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List of Category 5 Atlantic hurricanes

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Hurricane Milton as a Category 5 hurricane on October 7, 2024

A Category 5 Atlantic hurricane is a tropical cyclone that reaches Category 5 intensity on the Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale, within the Atlantic Ocean to the north of the equator. They are among the strongest tropical cyclones that can form on Earth, having 1-minute sustained wind speeds of at least 137 knots (254 km/h; 158 mph; 70 m/s). The United States National Hurricane Center currently estimates that 11 tropical cyclones between 1851 (the first Atlantic hurricane season to be included in the official Atlantic tropical cyclone record) and 1959 peaked as Category 5 hurricanes. However, because technologies such as satellite monitoring were not available until the 1960s, some cyclones may have remained undetected. Since 1960, 31 Atlantic hurricanes have reached Category 5.

Background

[edit]
Tracks of all known Category 5 Atlantic hurricanes between 1851 and 2024.

Within the Atlantic Ocean to the north of the equator, hurricanes are officially monitored by the United States's National Hurricane Center (NHC), however, other meteorological services, such as Météo-France, the United Kingdom's Met Office and Environment Canada also monitor the basin. Within the region, a Category 5 hurricane is a tropical cyclone which reaches Category 5 status on the Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale, that is, a tropical cyclone that has 1-minute mean maximum sustained wind speeds of 137 knots (254 km/h; 158 mph; 70 m/s) or greater at 10 metres (32.8 ft) above ground.[1]

A total of 42 tropical cyclones have been estimated to have peaked as Category 5 hurricanes on the SSHWS, with the first occurrence recorded in 1924. No Category 5 hurricanes were observed officially before 1924. It can be presumed that earlier storms reached Category 5 strength over open waters, but the strongest winds were not measured. Although the anemometer, a device used for measuring wind speed, was invented in 1846, during major hurricane strikes the instruments were often blown away or damaged, leaving the hurricane's peak intensity unrecorded. For example, as the Great Beaufort Hurricane of 1879 struck North Carolina, the anemometer cups were blown away when indicating 138 mph (222 km/h).[2]

As of May 2018, a reanalysis of weather data was ongoing by researchers who may upgrade or downgrade Atlantic hurricanes.[3] For example, the 1825 Santa Ana hurricane is suspected to have reached Category 5 strength.[4] Furthermore, paleotempestological research aims to identify past major hurricanes by comparing sedimentary evidence of recent and past hurricane strikes. For example, a "giant hurricane" significantly more powerful than Hurricane Hattie (Category 5) has been identified in Belizean sediment, having struck the region sometime before 1500.[5]

Records

[edit]
An October Category 5 hurricane that hit Cuba, Florida, and The Bahamas in 1924. It was the first hurricane to be officially recognized as a Category 5 on the modern-day Saffir–Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale.

Officially, the decade with the most Category 5 hurricanes is 2000–2009, with eight Category 5 hurricanes having occurred: Isabel (2003), Ivan (2004), Emily (2005), Katrina (2005), Rita (2005), Wilma (2005), Dean (2007), and Felix (2007). The previous decades with the most Category 5 hurricanes were the 1930s and 1960s, with six occurring between 1930 and 1939.[6] The most Category 5 hurricanes recorded in a single season is four, in 2005. The most consecutive years to feature at least one Category 5 hurricane each is four, from 2016 to 2019.[7]

A collage of all Category 5 Atlantic hurricanes since 1980

Ten Atlantic hurricanes—Camille, Allen, Andrew, Isabel, Ivan, Dean, Felix, Irma, Maria, and Milton—reached Category 5 intensity on more than one occasion; that is, by reaching Category 5 intensity, weakening to a Category 4 status or lower, and then becoming a Category 5 hurricane again. Such hurricanes have their dates shown together. Camille, Andrew, Dean, Felix, Irma, Maria, and Milton each attained Category 5 status twice during their lifespans. Allen, Isabel, and Ivan reached Category 5 intensity on three occasions. The 1932 Cuba hurricane holds the record for the most time spent as a Category 5 hurricane (although it took place before satellite or aircraft reconnaissance, so this record may be somewhat suspect). Irma holds the record for the longest continuous span as a Category 5 storm in the satellite era.[6][8]

Of the 42 Category 5 Atlantic hurricanes on record, 2 have been recorded in July, 8 in August, 25 in September, 7 in October, and 1 in November. There have been no officially recorded June or off-season Category 5 hurricanes.[6]

The July and August Category 5 hurricanes reached their high intensities in both the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean. These are the areas most favorable for tropical cyclone development in those months.[6][9]

September sees the most Category 5 hurricanes, with over half of the total. This coincides with the climatological peak of the Atlantic hurricane season, which occurs in early September.[10] September Category 5s reached their strengths in any of the Gulf of Mexico, Caribbean, and open Atlantic. These places are where September tropical cyclones are likely to form.[9] Many of these hurricanes are either Cape Verde hurricanes, which develop their strength due to a long track over warm waters,[11] or else intensify over the warm Loop Current in the Gulf of Mexico.

