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Soon after its establishment, the work at the laboratory went beyond the study of the [[atomic nucleus]], into higher-energy physics, an activity which is mainly concerned with the study of interactions between [[Subatomic particle|particle]]s. Therefore the laboratory operated by CERN is commonly referred to as the '''European laboratory for particle physics''' (''Laboratoire européen pour la physique des particules'') which better describes the current research being performed at CERN.
Soon after its establishment, the work at the laboratory went beyond the study of the [[atomic nucleus]], into higher-energy physics, an activity which is mainly concerned with the study of interactions between [[Subatomic particle|particle]]s. Therefore the laboratory operated by CERN is commonly referred to as the '''European laboratory for particle physics''' (''Laboratoire européen pour la physique des particules'') which better describes the current research being performed at CERN.


haha
===Scientific achievements===
Several important achievements in particle physics have been made during experiments at CERN. These include, but are not limited to, the following.
* [[1973 in science|1973]]: The discovery of [[neutral current]]s in the [[Gargamelle]] bubble chambename="gargamelle">http://public.web.cern.ch/public/en/About/History73-en.html</ref>.
* [[1983 in science|1983]]: The discovery of [[W and Z bosons]] in the [[UA1]] and [[UA2]] experiments<ref name="wz">http://public.web.cern.ch/public/en/About/History83-en.html</ref>.
* [[1989 in science|1989]]: The determination of the number of neutrino families at the [[Large Electron-Positron Collider|Large Electron Positron Collider (LEP)]] operating on the Z boson peak.
* [[1995 in science|1995]]: The first creation of [[Antimatter#Artificial production|antihydrogen]] atoms in the [[PS210 experiment]]<ref name="antihydrogen">http://public.web.cern.ch/public/en/About/History95-en.html</ref>.
* [[1999 in science|1999]]: The discovery of the direct [[CP-violation]] in the [[NA48]] experiment<ref name="NA48">[http://arxiv.org/abs/hep-ex/9909022v1 V. Fanti et al., Phys. Lett. B465 (1999) 335 (hep-ex/9909022)]</ref>.

The [[1984 in science|1984]] [[Nobel Prize for Physics|Nobel Prize in physics]] was awarded to [[Carlo Rubbia]] and [[Simon van der Meer]] for the developments that led to the discoveries of
the W and Z bosons.

The [[1992 in science|1992]] Nobel Prize in physics was awarded to CERN staff researcher [[Georges Charpak]] "for his invention and development of particle detectors, in particular the [[multiwire proportional chamber]]."

====Computer science====
[[Image:First Web Server.jpg|thumb|left|This [[NeXTcube]] used by [[UK|British]] scientist [[Sir Tim Berners-Lee]] at CERN became the first [[Web server]].]]
The [[World Wide Web]] began as a CERN project called [[ENQUIRE]], initiated by Sir [[Tim Berners-Lee]] and [[Robert Cailliau]] in [[1989 in science|1989]]. Berners-Lee and Cailliau were jointly honored by the [[Association for Computing Machinery|ACM]] in [[1995 in science|1995]] for their contributions to the development of the World Wide Web.

Based on the concept of [[hypertext]], the project was aimed at facilitating sharing information among researchers. The first website went on-line in [[1991 in science|1991]]. On 30 April [[1993 in science|1993]], CERN announced that the World Wide Web would be free to anyone. A [http://www.w3.org/History/19921103-hypertext/hypertext/WWW/TheProject.html copy] of the original first webpage, created by Berners-Lee, is still published on the [http://www.w3c.org/ World Wide Web Consortium] website as a historical document.

[[Image:Ciscosystemsrouteratcern.jpg|thumb|This Cisco Systems router at CERN was probably one of the first IP routers deployed in Europe.]]

Prior to the Web's development, CERN had been a pioneer in the introduction of [[Internet]] technology, beginning in the early 1980s. A short history of this period can be found [http://www.cern.ch/ben/TCPHIST.html here].

