berlin: Hatje Cantz. p. 11. ISBN 978-3-7757-4545-1.
  23. ^ Russell, John (29 April 1993), "Dominique Bozo, 58, Expert on Picasso, Is Dead" Archived 1 December 2016 at the Wayback Machine The New York Times
  24. ^ Rockwell, John (9 March 1994), "Success Takes Toll on the Pompidou Center" Archived 1 December 2016 at the Wayback Machine The New York Times
  25. ^ "Pompidou Centre reopens for 2000" Archived 2 January 2014 at the Wayback Machine BBC News, 1 January 2000
  26. ^ Riding, Alan (22 December 1999), "Pompidou Unearths the Museum Within" Archived 1 December 2016 at the Wayback Machine The New York Times
  27. ^ Nayeri, Farah (2 November 2006), "Paris's Pompidou, 30 Next Year, Courts the Young, Branches Out" Archived 24 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine Bloomberg
  28. ^ "Paris facts". Paris Digest. 2018. Archived from the original on 8 September 2018. Retrieved 15 September 2018.
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  35. ^ "Official website of France tourism survey, 2011 Museum frequentation" (in French). Archived from the original on 9 March 2013. Retrieved 30 December 2011.
  36. ^ "Official website of Moselle tourism office, 2011 key numbers" (PDF) (in French). p. 12. Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 July 2013. Retrieved 17 September 2019.
  37. ^ Morrison, Lennox.(14 October 2011), Ladies and Gentlemen... Cirque Pompidou Archived 12 February 2017 at the Wayback Machine The Wall Street Journal
  38. ^ a b Harris, Gareth (9 July 2013), Pompidou camps out in Dhahran Archived 13 July 2013 at the Wayback Machine
  39. ^ Harris, Gareth (6 August 2014), Will Pompidou extend its northern expansion? Archived 10 August 2014 at the Wayback Machine
  40. ^ Harris, Gareth (12 February 2015), Pompidou to pop up all over France Archived 12 February 2015 at the Wayback Machine
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  42. ^ Harris, Gareth (31 December 2013), Málaga’s mayor says the Pompidou is coming Archived 1 January 2014 at the Wayback Machine
  43. ^ a b c Deimling, Kate, "Pompidou Centre Will Launch Short-Term Satellites in Spain, Mexico, and Possibly Brazil, 2014" Archived 14 May 2014 at the Wayback Machine
  44. ^ Rojas, Laurie (26 March 2015), "Málaga’s mayor wins race to open Russian museum and pop-up Pompidou" Archived 30 March 2015 at the Wayback Machine
  45. ^ Gareth Harris (16 July 2024), Centre Pompidou Málaga to remain in place for another decade The Art Newspaper.
  46. ^ Harris, Gareth (26 March 2018), Centre Pompidou's Brussels satellite takes shape with announcement of winning architects Archived 26 March 2018 at the Wayback Machine The Art Newspaper.
  47. ^ Vogel, Carol (28 October 2005), From 'Not Interested' to a Collaboration Archived 11 December 2014 at the Wayback Machine The New York Times
  48. ^ a b Harris, Gareth (30 April 2012), Pompidou plans to go global: focus is Brazil, India, China Archived 13 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine The Art Newspaper
  49. ^ Gareth Harris (30 September 2019), Centre Pompidou’s satellite space in Shanghai to open early November Archived 27 July 2020 at the Wayback Machine
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  52. ^ Marsg, Shawn. "Paris' Centre Pompidou may open its first North American museum in Jersey City". North Jersey Media Group. Archived from the original on 19 December 2021. Retrieved 5 June 2021.
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  59. ^ Wachs, Sarah (12 February 1999). "Collector's heirs ask museum to return Nazi-looted painting". Jewish Telegraphic Agency. Retrieved 7 November 2023.
  60. ^ "Gifts From Hitler? Pompidou Admits Harboring Three Nazi-Looted Paintings Since 1973". www.lootedart.com. Retrieved 7 November 2023.
  61. ^ "France returns Pechstein painting looted in occupied Paris to heirs of Hugo Simon, a banker and leading figure in German cultural life". The Art Newspaper - International art news and events. 2 July 2021. Retrieved 7 November 2023.
  62. ^ "Le tableau volé, les Nazis et les vers à soie". Centre Pompidou (in French). 2 July 2021. Retrieved 7 November 2023.
  63. ^ Gordon Matta-Clark, Conical Intersect Archived 12 January 2015 at the Wayback Machine The Guggenheim Collection
  64. ^ Rosselini, Robert. Filming Beaubourg, Museu d'Art Contemporani de Barcelona Archived 9 December 2014 at the Wayback Machine accessed 18 September 2019.
  65. ^ "Moonraker (1979)". The Internet Movie Database. Archived from the original on 11 January 2011. Retrieved 3 May 2011.
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48°51′38.311″N 2°21′8.082″E / 48.86064194°N 2.35224500°E / 48.86064194; 2.35224500

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