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The Cannonball Run

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The Cannonball Run
Theatrical release poster by Drew Struzan
Directed byHal Needham
Written byBrock Yates
Produced byAlbert S. Ruddy
Starring
CinematographyMichael Butler
Edited byDonn Cambern
William D. Gordean
Music byAl Capps
Production
company
Distributed by20th Century-Fox (United States)[a]
Golden Harvest (Hong Kong)
Release date
  • June 19, 1981 (1981-06-19)
Running time
95 minutes
CountriesUnited States[1]
Hong Kong[2]
LanguagesEnglish
Cantonese
BudgetUS$16–18 million[3]
Box officeUS$160 million[4]

The Cannonball Run is a 1981 American action-comedy film[5] directed by Hal Needham, produced by Hong Kong firm Golden Harvest, and distributed by 20th Century-Fox. Filmed in Panavision, it features an all-star ensemble cast, including Burt Reynolds, Dom DeLuise, Roger Moore, Farrah Fawcett, Jackie Chan, and Dean Martin. The film is based on the 1979 running of the Cannonball Baker Sea-to-Shining-Sea Memorial Trophy Dash, an actual cross-country outlaw road race beginning in Connecticut and ending in California.

It was the sixth-highest-grossing domestic film of 1981 and became the first installment of the Cannonball Run trilogy. It was followed by Cannonball Run II (1983), which was far less successful at the box office and with critics. This film and its sequel were the final film appearances of actor Dean Martin. It also featured Jackie Chan in his second Hollywood role.

Cannonball (1976), The Gumball Rally (1976) and Speed Zone (1989) were three other motion pictures based on the actual Cannonball Run outlaw road race.

Plot

[edit]

Race teams have gathered in Connecticut to start a cross-country car race. One at a time, teams drive up to the starters' stand, punch a time card to indicate their time of departure, then take off.

Among the teams:

At the starting line, observing from the shadows, is Mr. Arthur J. Foyt (the name is a fictionalized play on real life racer A. J. Foyt), a representative of the "Safety Enforcement Unit", who tries to stop the race because of its environmental effects and safety issues. In the car with Foyt is a photographer and tree lover, Pamela Glover.

Beyond the starting line, JJ and Victor (driving their ambulance) come across Foyt and Glover, who have been involved in a minor accident. Glover implores JJ and Victor to help, but when they tell Foyt to enter the ambulance through the back door, they kidnap Glover and take off without Foyt.

As the race progresses, Victor occasionally turns into his alter ego, superhero "Captain Chaos." Dr. Van Helsing and his huge hypodermic needle are also in the ambulance to "help" keep Glover quiet during the race.

Various teams are shown either evading law enforcement, most of which deal with talking their way out of a possible ticket, or concocting crazy schemes to outmaneuver their opponents.

  • Jill and Marcie use sex appeal as their weapon, unzipping their race suits to display copious amounts of cleavage during traffic stops.
  • In New Jersey, the ambulance is pulled over by state troopers. Dr. Van Helsing drugs Glover, and JJ and Victor are able to convince the troopers that they are rushing "the Senator's wife" to UCLA for medical treatment whilst claiming the theory, which to JJ and Victor's happy surprise is Van Helsing's idea, that her condition prevents them from flying, or from even driving through Denver.
  • The Subaru team is able to turn off their car's headlights and use infrared sensors for racing at night.
  • Seymour Goldfarb is frequently shown evading police by using various James Bond-type gadgets, such as oil slicks, smoke screens, switchable license plates, all installed in his Aston Martin DB5.
  • Mr. Compton and "Super Chief" Finch disguise themselves as a newlywed couple on a motorcycle, but Finch's extra weight forces the two to ride cross-country in a continuous wheelie.

The primary rivalry is between the ambulance and the Ferrari. In Ohio, Fenderbaum and Blake are able to convince Victor to stop the ambulance in order to bless the patient on board. While Blake administers the blessing, Fenderbaum flattens one of the ambulance's rear tires. JJ achieves revenge in Missouri by convincing a nearby police officer that the two men dressed as priests are actually perverts who are responsible for the flashing victim in the ambulance.

