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Carrier-based aircraft

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"Carrier aircraft" redirects here. For large aircraft carrying smaller ones, see Mother ship.
An F/A-18C Hornet launches from the flight deck of the aircraft carrier USS Kitty Hawk

A carrier-based aircraft (also known as carrier-capable aircraft, carrier-borne aircraft, or carrier aircraft) is a naval aircraft designed for operations from aircraft carriers. Carrier-based aircraft must be able to launch in a short distance and be sturdy enough to withstand the abrupt forces of launching from and recovering on a pitching deck. In addition, their wings are generally able to fold up, easing operations in tight quarters.

Such aircraft are designed for many purposes including air-to-air combat, surface attack, anti-submarine warfare (ASW), search and rescue (SAR), transport (COD), weather observation, reconnaissance and airborne early warning and control (AEW&C) duties.[1]

The term is generally applied only to fixed-wing aircraft, as naval helicopters are able to operate from a wider variety of ships, including helicopter carriers, destroyers, frigates and container ships.

History

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A Royal Navy Fairey Swordfish taking-off from HMS Tracker, 1943

The 1903 advent of fixed-wing aircraft was followed in 1910 by the first flight of an aircraft from the deck of an anchored warship (the United States Navy's USS Birmingham), and in 1912, by the first flight of an aircraft from the deck of a warship underway (the Royal Navy's HMS Hibernia). Seaplanes and seaplane tender support ships, such as HMS Engadine, followed. This evolution was well underway by the early 1920s, resulting in ships such as HMS Argus (1918), Hōshō (1922), USS Langley (1922), and Béarn (1927). With these developments, the need for specialized aircraft adapted for take-offs and landings from the flight decks of those ships became recognized.[citation needed]

Illustration of Mitsubishi A6M Zeros on Kaga aircraft carrier, 1942
A F4U-5 Corsair is hoisted on deck of a vessel at Yokosuka, Japan, 1950.

The significance of air power grew between the wars, driven by the increased range, carrying power, and effectiveness of carrier-launched aircraft, until it became impossible to disregard its importance during World War II, following the loss of many warships to aircraft, including the sinking of Prince of Wales and Repulse, the Battle of Taranto, the Attack on Pearl Harbor and numerous other incidents. Following the war, carrier operations continued to increase in size and importance.[2]

The vital importance of aircraft carriers, and therefore carrier-capable aircraft, quickly became apparent at the onset of the war in the Pacific where the US's island hopping campaign meant that being able to conduct air operations at sea far from an airbase was crucially important.[3] At the onset Japan used 125 Mitsubishi A6M Zeros launched from 6 aircraft carriers to attack the Naval base at Pearl Harbor,[4] with the result of sinking or damaging 21 warships, and destroying 188 aircraft.[5] The war saw the creation of new carrier capable aircraft such as the Vought F4U Corsair, and further variants of the Zero. Often carrier aircraft would have folding wings or wingtips to maximise space conservation on the decks of carriers.[6]

Carrier aircraft were used extensively during the Korean and Vietnam wars.[7] Douglas A-4 Skyhawks participated in the first strikes of the Vietnam War in response to attacks against American destroyers in the Tonkin Gulf in August 1964. The A-4's small size and light weight meant a high number could be loaded onto carriers, making them an important resource during the Vietnam war.[8]

Types

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There are three main types of modern carrier-based aircraft, which are categorised by the U.S. Navy as follows:

Catapult-assisted take-off but arrested recovery

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Aircraft catapult system in action (without an aircraft)

CATOBAR is a system used for the launch and recovery of aircraft from the deck of an aircraft carrier. Under this technique, aircraft are launched using a catapult-assisted take-off and landing on the ship using arresting wires. Although this system is more costly than alternative methods, it provides greater flexibility in carrier operations, since it allows the aircraft to operate with higher payloads. Ships with CATOBAR currently include the U.S. Nimitz class,[2] the U.S. Gerald R. Ford-class, and France's Charles de Gaulle.

The use of catapults allows an aircraft carrier to launch large fixed-wing aircraft. For example, the U.S. Navy launches its E-2 Hawkeye AEW aircraft and C-2A Greyhound cargo aircraft with catapults.

An F-35B utilizes a ski-jump to become airborne off the deck of HMS Queen Elizabeth

Short take-off and vertical landing

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STOVL take-offs are accomplished with "ski-jumps", instead of a catapult. STOVL use usually allows aircraft to carry a larger payload as compared to during VTOL use, while avoiding the complexity of a catapult. The best known example is the Hawker Siddeley Harrier Jump Jet,[9] despite being capable of VTOL take-offs, is usually operated as a STOVL aircraft to increase its fuel and weapons load.