All but two of the Category 5 hurricanes in October and November (the exceptions being Michael and Milton) reached their intensities in the western Caribbean, a region that Atlantic hurricanes strongly gravitate toward late in the season.[9] This is due to the climatology of the area, which sometimes has a high-altitude anticyclone that promotes rapid intensification late in the season, as well as warm waters.

Systems

[edit]
Name Category 5 intensity Peak intensity Areas affected Damage
(USD) 		Deaths Refs
Dates Duration Wind speed Pressure
"Cuba" October 19, 1924 12 hours 165 mph (270 km/h) 910 hPa (26.87 inHg) Central America, Mexico, Cuba
Florida, The Bahamas		 90 [12][13]
"San Felipe II
Okeechobee"		 September 13–14, 1928 12 hours 160 mph (260 km/h) 929 hPa (27.43 inHg) Lesser Antilles, The Bahamas
United States East Coast, Atlantic Canada		 $100 million 4,000 [14]
"Bahamas" September 5–6, 1932 1 day 160 mph (260 km/h) 921 hPa (27.20 inHg) The Bahamas, Northeastern United States 16 [15]
"Camagüey" November 5–8, 1932 3 days 6 hours 175 mph (280 km/h) 915 hPa (27.02 inHg) Lesser Antilles, Jamaica, Cayman Islands
Cuba, The Bahamas, Bermuda		 $40 million 3,103 [16]
"Cuba–Brownsville" August 30, 1933 12 hours 160 mph (260 km/h) 930 hPa (27.46 inHg) The Bahamas, Cuba, Florida
Texas, Tamaulipas		 $27.9 million 179 [17]
"Tampico" September 21, 1933 12 hours 160 mph (260 km/h) 929 hPa (27.43 inHg) Jamaica, Yucatán Peninsula $5 million 184 [18]
"Labor Day" September 3, 1935 18 hours 185 mph (295 km/h) 892 hPa (26.34 inHg) The Bahamas, Florida, Georgia
The Carolinas, Virginia		 408 [19]
"New England" September 19–20, 1938 18 hours 160 mph (260 km/h) 940 hPa (27.76 inHg) Eastern United States, Southwestern Quebec $306 million 682 [20]
"Great Atlantic" September 13, 1944 18 hours 160 mph (260 km/h) 918 hPa (27.11 inHg) Eastern United States, Atlantic Canada $100 million 300 [21]
Carol September 3, 1953 12 hours 160 mph (260 km/h) 929 hPa (27.43 inHg) Bermuda, New England, Atlantic Canada $2 million 5 [22]
Janet September 27–28, 1955 18 hours 175 mph (280 km/h) 914 hPa (26.99 inHg) Lesser Antilles, Central America $65.8 million 1,023 [23]
Esther September 17, 1961 18 hours 160 mph (260 km/h) 919 hPa (27.14 inHg) East Coast of the United States $6 million 7 [24]
Hattie October 31, 1961 6 hours 165 mph (270 km/h) 914 hPa (26.99 inHg) Central America $60.3 million 319 [25][26]
Inez September 28–29, 1966 1 day 165 mph (270 km/h) 927 hPa (27.37 inHg) Greater Antilles, Florida, Mexico $229 million 756 [27]
Beulah September 20, 1967 6 hours 160 mph (260 km/h) 921 hPa (27.20 inHg) The Caribbean, Mexico, Texas $208 million 59 [28]
Camille August 16–18, 1969[a] 1 day 6 hours 175 mph (280 km/h) 900 hPa (26.58 inHg) Cuba, United States Gulf Coast $1.42 billion 259 [29]
Edith September 9, 1971 6 hours 160 mph (260 km/h) 943 hPa (27.85 inHg) The Caribbean, Central America
Mexico, United States Gulf Coast		 $25.4 million 37 [30]
Anita September 2, 1977 12 hours 175 mph (280 km/h) 926 hPa (27.34 inHg) Mexico Unknown 11 [31]
David August 30–31, 1979 1 day 18 hours 175 mph (280 km/h) 924 hPa (27.29 inHg) The Caribbean, United States East coast $1.54 billion 2,068 [32][33]
Allen August 5–9, 1980[a] 3 days 190 mph (305 km/h) 899 hPa (26.55 inHg) The Caribbean, Yucatán Peninsula
Mexico, South Texas		 $1.57 billion 269 [32][34][35]
Gilbert September 13–14, 1988 1 day 185 mph (295 km/h) 888 hPa (26.22 inHg) Jamaica, Venezuela, Central America
