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CYB5R3

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CYB5R3
Available structures
PDBOrtholog search: PDBe RCSB
Identifiers
AliasesCYB5R3, B5R, DIA1, cytochrome b5 reductase 3
External IDsOMIM: 613213; MGI: 94893; GeneCards: CYB5R3; OMA:CYB5R3 - orthologs
Orthologs
SpeciesHumanMouse
Entrez

1727

109754

Ensembl

ENSG00000100243

ENSMUSG00000018042

UniProt

P00387

Q9DCN2

RefSeq (mRNA)

NM_007326
NM_000398
NM_001129819
NM_001171660
NM_001171661

NM_029787

RefSeq (protein)

NP_000389
NP_001123291
NP_001165131
NP_001165132
NP_015565

NP_084063

Location (UCSC)Chr 22: 42.62 – 42.72 MbChr 15: 83.04 – 83.06 Mb
PubMed search[3][4]
Wikidata
View/Edit HumanView/Edit Mouse

NADH-cytochrome b5 reductase 3 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CYB5R3 gene.[5][6]

Structure

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The CYB5R3 gene is located on the 22nd chromosome, with its specific location being 22q13.2. The gene contains 12 exons.[7] CYB5R3 encodes a 34.2 kDa protein that is composed of 301 amino acids; 63 peptides have been observed through mass spectrometry data.[8][9]

The entire gene is about 31 kb in length. Exon 2 contains the junction of the membrane-binding domain and the catalytic domain of b5R, which shows that there are two forms of b5R: a soluble form and a membrane-bound form. The 5' portion of this gene does not have typical regulatory transcriptional elements, but has the sequence G-G-G-C-G-G a total of five times. The GC content of this 5' portion of the gene is 86%, much higher than the average GC of the entire gene, which is 55%. There is also an atypical polyadenylation signal in the 3'-untranslated region of the gene.[5]

The protein encoded by the CYB5R3 gene is cytochrome b5 reductase, a flavoprotein that is produced as two different isoforms with different localizations. There is an amphipathic microsomal isoform that is found in all cell types but red blood cells; this isoform has one hydrophobic membrane-anchoring domain and one catalytic domain that is hydrophilic. The other isoform, a soluble cytochrome b5 reductase isoform, is found in human erythrocytes. This protein is truncated, and encoded by an alternative transcript that produces only the larger, hydrophilic domain.[10] The protein contains 4 cysteine residues, Cys-203, -273, -283, and -297. Cys-283 is thought to be involved in NADH binding by chemical modification; in fact, both Cys-273 and Cys-283 are thought to be close to the NADH-binding site.[11] The NH2-terminal structure of the membrane-binding domain is CH3(CH2)12-CO-Gly-Ala-Gln-Leu-Ser-Thr-Leu-Gly-His-Met-Val-Leu-Phe-Pro-Val-Trp-Phe-Leu-Tyr-Ser-Leu-Leu-Met-Lys.[12]

Two forms of NADH-cytochrome b5 reductase are known, a membrane-bound form in somatic cells (anchored in the endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria and other membranes) and a soluble form in erythrocytes. The membrane-bound form has both membrane-binding and catalytic domains. The soluble form has only the catalytic domain. This gene encodes both forms of the enzyme which arise from tissue-specific alternative transcripts that differ in the first exon. Mutations in this gene cause methemoglobinemias.[7]

Function

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Cytochrome b5 reductase is involved in the transfer of reducing equivalents from the physiological electron donor, NADH, via an FAD domain to the small molecules of cytochrome b5. It's also heavily involved in many oxidation and reduction reactions, such as the reduction of methemoglobin to hemoglobin.[10] Of the two forms of NADH-cytochrome b5 reductase, the membrane-bound form exists mainly on the cytoplasmic side of the endoplasmic reticulum and functions in desaturation and elongation of fatty acids, in cholesterol biosynthesis, and in drug metabolism. The erythrocyte form is located in a soluble fraction of circulating erythrocytes and is involved in methemoglobin reduction.[7]

Clinical significance

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Mutations in the CYB5R3 gene cause methemoglobinemia types I and II. This is a rare autosomal recessive disease due to a deficiency of isoform of NADH-cytochrome b5 reductase.[13] Many mutations of this gene and the subsequent disease manifestation have been described.[14] The disease manifests as the accumulation of oxidized Fe+3 in humans.[10] Type I recessive congenital methemoglobinemia (RCM) is characterized by a deficiency of the soluble isoform and manifests as the cyanosis of skin and mucous membranes.[15] In type II, the defect affects both isoforms and thus affects more general tissues such as red blood cells, leukocytes, and all body tissues. This type is associated with mental deficiency and other neurologic symptoms, which may be because the cytochrome b5 system plays a crucial role in the desaturation of fatty acids in the body.[16] Recently, it was reported that abnormal lipid metabolism related with the desaturation of fatty acids is likely to be a secondary phenotype rather than a direct cause of the disease. The authors describe new insights on the aetiology of neurological disorders caused by CYB5R3d deficiency. [17] One patient was described as having a new class of this disorder, type III. This condition was characterized by a deficiency of NADH cytochrome b5 reductase in lymphocytes, platelets, and erythrocytes, but this was not associated with mental retardation.[18]