Short take-off but arrested recovery

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Tailhook deployed ready to catch an Arresting wire

STOBAR is a system used for the launch and recovery of aircraft from the deck of an aircraft carrier, combining elements of both STOVL and CATOBAR. Aircraft launch under their own power using a ski-jump to assist take-off (rather than using a catapult). These are conventional aircraft however and require arresting wires to land on the ship. The Kuznetsov-class aircraft carriers of the Russian Navy and People's Liberation Army Navy operate the Su-33 (Russia) and J-15 (China) as STOBAR aircraft. Others include the Indian Vikramaditya and Vikrant; both will operate MiG-29Ks.[citation needed]

Unassisted take-off

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The E-2 Hawkeye is one of the larger air frames on a carrier

Prior to World War II, the weight of most aircraft allowed them to be launched from aircraft carriers under their own power, but required assistance in stopping. Catapults were installed but were used only when the ship was stationary or adequate wind over the deck could not be arranged by sailing into the wind. Even aircraft as large as the North American B-25 Mitchell were launched in this manner. This was possible because the ship's speed with even the lightest prevailing winds, combined with a low take-off speed allowed early aircraft to gain flying speed in a very short distance. The most extreme version of this was the battleship platforms used during the 1920s when small, World War I-era biplane fighters such as the Sopwith Camel were launched from only a few dozen feet long mounted atop of a battleship's forward gun turret.

Conventional aircraft, such as the Curtiss P-40 Warhawk, Republic P-47 Thunderbolt, Supermarine Spitfire, and Hawker Hurricane, were often delivered to overseas air bases by aircraft carrier. They would be loaded onto an aircraft carrier in port by cranes, flown off the carrier at sea near their destination under their own power, and land on a friendly airfield ashore. These were not usually combat missions but in some cases the launched aircraft provided air cover for the ship, and the aircraft could not be recovered by the carrier.

Some STOL aircraft, such as the North American Rockwell OV-10 Bronco, have been operated from aircraft carriers and amphibious assault ships in this manner more recently, but this is not common practice.

Even very large aircraft such as the Lockheed C-130 Hercules have been successfully landed and launched from large aircraft carriers, but was done with no cargo and little fuel on board the aircraft.

Modern carrier-based aircraft in service

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See also: List of carrier-based aircraft

In service

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A Rafale M with its tailhook down on final approach

Under development

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See also

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References

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Notes

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  1. ^ Fred T Jane (2005). Jane's All the World's Aircraft. Jane's Information Group.
  2. ^ a b "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-02-26. Retrieved 2009-10-13.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  3. ^ "Passing the Baton: World War II's Asian Theater and the Coming of Age of the Aircraft Carrier". Asian Studies.
  4. ^ "Mitsubishi A6M2 Zero". nationalmuseum.af.mil.
  5. ^ "What Happened At Pearl Harbor?". Imperial War Museums. Retrieved 2024-11-16.
  6. ^ Yarygina, M. V.; Popov, Yu. I. (2012-04-01). "Development of the weight formula for a folding wing". Russian Aeronautics (Iz VUZ). 55 (2): 120–126. doi:10.3103/S106879981202002X. ISSN 1934-7901.
  7. ^ "Aircraft Carriers—Missions, Survivability, Size, Cost, Numbers". usnwc.edu.
  8. ^ "A-4 Skyhawk". public1.nhhcaws.local. Retrieved 2024-11-16.
  9. ^ "Hawker Siddeley Harrier." British Aircraft Directory. Retrieved: 1 July 2017.
  10. ^ a b Ozberk, Tayfun (2021-07-22). "Turkey to deploy MIUS unmanned combat aircraft from LHD Anadolu". Naval News. Retrieved 2021-08-18.

Bibliography

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  • Chant, Chris. "Aircraft of World War II" Barnes & Noble: New York (1999) ISBN 0-7607-1261-1
  • Collier, Basil. "Japanese Aircraft of World War II" Mayflower: New York (1979) ISBN 0-8317-5137-1
  • Donald, David; Daniel J. March (2001). Carrier Aviation Air Power Directory. Norwalk, CT: AIRtime Publishing. ISBN 1-880588-43-9.
  • Gunston, Bill. "Combat Aircraft of World War II" Salamander Books: London (1978) ISBN 0-89673-000-X
  • Munson, Kenneth. "Aircraft of World War II" Doubleday: New York
  • Pawlowski, Gareth L. "Flat-Tops and Fledglings" Castle Books: New York (1971) ISBN 0-498-07641-5
  • Clark G. Reynolds. The fast carriers: the forging of an air navy (1968; 1978; 1992)
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Media related to Carrier-based aircraft at Wikimedia Commons

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