The leading teams find themselves stopped on a desert highway, waiting for construction workers to clear the road. A biker gang arrives and harasses Compton and Finch. It quickly escalates into a melee. "Captain Chaos" emerges to fight the bikers. The Subaru team also joins the fight, using martial arts to great effect. The construction crew announces that the road is open, so the teams sprint back to their cars to resume the race.

The ambulance falls behind the pack until Victor once again becomes Captain Chaos. The vehicles all arrive at the final destination at the same time, resulting in a foot race to the finish line. JJ hands his team's time card to Victor, then ambushes the remaining racers, leaving only Victor and one of the Lamborghini women, Marcie. Just when it appears Victor will reach the time clock first, a spectator shouts that her "baby" has fallen into the water. Victor, still in his Captain Chaos persona, rushes to save the baby, which is later revealed to be the spectator's dog, this allows Marcie to clock in first at the finishing point.

JJ is furious and never wants to see Captain Chaos again, but Victor replies that he does not care, becoming the persona he really wants to be, Captain USA. JJ laughs and hugs him. Foyt reappears and blames everyone for ruining the American highway. Seymour offers a cigar and tells Foyt to use the lighter in his car, which activates an ejection seat when pushed. Nothing happens at first, but when Seymour presses the button, he (Seymour) is ejected through the roof and into the nearby water.

Cast

[edit]

Cannonball Run featured an all-star ensemble cast, including these actors:[6]

  • Burt Reynolds and Dom DeLuise as racer J.J. McClure and his buddy, Victor Prinzim who occasionally "becomes" his alter ego "Captain Chaos", to the annoyance of J.J.
  • Roger Moore as Seymour Goldfarb, Jr. He is self-parody of his role as James Bond. The car that he drives is an Aston Martin DB5, displays the UK registration plate 6633 PP (matching the number plates on a DB5 from two Bond films, although Moore never drove an Aston Martin in any of his Bond appearances). Molly Picon portrays his mother. Five women ride with Seymour, including model Lois Hamilton, billed as Lois Areno, with Simone Burton, Finele Carpenter, Susan McDonald, and Janet Woytak. Moore's next Bond film, For Your Eyes Only, premiered on June 24, 1981, only a few days after The Cannonball Run.
  • Farrah Fawcett as tree-loving photographer Pamela Glover. J.J. calls her "Beauty."
  • Dean Martin, as race car driver Jamie Blake, and Sammy Davis Jr. as scam artist and degenerate gambler Morris Fenderbaum, both disguised as Catholic priests. Jimmy "The Greek" Snyder plays himself as Fenderbaum bets on his success (Snyder was Dean Martin's neighbor when both were growing up in Steubenville, Ohio). Blake's car, a Ferrari 308 GTS 1979, is the same as the model in the TV series TV Magnum, P.I.
  • George Furth as Arthur J. Foyt, the insipid, uptight main antagonist of the film, who tries to have the race stopped
  • Jackie Chan and Michael Hui as drivers of a Subaru GL filled with gadgets. In the opening part of the film, Chan and Hui are introduced on a talk show (hosted by Johnny Yune) as the operators of Japan's entry into the race. Both Chan and Hui are actually Hongkongers (Chinese). Jackie Chan's character is referred to as "Jackie Chan."
  • Jamie Farr as Sheik Abdul ben Falafel, a wealthy Arabian potentate determined to win the race, even if he has to buy it. Bianca Jagger makes a brief appearance as his sister. Farr's car is a souped-up Rolls-Royce Silver Shadow. The Sheik is the only character to appear in all three Cannonball Run films.
  • Mel Tillis and Terry Bradshaw are Mel and Terry, a couple of "good ol' boys" driving a 1976 Chevrolet Chevelle Laguna NASCAR Hawaiian Tropic replica, then, at the start of the race they have a Monte Carlo.
  • Adrienne Barbeau and Tara Buckman as Marcie Thatcher and Jill Rivers, satin-Spandex-clad "hotties" in a black Lamborghini Countach who distract police officers with cleavage. The same Lamborghini was used in the film's opening credits as it was being pursued by a Nevada Highway Patrol car after spray-painting a 55 mph speed limit sign. Their character names are not mentioned during the story but appear in the end credits. Their names return in the sequel, though the parts were re-cast.
  • Valerie Perrine has a cameo as the state trooper pulling over the Lamborghini duo, beating them at their own game
  • Peter Fonda has a cameo role referencing his motorcycle gang leader character in The Wild Angels while wearing his stars&stripes leather jacket from Easy Rider. The appearance of Fonda and his motorcycle gang during a halt in the race offered an excuse for Chan and others ("I'm Roger Moore!") to demonstrate the fighting skills. Fonda's big, bald buddy ("Roger Who?") is played by biker movie veteran Robert Tessier
  • Bert Convy as wealthy but bored executive Bradford Compton, who planned to run the Cannonball by motorcycle with the help of an old friend, Shakey Finch (Warren Berlinger), once the world's greatest cross-country motorcyclist. The two planned to disguise themselves as newlyweds. Compton's now portly ally forces the motorcycle into a wheelie for the entire race.
  • Jack Elam as Doctor Nikolas Van Helsing, same name as the famous vampire hunter. This Van Helsing is a proctologist and graduate of the University of Rangoon, and the Knoxville, Tennessee College of Faith Healing.[7]
  • Rick Aviles and Alfie Wise as Mad Dog and Batman, tow truck drivers who jump the train flatcar.
  • John Fiedler as the desk clerk.
  • Joe Klecko as the Polish driver in the van who gets pulled over by Mr. Foyt (Klecko was not only an active player in the National Football League, like Bradshaw, but also a trucker in the off season).
  • Car and Driver Magazine columnist and correspondent Brock Yates, who having created the real-life Cannonball Run, wrote the film directly for the screen, plays the race organizer of who lays down the rules at the starting line.
  • Director Hal Needham appears uncredited as the ambulance EMT.
  • Veteran Daytona 500 commentator Ken Squier, along with NFL on CBS producer Robert D. Stenner, who produced the CBS Daytona 500 broadcasts from 1979 to 1993 (except in 1992), appear as California Highway Patrolmen.
  • Veteran voice actor June Foray provided the dubbed dialogue of several of the women who escort Goldfarb in the race ("Seymour's girls", as the opening credits list them) in an uncredited performance.[8]