Hispaniola, Mexico		 $2.98 billion 318 [36][37]
Hugo September 15, 1989 6 hours 160 mph (260 km/h) 918 hPa (27.11 inHg) The Caribbean, United States East Coast $10 billion 107 [29][38][39]
Andrew August 23–24, 1992[a] 16 hours 175 mph (280 km/h) 922 hPa (27.23 inHg) The Bahamas, Florida, United States Gulf Coast $26.5 billion 65 [29][40]
Mitch October 26–28, 1998 1 day 18 hours 180 mph (285 km/h) 905 hPa (26.72 inHg) Central America, Yucatán Peninsula, South Florida $6.08 billion 11,374 [41][42][43][44]
Isabel September 11–14, 2003[a] 1 day 18 hours 165 mph (270 km/h) 915 hPa (27.02 inHg) Greater Antilles, Bahamas
Eastern United States, Ontario		 $5.37 billion 51 [29][45]
Ivan September 9–14, 2004[a] 2 days 12 hours 165 mph (270 km/h) 910 hPa (26.87 inHg) The Caribbean, Venezuela, United States Gulf Coast $23.3 billion 124 [29][46]
Emily July 16, 2005 6 hours 160 mph (260 km/h) 929 hPa (27.43 inHg) Windward Islands, Jamaica, Mexico, Texas $1.01 billion 17 [47]
Katrina August 28–29, 2005 18 hours 175 mph (280 km/h) 902 hPa (26.64 inHg) Bahamas, United States Gulf Coast $125 billion 1,392 [48]
Rita September 21–22, 2005 1 day 180 mph (285 km/h) 895 hPa (26.43 inHg) Cuba, United States Gulf Coast $12 billion 125 [49]
Wilma October 19, 2005 18 hours 185 mph (295 km/h) 882 hPa (26.05 inHg) Greater Antilles, Central America, Mexico, Florida $29.4 billion 87 [50][51][52][53]
Dean August 18–21, 2007[a] 1 day 175 mph (280 km/h) 905 hPa (26.72 inHg) The Caribbean, Central America $1.76 billion 45 [32][54][55]
Felix September 3–4, 2007[a] 1 day 175 mph (280 km/h) 929 hPa (27.43 inHg) Nicaragua, Honduras $720 million 133 [56][55][57][58]
Matthew October 1, 2016 12 hours 165 mph (270 km/h) 934 hPa (27.58 inHg) Antilles, Venezuela, Colombia
United States East Coast, Atlantic Canada		 $15.1 billion 603 [59]
Irma September 5–9, 2017[a] 3 days 180 mph (285 km/h) 914 hPa (26.99 inHg) Cape Verde, The Caribbean, Virgin Islands
Cuba, Florida		 $64.8 billion 138 [60]
Maria September 18–20, 2017[a] 1 day 4 hours
15 minutes		 175 mph (280 km/h) 908 hPa (26.81 inHg) Lesser Antilles, Virgin Islands, Puerto Rico
Dominican Republic, Turks and Caicos Islands		 $91.4 billion 3,018 [61]
Michael October 10, 2018 30 minutes 160 mph (260 km/h) 919 hPa (27.14 inHg) Central America, United States Gulf Coast $25.1 billion 74 [62]
Dorian September 1–2, 2019 1 day 6 hours 185 mph (295 km/h) 910 hPa (26.87 inHg) The Caribbean, The Bahamas,
United States East Coast, Atlantic Canada, Greenland		 $5 billion 84 [63]
Lorenzo September 29, 2019 3 hours 160 mph (260 km/h) 925 hPa (27.32 inHg) Cabo Verde, Azores, Western Europe $367 million 20 [64]
Ian September 28, 2022 6 hours 160 mph (260 km/h) 937 hPa (27.67 inHg) Caribbean, Cuba, Florida, The Carolinas $113 billion 160 [65]
Lee September 8, 2023 6 hours 165 mph (270 km/h) 926 hPa (27.34 inHg) Bermuda, New England, Atlantic Canada $80 million 4 [66]
Beryl July 2, 2024 15 hours 165 mph (270 km/h) 934 hPa (27.58 inHg) Caribbean, Puerto Rico, Yucatan Peninsula, Texas $8.06 billion+ 73 [67]
Milton October 7–9, 2024[a] 1 day 5 hours 5 minutes 180 mph (285 km/h) 897 hPa (26.49 inHg) Yucatán Peninsula, Florida, and The Bahamas $85 billion+ 35

Notes

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  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Discontinuous duration (weakened below Category 5 then restrengthened to that classification)

Other systems

[edit]