More recently, CERN has become a centre for the development of [[Grid computing]], hosting among others the [[Enabling Grids for E-sciencE]] (EGEE) and [[LHC Computing Grid]] projects. It also hosts the [[CERN Internet Exchange Point]] (CIXP), one of the two main [[Internet Exchange Point]]s in [[Switzerland]]. CERN's computer network is connected to [[JANET]] (formerly [[UKERNA]]), the research and education network, JANET aids CERN to disperse large data over a network grid for closer analysis.


==Particle accelerators==
==Particle accelerators==

Revision as of 03:06, 26 September 2008

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European Organization
for Nuclear Research
Organisation Européenne
pour la Recherche Nucléaire
Formation29 September 1954[1]
Typeparticle physics laboratory
HeadquartersGeneva
Membership
20 member states and 8 observers
Robert Aymar
Website
http://www.cern.ch/

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The 12 founding member states of CERN in 1954 [a] (map borders from 1989)

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54 years after its foundation, membership to CERN increased to 20 states, 18 of which are also EU members as of 2008

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The European Organization for Nuclear Research (French: Organisation Européenne pour la Recherche Nucléaire), known as CERN (see Naming), Template:PronEng (IPA: [sɛʀn] in French), is the world's largest particle physics laboratory, situated in the northwest suburbs of Geneva on the Franco-Swiss border, established in 1954.[1] The organization has twenty European member states, and is currently the workplace of approximately 2600 full-time employees, as well as some 7931 scientists and engineers (representing 500 universities and 80 nationalities).

CERN's main function is to provide the particle accelerators and other infrastructure needed for high-energy physics research. Numerous experiments have been constructed at CERN by international collaborations to make use of them. The main site at Meyrin also has a large computer centre containing very powerful data processing facilities primarily for experimental data analysis, and because of the need to make them available to researchers elsewhere, has historically been (and continues to be) a major wide area networking hub.

As an international facility, the CERN sites are officially under neither Swiss nor French jurisdiction. Member states' contributions to CERN for the year 2008 totalled CHF 1 billion (approximately €664 million, US$ 1 billion).[2]

History

The convention establishing CERN was signed on 29 September 1954 by 12 countries in Western Europe.[a][1] The acronym CERN originally stood, in French, for Conseil Européen pour la Recherche Nucléaire (European Council for Nuclear Research), which was a provisional council for setting up the laboratory, established by 11 European governments in 1952. The acronym was retained for the new laboratory after the provisional council was dissolved, even though the name changed to the current Organisation Européenne pour la Recherche Nucléaire (European Organization for Nuclear Research) in 1954.[3] According to Lew Kowarski, a former director of CERN, when the name was changed, the acronym could have become the awkward OERN, and Heisenberg said "But the acronym can still be CERN even if the name is [not]".[citation needed]

Soon after its establishment, the work at the laboratory went beyond the study of the atomic nucleus, into higher-energy physics, an activity which is mainly concerned with the study of interactions between particles. Therefore the laboratory operated by CERN is commonly referred to as the European laboratory for particle physics (Laboratoire européen pour la physique des particules) which better describes the current research being performed at CERN.

haha

Particle accelerators

Current complex

Map of the Large Hadron Collider at CERN

CERN operates a network of six accelerators and a decelerator. Each machine in the chain increases the energy of particle beams before delivering them to experiments or to the next more powerful accelerator. Currently active machines are:

The Large Hadron Collider

Main article: Large Hadron Collider
Construction of the CMS detector for LHC at CERN

Most of the activities at CERN are currently directed towards building a new collider, the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) and the experiments for it. The LHC represents a large-scale, worldwide scientific cooperation project.

The LHC tunnel is located 100 metres underground, in the region between the Geneva airport and the nearby Jura mountains. It uses the 27 km circumference circular tunnel previously occupied by LEP which was closed down in November 2000. CERN's existing PS/SPS accelerator complexes will be used to pre-accelerate protons which will then be injected into the LHC.