Production

[edit]

The film continued director Hal Needham's tradition of showing a gag reel of bloopers during the closing credits (a practice he started with Smokey and the Bandit II). Jackie Chan says this inspired him to do the same at the end of most of his films.

Original race

[edit]

The film is based on the 1979 running of the Cannonball Baker Sea-to-Shining-Sea Memorial Trophy Dash, an actual cross-country outlaw road race held four times in the 1970s, starting at the Red Ball Garage on 31st Street in New York City (later the Lock, Stock and Barrel Restaurant in Darien, Connecticut) and ending at the Portofino Inn in Redondo Beach, California, in Los Angeles.

The screenwriter was automotive journalist Brock Yates, who had conceived the real-life Cannonball Baker event. Yates had originally proposed the race as a writer for Car and Driver.[9] The race had only one rule: "All competitors will drive any vehicle of their choosing, over any route, at any speed they judge practical, between the starting point and destination. The competitor finishing with the lowest elapsed time is the winner".

Yates' team was the only participant in the original 1971 running, which was named after the driver Ernest "Cannonball" Baker, who drove across country in 1927 and made it in 60 hours. Yates wrote a book about it called The Sunday Driver. In 1973 it was reported John G. Avildsen and writer Eugene Price was to make a film based on the book called The Cannonball-Baker-Sea-to-Shining-Sea Memorial Trophy Dash.[10] The film was not made but the race did inspire the (unrelated) 1976 films Cannonball and The Gumball Rally.

1979 race

[edit]

In the March 1979 race Yates formed one of 46 teams with director Hal Needham to compete with a 150-MPH van converted into an ambulance, with LA doctor Lyell Royer, and Brock's second wife, Pamela Reynolds, riding as the patient on the gurney. Although the ambulance never made it to the finish line — the transmission gave out 50 miles short of the Redondo Beach finish line[11] — Yates made it to the movie as a race official and Needham as an EMT, as did the ambulance itself and even the transmission failure. The ambulance was stopped once, in Pennsylvania; that event made it into the movie, as did a cop stopping traffic in Kansas, exiting from a rodeo, to let the ambulance pass unimpeded.[12]

The Right Bra team was put together by rail-thin auto writer Judy Stropus, race driver Donna Mae Mims and Peggy Niemcek, whose husband was part of another entry, driving a Cadillac limo. In the movie, it became a two-woman team led by buxom Adrienne Barbeau driving a Lamborghini, but as auto writer Stropus said decades later, "a little editorial license never hurt anyone".[13] Yates points out in his book Cannonball![14] that Stropus's version of the race does not mention the baptism with green fluid from the porta-potty the three girls experienced when the limo overturned.

