Canadian Language Benchmarks
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The Canadian Language Benchmarks (CLB), or Niveaux de compétence linguistique canadien (NCLC) in French, comprise a 12-point scale of task-based language proficiency descriptors used to guide the teaching and assessment of ESL learners in Canada. Like the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages and the ACTFL Proficiency Guidelines, the Canadian Language Benchmarks describe ESL learners' successive levels of communicative achievement.
The CLB's 12 benchmarks are divided into 3 parts: Stage I: Basic Proficiency; Stage II: Intermediate Proficiency; and Stage III: Advanced Proficiency. The CLB cover four skills: listening, speaking, reading, writing. There is also a French version of the CLB. The theory behind the CLB is explained in the document the "Theoretical Framework for the Canadian Language Benchmarks and Niveaux De Compétence Linguistique Canadiens" and includes pragmatic knowledge, grammatical knowledge, textual knowledge, functional knowledge, and sociolinguistic knowledge.[1]
Each benchmark is then described in terms of "Can do" statements or "Performance Descriptors". For example, the following are two task descriptors for Benchmark 5 in writing (from the 2012 version of the CLB):
Descriptor: Write short business or service correspondence for routine personal needs. [Writing is about 1 paragraph.] Example: Write a paragraph to report a factual event or incident, such as an accident, a workplace incident or a burglary.
Descriptor: Write a paragraph to relate a familiar sequence of events, description of a person, object or routine.
Write a paragraph for a class newsletter to inform readers about a new or useful service in the community (such as a new language class, community centre, childcare centre or food bank).
Because such descriptor systems focus on the successful completion of communicative tasks, rather than on a strict emphasis on correct linguistic forms, they have quickly gained in popularity among proponents of task-based language learning (TBLL).
History
[edit]The CLB grew out of a federal government initiative undertaken in 1992, to support the language learning needs of immigrants to the country. In 1993, Citizenship and Immigration Canada established the National Working Group on Language Benchmarks. In November 1996, the group published the Canadian Language Benchmarks (Working Document). This working group was eventually to become the Board of Directors of the Centre for Canadian Language Benchmarks. The CCLB received its charter as a non-profit agency in March 1998. In 2000, the Canadian Language Benchmarks 2000, by Grazyna Pawlikowska-Smith, was published. It was the culmination of years of work by dozens of experts, and has since steadily grown in popularity with students, teachers and institutions.
In 2012, a revised version of the CLB was published and an updated theoretical framework. A team of writers and language experts worked on the revision in both English and in French. The CLB/NCLC theory was validated against the Common European Framework for Language, the ACTEFL and the Quebec version of the benchmarks. The validation showed that the CLB and NCLC are valid and reliable for use in a variety of contexts including community, academic and workplace.
A set of benchmarks for literacy learners who have English as a second language was first developed in 1996 and revised in 2000 by the Government of Manitoba. Another revision of the literacy benchmarks was done in fiscal 2013/2014 and was expected to be released once validation was complete in 2014.[2]
The CLB has also been used to identify the level of curricula, courses and requirements for entry into post-secondary training in some parts of Canada, e.g. in Manitoba, some Ontario community colleges and in British Columbia where it is part of an articulation agreement.[3]
Since 2002, the CLB has been used as a scale to help define the language demands that are used in some occupations and professions. The first benchmarking projects were done at the provincial level by Red River College in Manitoba. In 2002, CCLB did the first national benchmarking project to identify the language demands of the nursing profession.[4] This was followed by the development of a national test to verify the language competency of internationally trained nurses, the Canadian English Language Benchmarks Assessment for Nurses (CELBAN). Further research was done by the Centre for occupations in the following industries: travel and hospitality, trucking, trades, food and grocery, and professions like pharmacy, physiotherapy and occupational therapy, audiology and speech language pathology. Many of these profiles have been captured in documents called "Occupational Language Analyses" (OLAs), which reflect the communication skills extrapolated from occupational competency documents, the Essential Skills and aligned to the CLB/NCLC. Many of these are available on the website Canadian Language Benchmarks and Essential Skills for the workplace.[5] or by contacting the CCLB. The CLB has also been correlated to the Essential Skills.[6]
Assessment
[edit]The CLB has been used since 1996 as the background of CLB-based assessments. CLB-based assessments reflect what a second language speaker can demonstrate in terms of language and communication. They usually cover the four skills: listening, speaking, reading and writing. the CLB have been used for both formative and summative assessment and are defined for low-stakes or higher stakes uses.