Six experiments (CMS, ATLAS, LHCb, TOTEM, LHC-forward and ALICE) are currently being built, and will be running on the collider; each of them will study particle collisions under a different point of view, and with different technologies. Construction for these experiments required an extraordinary engineering effort. Just as an example, to lower the pieces for the CMS experiment into the underground cavern which will host it, a special crane will have to be rented from Belgium, which will be able to lift the almost 2000 tons for each piece. The first of the approximately 5,000 magnets necessary for construction was lowered down a special shaft at 13:00 GMT on 7 March 2005.

This accelerator will generate vast quantities of computer data, which CERN will stream to laboratories around the world for distributed processing (making use of a specialised GRID infrastructure, the LHC Computing Grid). In April 2005, a trial successfully streamed 600 MB per second to seven different sites across the world. If all the data generated by the LHC is to be analysed, then scientists must achieve 1,800 MB per second before 2008.

As of August 2008 the majority of the LHC ring is now cooled to the 1.9 K (−271.25 °C) operating temperature. The initial particle beams were injected in August 2008,[5] the first attempt to circulate a beam through the entire LHC was at 0830Z on 10 September 2008,[6] and the first high-energy collisions are planned to take place after the LHC is officially unveiled, on 21 October 2008.[7]

Decommissioned accelerators

Sites

CERN's main site, as seen from Switzerland looking towards France.

The smaller accelerators are located on the main Meyrin site (also known as the West Area), which was originally built in Switzerland alongside the French border, but has been extended to span the border since 1965. The French side is under Swiss jurisdiction and so there is no obvious border within the site, apart from a line of marker stones. There are six entrances to the Meyrin site:

  • A, in Switzerland. Open for all CERN personnel at specific times.
  • B, in Switzerland. Open for all CERN personnel at all times. Often referred to as the main entrance.
  • C, in Switzerland. Open for all CERN personnel at specific times.
  • D, in Switzerland. Open for goods reception at specific times.
  • E, in France. Open for French-resident CERN personnel at specific times. Controlled by customs personnel. Named "Porte Charles de Gaulle" in recognition of his role in the creation of the CERN. [8]
  • Tunnel entrance, in France. Open for equipment transfer to and from CERN sites in France by personnel with a specific permit. This is the only permitted route for such transfers. Under the CERN treaty, no taxes are payable when such transfers are made. Controlled by customs personnel.

The SPS and LEP/LHC tunnels are located underground almost entirely outside the main site, and are mostly buried under French farmland and invisible from the surface. However they have surface sites at various points around them, either as the location of buildings associated with experiments or other facilities needed to operate the colliders such as cryogenic plants and access shafts. The experiments themselves are located at the same underground level as the tunnels at these sites.

Three of these experimental sites are in France, with ATLAS in Switzerland, although some of the ancillary cryogenic and access sites are in Switzerland. The largest of the experimental sites is the Prévessin site, also known as the North Area, which is the target station for non-collider experiments on the SPS accelerator. Other sites are the ones which were used for the UA1, UA2 and the LEP experiments (the latter which will be used for LHC experiments).

Outside of the LEP and LHC experiments, most are officially named and numbered after the site where they were located. For example, NA32 was an experiment looking at the production of charmed particles and located at the Prévessin (North Area) site while WA22 used the BEBC bubble chamber at the Meyrin (West Area) site to examine neutrino interactions. The UA1 and UA2 experiments were considered to be in the Underground Area, i.e. situated underground at sites on the SPS accelerator.

Member states

Member states of CERN as of 2008
  Founding members
  Members who joined CERN later
Animated map showing changes in CERN membership from 1954 until 1999 (borders as of 1989 and 2008)
CERN members (in blue) and observers (in red: USA, Israel, Turkey, Japan, India, and Russia) as of 2008

The original twelve CERN signatories from 1954 were:

All founding members have so far (as of 2008) remained in the CERN organisation, except Yugoslavia which left in 1961 and never re-joined.