Script

[edit]

The characters J.J. and Victor participate in the Cannonball Run in an ambulance: a heavily modified Dodge van. In the beginning, J.J. says to himself "we could get a black Trans Am", then answers his own question with "Nah that's been done", a reference to the Smokey and the Bandit films of Burt Reynolds and director Hal Needham.

In an attempt to appear legitimate to law enforcement, the team of J.J. and Victor hires Doctor Nikolas Van Helsing, a frightening, yet friendly, physician of questionable skill played by Jack Elam. They kidnap attractive young photographer Pamela Glover (Farrah Fawcett) — whom they nickname "Beauty" — to be their cover patient. Beauty vehemently opposes her kidnapping first, but eventually comes to sympathize with her captors and falls for J.J.

Development

[edit]

Yates and Needham worked on a script and Al Ruddy became attached as producer. They wanted Reynolds to star, but he was reluctant to make more car-themed films. He was eventually persuaded by Needham's promise to keep the actor's schedule to only 14 days of filming, and a fee of $5 million plus a percentage of the profits. Finance came from Raymond Chow of Golden Harvest, who requested that Jackie Chan be included in the cast.

Reynolds later said: "I did that film for all the wrong reasons. I never liked it. I did it to help out a friend of mine, Hal Needham. And I also felt it was immoral to turn down that kind of money. I suppose I sold out so I couldn't really object to what people wrote about me."[15]

Reception

[edit]

Box office

[edit]

A huge commercial success, The Cannonball Run opened June 19, 1981 on 1,673 screens and grossed $11,765,574 in its opening weekend,[16] the fourth highest opening of all time, but this was not enough to beat Superman II that opened the same weekend with a record-breaking $14,100,523.[17] The film went on to gross $72,179,579 in the United States and Canada,[16] making it the sixth highest-grossing film of 1981, behind Raiders of the Lost Ark, On Golden Pond, Superman II, Arthur, and Stripes.[18]

It was also successful overseas. In France, The Cannonball Run sold 988,509 box office admissions in 1981. In Germany, the film sold 4,825,937 admissions, becoming the third highest-grossing film of 1981.[19] In Japan, it was the second highest-grossing foreign film of 1982, grossing ¥2.1 billion at the box office.[20] The film grossed over US$100 million worldwide in its initial run,[21] and went on to gross a worldwide total of $160 million.[4]

Critical response

[edit]

Despite its box office success, most critics reviewed the film negatively. It has received an approval rating of 29% on Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes based on 34 reviews. The critical consensus reads: "Cannonball Run casts a bevy of famous faces as its wacky racers but forgets to give them characters to play, resulting in 90 dull minutes that feel like a marathon".[22] Roger Ebert gave the film a half-star out of four, calling it "an abdication of artistic responsibility at the lowest possible level of ambition. In other words, they didn't even care enough to make a good lousy movie".[23] Variety described the film as "full of terribly inside showbiz jokes and populated by what could be called Burt and Hal's Rat Pack, film takes place in that redneck never-never land where most of the guys are beer-guzzling good ole boys and all the gals are fabulously built tootsies".[24] Vincent Canby of The New York Times called the film "inoffensive and sometimes funny. Because there are only a limited number of variations that can be worked out on this same old highway race, don't bother to see it unless you're already hooked on the genre".[25]

Accolades

[edit]

The film was nominated for a Razzie Award for Worst Supporting Actress for Fawcett, but lost to Diana Scarwid for the cult film Mommie Dearest.[26]

Accident

[edit]

On June 25, 1980, 24-year-old German American stuntwoman Heidi von Beltz, a former championship skier, stuntwoman, and aspiring actress, was critically injured in a car crash during production of the film. The original stunt person had left the production to attend an emergency family illness, and the stunt coordinator Bobby Bass called his then-fiancée von Beltz to the set for a stunt that he said was to be "a piece of cake." The car was to be driven by stuntman Jimmy Nickerson, and required him to weave between oncoming vehicles. Meanwhile, von Beltz was asked to ride in the passenger seat, operating a smoke machine, giving the impression the car was on fire.