Interactions

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CYB5R3 is known to interact with CYB5A, ENO1, and SUMO2 among other proteins.[7]

References

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  1. ^ a b c GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000100243 – Ensembl, May 2017
  2. ^ a b c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000018042 – Ensembl, May 2017
  3. ^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  4. ^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  5. ^ a b Tomatsu S, Kobayashi Y, Fukumaki Y, Yubisui T, Orii T, Sakaki Y (Aug 1989). "The organization and the complete nucleotide sequence of the human NADH-cytochrome b5 reductase gene". Gene. 80 (2): 353–61. doi:10.1016/0378-1119(89)90299-0. PMID 2479590.
  6. ^ Bull PC, Shephard EA, Povey S, Santisteban I, Phillips IR (Oct 1988). "Cloning and chromosomal mapping of human cytochrome b5 reductase (DIA1)". Annals of Human Genetics. 52 (Pt 4): 263–8. doi:10.1111/j.1469-1809.1988.tb01105.x. PMID 3268037. S2CID 33190583.
  7. ^ a b c d "Entrez Gene: CYB5R3 cytochrome b5 reductase 3".
  8. ^ Zong NC, Li H, Li H, Lam MP, Jimenez RC, Kim CS, Deng N, Kim AK, Choi JH, Zelaya I, Liem D, Meyer D, Odeberg J, Fang C, Lu HJ, Xu T, Weiss J, Duan H, Uhlen M, Yates JR, Apweiler R, Ge J, Hermjakob H, Ping P (Oct 2013). "Integration of cardiac proteome biology and medicine by a specialized knowledgebase". Circulation Research. 113 (9): 1043–53. doi:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.113.301151. PMC 4076475. PMID 23965338.
  9. ^ "NADH-cytochrome b5 reductase 3". Cardiac Organellar Protein Atlas Knowledgebase (COPaKB).[permanent dead link]
  10. ^ a b c Elahian F, Sepehrizadeh Z, Moghimi B, Mirzaei SA (Jun 2014). "Human cytochrome b5 reductase: structure, function, and potential applications". Critical Reviews in Biotechnology. 34 (2): 134–43. doi:10.3109/07388551.2012.732031. PMID 23113554. S2CID 207467769.
  11. ^ Shirabe K, Yubisui T, Nishino T, Takeshita M (Apr 1991). "Role of cysteine residues in human NADH-cytochrome b5 reductase studied by site-directed mutagenesis. Cys-273 and Cys-283 are located close to the NADH-binding site but are not catalytically essential". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 266 (12): 7531–6. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(20)89479-4. PMID 2019583.
  12. ^ Murakami K, Yubisui T, Takeshita M, Miyata T (Feb 1989). "The NH2-terminal structures of human and rat liver microsomal NADH-cytochrome b5 reductases". Journal of Biochemistry. 105 (2): 312–7. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.jbchem.a122659. PMID 2498303.
  13. ^ Galeeva NM, Nenasheva SA, Kleĭmenova IS, Poliakov AV (Nov 2012). "[Novel large deletion c.22-1320_633+1224del in the CYB5R3 gene from patients with hereditary methemoglobinemia]". Genetika. 48 (11): 1336–46. PMID 23297489.
  14. ^ Fermo E, Bianchi P, Vercellati C, Marcello AP, Garatti M, Marangoni O, Barcellini W, Zanella A (2008). "Recessive hereditary methemoglobinemia: two novel mutations in the NADH-cytochrome b5 reductase gene". Blood Cells, Molecules & Diseases. 41 (1): 50–5. doi:10.1016/j.bcmd.2008.02.002. PMID 18343696.
  15. ^ Galeeva NM, Voevoda MI, Spiridonova MG, Stepanov VA, Poliakov AV (Apr 2013). "[Population frequency and age of c.806C > T mutation in CYB5R3 gene as cause of recessive congenital methemoglobinemia in Yakutia]". Genetika. 49 (4): 523–30. doi:10.7868/s0016675813030065. PMID 23866629.
  16. ^ Hudspeth MP, Joseph S, Holden KR (Jan 2010). "A novel mutation in type II methemoglobinemia". Journal of Child Neurology. 25 (1): 91–3. doi:10.1177/0883073809336136. PMID 19471045. S2CID 5230624.
  17. ^ Siendones E, Ballesteros M, Navas P (Oct 2018). "Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Recessive Hereditary Methaemoglobinaemia Type II". Journal of Clinical Medicine. 7 (341): 341. doi:10.3390/jcm7100341. PMC 6210646. PMID 30309019.
  18. ^ Nagai T, Shirabe K, Yubisui T, Takeshita M (Feb 1993). "Analysis of mutant NADH-cytochrome b5 reductase: apparent "type III" methemoglobinemia can be explained as type I with an unstable reductase". Blood. 81 (3): 808–14. doi:10.1182/blood.V81.3.808.808. PMID 8427971.
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Further reading

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