Since its foundation, CERN regularly accepted new members. All new members have remained in the organisation continuously since their acceptance, except Spain which joined in 1961, withdrew eight years later, and joined anew in 1983. CERN's membership history is as follows:

  •  Austria joined in 1959, bringing the total number of members to 13
  •  Yugoslavia left in 1961 (12 members)
  •  Spain joined in 1961 (thus increasing the number of member states to 13 again), left in 1969 (12 members), rejoined in 1983 (13 members)
  •  Portugal joined in 1985 (14 member states)
  •  Finland joined in 1991
  •  Poland joined in 1991 (together with Finland bringing the number of participating member states to 16)
  •  Hungary joined in 1992 (17 members)
  •  Czech Republic joined in 1993
  •  Slovakia joined in 1993 (together with Czechia increasing the total members to 19)
  •  Bulgaria joined in 1999 (20 member states)

There are currently twenty member countries, 18 of which are also European Union member states.

Eight additional international organizations or countries have "observer status":


Maps of the history of CERN membership
  • 1954 (12 members): CERN is founded [a] (1989 borders)
    1954 (12 members): CERN is founded [a] (1989 borders)
  • 1959 (13 members): Austria joins (1989 borders)
    1959 (13 members): Austria joins (1989 borders)
  • 1961 (13 members): Spain joins and Yugoslavia leaves (1989 borders)
    1961 (13 members): Spain joins and Yugoslavia leaves (1989 borders)
  • 1969 (12 members): Spain leaves (1989 borders)
    1969 (12 members): Spain leaves (1989 borders)
  • 1983 (13 members): Spain re-joins (1989 borders)
    1983 (13 members): Spain re-joins (1989 borders)
  • 1985 (14 members): Portugal joins (1989 borders)
    1985 (14 members): Portugal joins (1989 borders)
  • 1991 (16 members): Poland and Finland join, and Germany has been reunified (2008 borders)
    1991 (16 members): Poland and Finland join, and Germany has been reunified (2008 borders)
  • 1992 (17 members): Hungary joins (2008 borders)
    1992 (17 members): Hungary joins (2008 borders)
  • 1993 (19 members): Czechia and Slovakia join (2008 borders)
    1993 (19 members): Czechia and Slovakia join (2008 borders)
  • 1999 (20 members): Bulgaria joins (2008 borders)
    1999 (20 members): Bulgaria joins (2008 borders)
  • Animated map showing changes in CERN membership from 1954 until 1999 (borders are as of 1989 and 2008)
    Animated map showing changes in CERN membership from 1954 until 1999 (borders are as of 1989 and 2008)
  • World map showing CERN members in blue and observers in red, as of 2008
    World map showing CERN members in blue and observers in red, as of 2008

Public exhibits

The Globe of Science and Innovation at CERN

Facilities at CERN open to the public include:

  • The Globe of Science and Innovation, which opened in late 2005 and is used four times a week for special exhibits.
  • The Microcosm museum on particle physics and CERN history.
  • CERN's Large Hadron Collider is the subject of a (scientifically accurate) rap video featuring some of the facility's own staff[9]

See also

Notes

References

CERN: where the Web was born
  1. ^ a b c [1]
  2. ^ CERN Website - Resources Planning and Control
  3. ^ The CERN Name, on the CERN website. Last accessed on 25 October 2006.
  4. ^ CERN Website - LINAC
  5. ^ Overbye, Dennis (29 July 2008). "Let the Proton Smashing Begin. (The Rap Is Already Written.)". The New York Times.
  6. ^ CERN press release, 7 August 2008
  7. ^ "Large Hadron Collider to be launched Oct. 21 - Russian scientist". RIA Novosti.
  8. ^ "Red Carpet for CERN's 50th". CERN bulletin. 2004. {{cite journal}}: External link in |title= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  9. ^ [2]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to CERN.

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