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===Difference between ''C. indica'' and ''C. sativa''===
===Difference between ''C. indica'' and ''C. sativa''===
''Cannabis indica'' has a higher ratio of [[Cannabidiol|CBD]]:[[Tetrahydrocannabinol|THC]] compared to ''[[Cannabis sativa]]''.<ref>{{cite web |title=What are the differences between Cannabis indica and Cannabis sativa, and how do they vary in their potential medical utility? |publisher=ProCon.org |url=http://medicalmarijuana.procon.org/view.answers.php?questionID=000638}}</ref> Cannabis strains with relatively high CBD:THC ratios are less likely to induce [[anxiety]] than vice versa. This may be due to CBD's [[Receptor antagonist|antagonist]]ic effects at the [[cannabinoid receptor]]s, compared to THC's [[partial agonist]] effect. CBD is also a [[5-HT1A receptor|5-HT<sub>1A</sub> receptor]] ([[serotonin]]) agonist, which may also contribute to an anxiolytic-content effect.<ref name="Joy-Watson-Benson">{{cite book |title=Marijuana and Medicine: Assessing The Science Base |author=J.E. Joy, S. J. Watson, Jr., and J.A. Benson, Jr, |location=Washington D.C |publisher=[[United States National Academy of Sciences |National Academy of Sciences Press]] |year=1999 |url=http://books.nap.edu/html/marimed/ |isbn=0-585-05800-8}}</ref> This likely means the high concentrations of CBD found in ''Cannabis indica'' mitigate the [[anxiogenic]] effect of THC significantly.<ref name="Joy-Watson-Benson"/> The effects of ''sativa'' are well known for its cerebral high, hence used daytime as [[medical cannabis]], while ''indica'' is well known for its sedative effects and preferred night time as medical cannabis.<ref name="Joy-Watson-Benson"/> ''Indica'' plants are normally shorter and stockier plants than ''sativas''. They have wide, deeply serrated leaves and a compact and dense flower cluster. The effects of ''indicas'' are predominantly physical and sedative. Due to the relaxing nature of ''indicas'', they are best used for non-active times of the day and before bed.{{cn|date=May 2013}}
''Cannabis indica'' has a higher ratio of [[Cannabidiol|CBD]]:[[Tetrahydrocannabinol|THC]] compared to ''[[Cannabis sativa]]''.<ref>{{cite web |title=What are the differences between Cannabis indica and Cannabis sativa, and how do they vary in their potential medical utility? |publisher=ProCon.org |url=http://medicalmarijuana.procon.org/view.answers.php?questionID=000638}}</ref> Cannabis strains with relatively high CBD:THC ratios are less likely to induce [[anxiety]] than vice versa. This may be due to CBD's [[Receptor antagonist|antagonist]]ic effects at the [[cannabinoid receptor]]s, compared to THC's [[partial agonist]] effect. CBD is also a [[5-HT1A receptor|5-HT<sub>1A</sub> receptor]] ([[serotonin]]) agonist, which may also contribute to an anxiolytic-content effect.<ref name="Joy-Watson-Benson">{{cite book |title=Marijuana and Medicine: Assessing The Science Base |author=J.E. Joy, S. J. Watson, Jr., and J.A. Benson, Jr, |location=Washington D.C |publisher=[[United States National Academy of Sciences |National Academy of Sciences Press]] |year=1999 |url=http://books.nap.edu/html/marimed/ |isbn=0-585-05800-8}}</ref> This likely means the high concentrations of CBD found in ''Cannabis indica'' mitigate the [[anxiogenic]] effect of THC significantly.<ref name="Joy-Watson-Benson"/> The effects of ''sativa'' are well known for its cerebral high, hence used daytime as [[medical cannabis]], while ''indica'' is well known for its sedative effects and preferred night time as medical cannabis.<ref name="Joy-Watson-Benson"/> ''Indica'' plants are normally shorter and stockier plants than ''sativas''. They have wide, deeply serrated leaves and a compact and dense flower cluster. The effects of ''indicas'' are predominantly physical and sedative. Due to the relaxing nature of ''indicas'', they are best used for non-active times of the day and before bed.{{cn|date=May 2013}}

==Gettin zooted==
man this shit is dank


==Genome==
==Genome==

Revision as of 03:08, 29 September 2013

Not to be confused with Cannabis sativa.

Cannabis indica
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Plantae
(unranked):
Angiosperms
(unranked):
Eudicots
(unranked):
Rosids
Order:
Rosales
Family:
Cannabaceae
Genus:
Cannabis
Species:
C. indica
Binomial name
Cannabis indica

Cannabis indica is an annual plant in the Cannabaceae family. A putative species of the genus Cannabis, it is typically distinguished from Cannabis sativa.[1][2]

Taxonomy

In 1785, Jean-Baptiste Lamarck published a description of a second species of Cannabis, which he named Cannabis indica. Lamarck based his description of the newly named species on plant specimens collected in India. Richard Evans Schultes described C. indica as relatively short, conical, and densely branched, whereas C. sativa was described as tall and laxly branched.[3] Loran C. Anderson described C. indica plants as having short, broad leaflets whereas those of C. sativa were characterized as relatively long and narrow.[4][5] Cannabis indica plants conforming to Schultes's and Anderson's descriptions may have originated from the Hindu Kush mountain range. Because of the often harsh and variable (extremely cold winters, and warm summers) climate of those parts, C. indica is well-suited for cultivation in temperate climates.[citation needed]

