Hadramphus tuberculatus

Hadramphus tuberculatus
	Illustrated by Des Helmore
Conservation status
	; Critically Endangered (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Class:	Insecta
Order:	Coleoptera
Family:	Curculionidae
Genus:	Hadramphus
Species:	H. tuberculatus
Binomial name
	Hadramphus tuberculatus; (Pascoe, 1877)
Synonyms
	Karocolens tuberculatus Kuschel, 1987 (disputed); Lyperobius tuberculatus Pascoe, 1877;

Hadramphus tuberculatus (known as the Canterbury knobbled weevil, Spaniard weevil or Banks Peninsula speargrass weevil) is a rare weevil endemic to Canterbury in the South Island of New Zealand. It was thought to be extinct in 1922 but was rediscovered in 2004.

Description

H. tuberculatus is a flightless weevil with a knobbed back. It reaches a length of 11.7–16.3 millimetres (0.46–0.64 in) and a width of 6.5–8.3 mm (0.26–0.33 in). It has a dark brown body with greyish-brown scales. This species tends to survive at high altitudes, specifically 670 meters, within the department of conservation reserve, where Aciphylla, a type of plant species, is abundant (Marris et al., 2008). In addition, in a study done where the ecology and conservation status of the Hadramphus tuberculatus was measured, it was found that the population size decreased from 2009 through 2011 – with the estimated population sizes being 138, 90, and 76, respectively (Fountain et al., 2013).

Taxonomy

This species was first described by Francis Pascoe in 1877 using specimens collected in Canterbury and supplied by Charles Marcus Wakefield.^[2] Hadramphus tuberculatus are characterized within the genus of weevils. They belong to the Molytini tribe which consists of four other species: H. tuberculatus, H. spinipennis Broun, H. stilbocarpae Kuschel, and H. pittospori. The Hadramphus tuberculatus are the largest weevils in terms of size and their distinction stems from having rounded tubercles on their backs. In comparison, all four species are on the risk in terms of conservation (Cruickshank et al., 2018).

Status

The knobbed weevil was apparently common over the Canterbury Plains in the 1870s. Possible causes for its disappearance were the removal by farmers of spear grass (Aciphylla), its host plant, and the arrival of predatory European rats. It was last seen in 1922, and was considered extinct until it was rediscovered in late 2004 by research students of the University of Canterbury at Burkes Pass near Lake Tekapo, South Canterbury, New Zealand.^[3]^[4] It is now listed as nationally endangered by the New Zealand Department of Conservation, and as critically endangered in the IUCN Red List.^[1] A detailed ecological study conducted by researchers at Lincoln University in 2009–2011 estimated the population size at Burkes Pass to be only 138 individuals in 2009, decreasing each year to 76 in 2011.^[5]

Gallery of images

Hadramphus tuberculatus with pollen from Aciphylla aurea flower on rostrum
Hadramphus tuberculatus recaptured during mark recapture study at Burkes Pass Scenic Reserve
Captive rearing study of Hadramphus tuberculatus on a young Aciphylla aurea in an enclosure at Lincoln University
Hadramphus tuberculatus on Aciphylla aurea.

References

^ ^a ^b Chinn, W. (2014). "Hadramphus tuberculatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2014: e.T39307A21424332. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS.T39307A21424332.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
^ Pascoe, Francis P. (1877). "Descriptions of new Genera and Species of New Zealand Coleoptera. — Part IV". The Annals and Magazine of Natural History. 4. 19: 142. ISSN 0374-5481 – via Biodiversity Heritage Library.
^ Beston, Anne (25 May 2005). "'Extinct' bug found alive and well in high-country reserve". New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 8 May 2019.
^ Young, L. M.; Marris, J. W. M.; Pawson, S. M. (2008). "Back from extinction: Rediscovery of the Canterbury knobbled weevil Hadramphus tuberculatus(Pascoe 1877) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), with a review of its historical distribution". New Zealand Journal of Zoology. 35 (4): 323. doi:10.1080/03014220809510129. S2CID 84458564.
^ Fountain, E. D.; Wiseman, B. H.; Cruickshank, R. H.; Paterson, A. M. (2013). "The ecology and conservation of Hadramphus tuberculatus (Pascoe 1877) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Molytinae)". Journal of Insect Conservation. 17 (4): 737. doi:10.1007/s10841-013-9557-9. S2CID 18904197.

External links

Description and Image, PDF Archived 2007-09-30 at the Wayback Machine
Image of a Museum specimen, PDF
Past distribution of large weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in the South Island, New Zealand, based on Holocene fossil remains
Discovery brings weevil back from the brink Archived 2006-10-10 at the Wayback Machine
Hadramphus tuberculatus discussed on RNZ Critter of the Week, 23 October 2015

[iucn_status_20_November_2021-1] Chinn, W. (2014). "Hadramphus tuberculatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2014: e.T39307A21424332. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS.T39307A21424332.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.

[2] Pascoe, Francis P. (1877). "Descriptions of new Genera and Species of New Zealand Coleoptera. — Part IV". The Annals and Magazine of Natural History. 4. 19: 142. ISSN 0374-5481 – via Biodiversity Heritage Library.

[3] Beston, Anne (25 May 2005). "'Extinct' bug found alive and well in high-country reserve". New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 8 May 2019.

[4] Young, L. M.; Marris, J. W. M.; Pawson, S. M. (2008). "Back from extinction: Rediscovery of the Canterbury knobbled weevil Hadramphus tuberculatus(Pascoe 1877) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), with a review of its historical distribution". New Zealand Journal of Zoology. 35 (4): 323. doi:10.1080/03014220809510129. S2CID 84458564.

[5] Fountain, E. D.; Wiseman, B. H.; Cruickshank, R. H.; Paterson, A. M. (2013). "The ecology and conservation of Hadramphus tuberculatus (Pascoe 1877) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Molytinae)". Journal of Insect Conservation. 17 (4): 737. doi:10.1007/s10841-013-9557-9. S2CID 18904197.

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