The 1947 Fort Lauderdale hurricane and Hurricanes Dog (1950), Easy (1951), Cleo (1958), Donna (1960), Ethel (1960) and Carla (1961) were all originally estimated to have Category 5 sustained wind speeds. However, later systematic studies by the Atlantic hurricane reanalysis project found that the wind speeds associated with these systems were overestimated and downgraded them to either Category 4 or 3. Most recently, Hurricane Iota (2020) was operationally considered to be a Category 5 hurricane, with estimated 1-minute sustained wind speeds of 160 mph (260 km/h).[68] However, during their routine post-analysis best track process after the season, the NHC downgraded Iota to a Category 4 hurricane as a result of post season reanalysis, which suggested that there was a high bias in windspeeds derived from the Stepped Frequency Microwave Radiometer instrument.[68]

Number by month

[edit]
Number of recorded Category 5 Atlantic hurricanes by month[6]
Month Number of hurricanes
July
2
August
7
September
25
October
7
November
1

Landfalls

[edit]
Hurricane Michael as it was making landfall as a Category 5 hurricane in 2018

Nearly all Atlantic Category 5 hurricanes have made landfall at some location while a tropical or subtropical cyclone. This is primarily because of their proximity to land in the Caribbean and Gulf of Mexico, where the usual synoptic weather patterns carry them towards land, as opposed to the westward, oceanic mean track of Eastern Pacific hurricanes.[69] Nineteen of the storms made landfall at least once while at Category 5 intensity;[6] 2007 and 2017 are the only years in which two storms made landfall at this intensity.[6] All but five landfalling systems (the 1944 Great Atlantic hurricane, Carol, Esther, Mitch and Isabel) did so at major hurricane strength.

Many of these systems made landfall shortly after weakening from a Category 5 hurricane. This weakening can be caused by dry air near land, shallower waters due to shelving, interaction with land, eyewall replacement cycles, increased vertical wind shear, or cooler waters near shore.[48][citation needed] The only Atlantic Category 5 hurricanes that did not make landfall while a tropical or subtropical cyclone were Hurricane Lee, which still made landfall as an extratropical cyclone in Nova Scotia, and Hurricane Lorenzo, which still brought hurricane-force winds to the Azores. These two storms are therefore not included in the table below.

The following table lists these hurricanes by landfall intensity.

Name Year
Category 5
Category 4
Category 3
Category 2
Category 1
Tropical or
subtropical storm
Tropical or
subtropical depression
 Refs
"Cuba" 1924 Cuba Florida The Bahamas [6][70]
"Okeechobee" 1928 Puerto Rico Guadeloupe, Lucayan Archipelago, Florida South Carolina
"Bahamas" 1932 The Bahamas
"Cuba" 1932 Little Cayman, Cuba The Bahamas Martinique
"Cuba–Brownsville" 1933 The Bahamas Cuba, Texas
"Tampico" 1933 Yucatán Peninsula Mainland Mexico
"Labor Day" 1935 Florida Keys Northwest Florida The Bahamas
"New England" 1938 New York, Connecticut
"Great Atlantic" 1944 New York, Rhode Island
Carol 1953 New Brunswick
Janet 1955 Yucatán Peninsula Mexico
Esther 1961 Canada
Hattie 1961 Belize Mexico
Inez 1966 Dominican Republic Cuba, Haiti, Mexico Cuba
Beulah 1967 Mexico Yucatán Peninsula
Camille 1969 Mississippi Cuba
Edith 1971 Nicaragua Louisiana Belize, Mexico
Anita 1977 Mexico
David 1979 Dominican Republic Dominica Florida Cuba, The Bahamas, Georgia
Allen 1980 Texas, Barbados
Gilbert 1988 Quintana Roo Jamaica, Tamaulipas [36]
Hugo 1989 Guadeloupe, Saint Croix, South Carolina Puerto Rico [38]
Andrew 1992 Eleuthera, Florida Berry Islands Louisiana [40]
Mitch 1998 Honduras Campeche, Florida [41]
Isabel 2003 North Carolina [45]
Ivan 2004 Alabama, Grenada Louisiana [46]
Emily 2005 Quintana Roo Tamaulipas Grenada [47]
Katrina 2005 Louisiana, Mississippi Florida [48]
Rita 2005 Louisiana [49]
Wilma 2005 Cozumel, Quintana Roo Florida [50]
Dean 2007 Quintana Roo Veracruz [54]
Felix 2007 Nicaragua Grenada [56]
Matthew 2016 Haiti, Cuba, Grand Bahama South Carolina [59]
Irma 2017 Barbuda, Saint Martin, Virgin Gorda, Cuba Little Inagua, Florida Keys Southwest Florida [60]
Maria 2017 Dominica Puerto Rico [71]
Michael 2018 Florida
Dorian 2019 Abaco Islands, Grand Bahama (2×) North Carolina St. Thomas Saint Lucia, Barbados
Ian 2022 Florida (2x) Cuba South Carolina
Beryl 2024 Carriacou Quintana Roo Texas
Milton 2024 Florida

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
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