Cultivation

Broad-leafed Cannabis indica plants in India, Afghanistan, Bangladesh and Pakistan are traditionally cultivated for the production of hashish. Pharmacologically, C. indica landraces tend to have a higher cannabidiol (CBD) content than C. sativa strains.[6] Most commercially available indica strains have been selected for low levels of CBD, with some users reporting more of a "stoned" feeling and less of a "high" from C. indica when compared to C. sativa.[7] The Cannabis indica high is often referred to as a "body buzz" and has beneficial properties such as pain relief in addition to being an effective treatment for insomnia and an anxiolytic, as opposed to sativa's more common reports of a "spacey" and mental inebriation, and even, albeit rarely, comprising hallucinations.[8] Differences in the terpenoid content of the essential oil may account for some of these differences in effect.[9][10] Common indica strains for recreational or medicinal use include Kush and Northern Lights.

A recent genetic analysis included both the narrow-leaflet and wide-leaflet drug "biotypes" under C. indica, as well as southern and eastern Asian hemp (fiber/seed) landraces and wild Himalayan populations.[11]

  • Broad leaf of a C. indica plant
    Broad leaf of a C. indica plant
  • Cannabis
    Cannabis

Difference between C. indica and C. sativa

Cannabis indica has a higher ratio of CBD:THC compared to Cannabis sativa.[12] Cannabis strains with relatively high CBD:THC ratios are less likely to induce anxiety than vice versa. This may be due to CBD's antagonistic effects at the cannabinoid receptors, compared to THC's partial agonist effect. CBD is also a 5-HT1A receptor (serotonin) agonist, which may also contribute to an anxiolytic-content effect.[13] This likely means the high concentrations of CBD found in Cannabis indica mitigate the anxiogenic effect of THC significantly.[13] The effects of sativa are well known for its cerebral high, hence used daytime as medical cannabis, while indica is well known for its sedative effects and preferred night time as medical cannabis.[13] Indica plants are normally shorter and stockier plants than sativas. They have wide, deeply serrated leaves and a compact and dense flower cluster. The effects of indicas are predominantly physical and sedative. Due to the relaxing nature of indicas, they are best used for non-active times of the day and before bed.[citation needed]

Gettin zooted

man this shit is dank

Genome

In 2011, a team of Canadian researchers announced that they had sequenced a draft genome of the Purple Kush variety of C. indica.[14]

See also

References

  1. ^ Ernest Small & Arthur Cronquist (1976). "A practical and natural taxonomy for Cannabis". Taxon. 25 (4): 405–435. JSTOR 1220524.
  2. ^ Greg Green. 2005. The Cannabis Breeder’s Bible. Green Candy Press, 15–17.
  3. ^ Richard Evans Schultes, William M. Klein, Timothy Plowman & Tom E. Lockwood (1974). "Cannabis: an example of taxonomic neglect" (PDF). Harvard University Botanical Museum Leaflets. 23: 337–367.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  4. ^ Loran C. Anderson (1980). "Leaf variation among Cannabis species from a controlled garden". Harvard University Botanical Museum Leaflets. 28 (1): 61–69.
  5. ^ Dr. Loran C. Anderson - FSU Biological Science Faculty Emeritus
  6. ^ Karl W. Hillig & Paul G. Mahlberg (2004). "A chemotaxonomic analysis of cannabinoid variation in Cannabis (Cannabaceae)". American Journal of Botany. 91 (6): 966–975. doi:10.3732/ajb.91.6.966. PMID 21653452.
  7. ^ "Sativa vs Indica." AMSTERDAM - THE CHANNELS. Web. 05 Dec. 2010. <http://www.channels.nl/knowledge/25700.html>.
  8. ^ "Difference Marijuana Cannabis Sativa and Indica, Sativa or Indica Marijuana Seed Strains". Amsterdam Marijuana Seeds Seed Bank.
  9. ^ McPartland, J. M.; Russo, E. B. (2001). "Cannabis and Cannabis extracts: greater than the sum of their parts?". Journal of Cannabis Therapeutics. 1 (3/4): 103–132. doi:10.1300/J175v01n03_08.
  10. ^ Karl W. Hillig (2004). "A chemotaxonomic analysis of terpenoid variation in Cannabis". Biochemical Systematics and Ecology. 32 (10): 875–891. doi:10.1016/j.bse.2004.04.004.
  11. ^ Karl W. Hillig (2005). "Genetic evidence for speciation in Cannabis (Cannabaceae)". Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution. 52: 161–180. doi:10.1007/s10722-003-4452-y.
  12. ^ "What are the differences between Cannabis indica and Cannabis sativa, and how do they vary in their potential medical utility?". ProCon.org.
  13. ^ a b c J.E. Joy, S. J. Watson, Jr., and J.A. Benson, Jr, (1999). Marijuana and Medicine: Assessing The Science Base. Washington D.C: National Academy of Sciences Press. ISBN 0-585-05800-8.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  14. ^ Attention: This template ({{cite doi}}) is deprecated. To cite the publication identified by doi:10.1186/gb-2011-12-10-r102, please use {{cite journal}} (if it was published in a bona fide academic journal, otherwise {{cite report}} with |doi=10.1186/gb-2011-12-10-r102 instead.
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