Examples
[edit]- The Canadian Language Benchmarks Assessment (CLBA)
- The Canadian Language Benchmarks Literacy Assessment (CLBLA)
- The Canadian Language Benchmarks Placement Test (CLBPT)[7]
- Literacy Placement Tool: Volume I[8]
- Literacy Placement Tool: Volume II[9]
- Canadian English Language Benchmarks Assessment for Nurses (CELBAN)
- Milestones (a high-stakes test in development for Citizenship & Immigration Canada)
Classroom assessment resources for instructors
[edit]- Summative Assessment Manual (SAM)[10]
- Exit Tasks for CLB 5 - 10[11]
- Integrating Assessment into the CLB Classroom[12]
- Portfolio-based language assessment (PBLA)
- Can Do Statements[13]
Immigration language requirements
[edit]Canada has strict language requirements for immigration. Federal Skilled Workers are expected to have a minimum CLB level 7 score in order to be eligible for immigration.[14] Canada accepts popular English testing reports of IELTS-GT and CELPIP-G and French testing reports of TEF/TCF for immigration purposes.[15] The bands have to be converted to CLB /NCLC equivalent levels using the below conversion chart[16] or by using a CLB Calculator[17] which converts IELTS/CELPIP-G/TEF/TCF scores to their CLB/NCLC equivalents:
Federal Skilled Worker Program
[edit]| Language | Minimum level for all four abilities |
|---|---|
| English | CLB 7 |
| French | NCLC7 |
Second official language: Minimum level of CLB or NCLC 5.
Canadian Experience Class
[edit]| NOC skill type or level | Minimum level for all four language abilities (English) | Minimum level for all four language abilities (French) |
|---|---|---|
| NOC 0 or A | CLB 7 | NCLC 7 |
| NOC B | CLB 5 | NCLC 5 |
Federal Skilled Trades Program
[edit]| Language | Abilities | Minimum level |
|---|---|---|
| English | Speaking and listening | CLB 5 |
| English | Reading and writing | CLB 4 |
| French | Speaking and listening | NCLC 5 |
| French | Reading and writing | NCLC 4 |
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK FOR THE CANADIAN LANGUAGE BENCHMARKS AND NIVEAUX DE COMPÉTENCE LINGUISTIQUE CANADIENS, Centre for Canadian Language Benchmarks, 2012
- ^ See CLB 2000: ESL for Literacy Learners
- ^ See work done by CIITE.
- ^ "Benchmarking the English Language Demands of the Nursing Profession Across Canada" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-08-19. Retrieved 2014-06-15.
- ^ https://www.language.ca/resourcesexpertise/essential-skills/
- ^ "Relating Canadian Language Benchmarks to the Essential Skills"
- ^ "CLBPT". Archived from the original on 2014-08-25.
- ^ "CLB Literacy Placement Tool (LPT) - Volume 1". Archived from the original on 2014-06-16.
- ^ "CLB Literacy Placement Tool (LPT) - Volume 2". Archived from the original on 2014-06-16.
- ^ "Summative Assessment Manual". Archived from the original on 2014-06-16.
- ^ "CLB 5-10 Exit Assessment Tasks". Archived from the original on 2014-06-16.
- ^ "Integrating CLB Assessment into your ESL Classroom". Archived from the original on 2014-06-19.
- ^ "Can do Statements". Archived from the original on 2014-07-01.
- ^ Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada (2007-03-31). "Language testing—Skilled immigrants (Express Entry)". aem. Retrieved 2020-08-18.
- ^ Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada (2007-03-31). "Language testing—Skilled immigrants (Express Entry)". aem. Retrieved 2020-08-18.
- ^ Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada (2015-01-01). "Language requirements — Skilled immigrants (Express Entry)". aem. Retrieved 2020-08-18.
- ^ "CLB Calculator - Language Test Equivalency Tool | Convert IELTS to CLB, CELPIP to CLB, TEF to NCLC, TCF to NCLC". 29 April 2024.
External links
[edit]- Canadian Language Benchmarks home
- Online Self-Assessment CLB-OSA
- Common European Framework home
- American Council on Teaching Foreign Languages home
- Canada CLB Calculator
- Fox, Janna; Courchêne, Robert (2005). "The Canadian Language Benchmarks (CLB): A Critical Appraisal" (PDF). Contact: Special Research Symposium Issue. 31 (2). Teachers of English as a Second Language of Ontario: 7–28.