The car, an Aston Martin, had been beset with mechanical problems, including defective steering, clutch, and speedometer. It also had bald tires and no seat belts. Nickerson asked for repairs to the car, and while some were done, other things were left unfixed, including the lack of seatbelts.[27][28] During the planned stunt the car collided head-on with a van, breaking von Beltz' neck and leaving her quadriplegic.[29]

When it became clear that von Beltz' personal injury lawsuit would exceed all available primary insurance coverage, the production's excess insurer, Interstate Fire (a subsidiary of Fireman's Fund Insurance Company) sued von Beltz and her employer, Stuntman Inc., for a declaratory judgment that von Beltz's lawsuit was not covered under its policy. In 1988, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit ruled that there was a duty to defend, and that there was also a duty to indemnify to the extent that von Beltz was seeking recovery for mental injuries (the exclusion for bodily injuries was ruled to be enforceable).[30]

She was eventually awarded $7 million although a judge reduced the amount and she ended up with $3.2 million.[31] Much of the settlement went to her attorneys and to paying off medical bills. Her lawsuit against the movie's producers led to required seat-belt use in all stunt cars and caused the Directors Guild to prohibit directors from altering stunts on location.[32] She died in October 2015 at age 59.[33]

Legacy

[edit]

The film was followed by two sequels, Cannonball Run II (1983) and Speed Zone (1989). The Cannonball Run and Cannonball Run II were Dean Martin's last films. The film also featured Jackie Chan in his second Hollywood role after The Big Brawl (1980).

Sega AM2 game designer Yu Suzuki cited The Cannonball Run as an influence on his hit 1986 arcade racing game Out Run.[34]

Remake

[edit]

Warner Bros. has acquired the rights to the Cannonball Run franchise and in 2016 set Etan Cohen to write and direct a remake as Cannonball. Andre Morgan and Alan Gasmer were hired as producers.[35]

Doug Liman was in early talks to direct the film from a script by Thomas Lennon and Robert Ben Garant in June 2018.[36]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ The rights to the film are currently owned by Fortune Star Media.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "The Cannonball Run (1981)". Allrovi. Archived from the original on 2019-06-06. Retrieved 2020-04-16.
  2. ^ "Cannonball Run". BFI Film & TV Database. London: British Film Institute. Archived from the original on January 29, 2009. Retrieved December 27, 2012.
  3. ^ Solomon, Aubrey (1989). Twentieth Century Fox: A Corporate and Financial History. Scarecrow Press. p. 259.
  4. ^ a b Zhang, Yingjin (2004). Chinese National Cinema. Routledge. p. 252. ISBN 978-1-134-69087-9. Archived from the original on 2020-06-20. Retrieved 2020-06-08.
  5. ^ "The Cannonball Run (1981) - Hal Needham". AllMovie.com. Archived from the original on 2019-06-06. Retrieved 2020-04-16.
  6. ^ Bill van Heerden (1998). Film and Television In-Jokes. McFarland & Co. p. 318. ISBN 978-0-7864-3894-5.
  7. ^ Girardot, Frank (2011-09-28). "Frank Girardot: Jackson's 'doctor' embodies wrong prescription". Pasadena Star News. Archived from the original on 30 May 2013. Retrieved 27 March 2012. "I'm Dr. Nicholas Van Helsing, doctor of proctology and other related tendencies. I'm a graduate of the University of Rangoon, as well as assorted night classes at the Knoxville, Tennessee College Of Faith Healing".
  8. ^ Tim Lawson & Alisa Persons (2004). The Magic Behind the Voices: A Who's Who of Cartoon Voice Actors. University Press of Mississippi. pp. 157–158. ISBN 1-57806-695-6.
  9. ^ "Brock Yates". Archived from the original on 2012-09-21. Retrieved 2011-05-14.
  10. ^ Weiler, A H. (Jan 21, 1973). "Richard Goes to Lilliput". The New York Times. p. A13.
  11. ^ "Brock Yates' Full mph Column". 27 April 2006. Archived from the original on 2012-10-08. Retrieved 2011-05-14.
  12. ^ Hollywood Stuntman Hal Needham Plays Not My Job, National Public Radio's 'Wait, Wait, Don't Tell Me', April 30, 2011.
  13. ^ "35 Years Ago, the Original Cannonball Run Took The Green Flag". Archived from the original on 2011-09-16. Retrieved 2011-05-14.
  14. ^ Cannonball! by Brock Yates, MotorBooks International, 2003
  15. ^ STEPHEN FARBER (Dec 20, 1981). "Burt Reynolds: --Getting Behind the Camera Burt Reynolds Behind The Lens". The New York Times. p. D17.
  16. ^ a b "Cannonball Run". Box Office Mojo. IMDB. Archived from the original on January 29, 2012. Retrieved March 9, 2012.
  17. ^ Murphy, A.D (October 27, 1987). "Biggest North American Film Boxoffice Weekends In History". Daily Variety. p. 46.
  18. ^ "1981 Domestic Grosses". Box Office Mojo. IMDB. Archived from the original on January 30, 2012. Retrieved March 9, 2012.
  19. ^ "The Cannonball Run (1981)". JP's Box-Office. Archived from the original on 29 November 2018. Retrieved 28 November 2018.
  20. ^ "1982年（1月～12月）". Eiren. Motion Picture Producers Association of Japan. Archived from the original on 6 March 2018. Retrieved 20 November 2018.
  21. ^ Rovin, Jeff (1997). The Essential Jackie Chan Source Book. Simon & Schuster. p. 456. ISBN 9781439137116. Archived from the original on 2020-06-05. Retrieved 2020-05-29. Say what you will about this film, Cannonball Run grossed over $100 million in worldwide box office at a time when few films did
  22. ^ "The Cannonball Run, Movie Reviews". Rotten Tomatoes. Archived from the original on November 26, 2017. Retrieved February 1, 2022.
  23. ^ Ebert, Roger (1981-01-01). "The Cannonball Run". Chicago Sun-Times. Archived from the original on 2013-05-21. Retrieved 2012-01-30.
  24. ^ "The Cannonball Run". Variety. 1980-12-30. Archived from the original on 2021-05-01. Retrieved 2012-01-30.
  25. ^ Canby, Vincent (1981-06-20). "Movie Review: The Cannonball Run". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 2013-11-04. Retrieved 2012-01-30.
  26. ^ Wilson, John (2005). The Official Razzie Movie Guide: Enjoying the Best of Hollywood's Worst. Grand Central Publishing. ISBN 0-446-69334-0.
  27. ^ "Heidi von Beltz Dies: Stuntwoman Paralyzed In 'Cannonball Run' Crash Was 59". 29 October 2015. Archived from the original on 2016-02-24. Retrieved 2016-03-07.
  28. ^ "Suffering continues for paralyzed ex-stuntwoman". The Hollywood Reporter. 15 June 2010. Archived from the original on 2016-03-18. Retrieved 2016-03-07.
  29. ^ "Cannonball Run Accident". Archived from the original on 2011-09-27. Retrieved 2011-04-25.
  30. ^ Interstate Fire & Cas. Co. v. Stuntman Inc., 861 F.2d 203 (9th Cir. 1988).
  31. ^ "Heidi von Beltz: Soul Survivor". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on 2018-01-11. Retrieved 2018-01-10.
  32. ^ "Suffering continues for paralyzed ex-stuntwoman | Hollywood Reporter". The Hollywood Reporter. 15 June 2010. Archived from the original on 2017-12-30. Retrieved 2017-12-29.
  33. ^ "Heidi von Beltz Dies: Stuntwoman Paralyzed In 'Cannonball Run' Crash Was 59". Yahoo Finance. 2015-10-29. Retrieved 2024-01-10.
  34. ^ Robinson, Martin (March 22, 2015). "Out Ran: Meeting Yu Suzuki". Eurogamer.net.
  35. ^ Fleming, Mike Jr. (March 15, 2016). "'Cannonball Run' Revs Anew; Etan Cohen To Script, Helm 'Cannonball'". Deadline. Archived from the original on August 14, 2020. Retrieved April 16, 2020.
  36. ^ Franklin, Garth (June 4, 2018). "'Liman in Talks for "Cannonball Run" Remake'". Dark Horizons. Archived from the original on June 12, 2018. Retrieved June 5, 2018.
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