Circumferential Road 5
C-5
Circumferential Road 5 | |
|---|---|
| C-5 Road | |
 C-5 corner Kalayaan Avenue, looking towards Pasig | |
| Route information | |
| Maintained by the Department of Public Works and Highways,[a] the Metropolitan Manila Development Authority, and NLEX Corporation[b] | |
| Length | 43.87 km (27.26 mi) |
| Existed | 1994–present |
| Component highways |
|
| Major junctions | |
| Beltway around Manila | |
| North end |  N1 (MacArthur Highway) in Valenzuela |
| South end |  E3 (Manila–Cavite Expressway) in Las Piñas |
| Location | |
| Country | Philippines |
| Major cities | Las Piñas, Parañaque, Pasay, Pasig, Quezon City, Taguig, and Valenzuela |
| Highway system | |
| |
Circumferential Road 5 (C-5), informally known as the C-5 Road, is a network of roads and bridges which comprise the fifth beltway of Metro Manila in the Philippines.[2] Spanning some 43.87 kilometers (27.26 mi), it connects the cities of Las Piñas, Parañaque, Pasay, Pasig, Quezon City, Taguig, and Valenzuela.
It runs parallel to the four other beltways around Metro Manila and is also known for being the second most important transportation corridor after Circumferential Road 4.[3]
Originally planned to run from Navotas in the north, the route is not yet complete because of certain controversies regarding the right of way, but portions of the route are already open for public use.[citation needed] On July 23, 2019, the two segments of the route were connected with the completion of the CAVITEX C-5 Link through a 2.2-kilometer (1.4 mi) flyover over the Skyway and the SLEX in 2019.[4][5]
It is also known as Metro Manila's deadliest highway route, having 31 fatalities in 2019, 27 in 2018, and 23 in 2017. This is due to trucks and motorcycles along the narrow highway, as well as its road conditions.[6]
Route description
[edit]C-5 lies parallel to other circumferential roads around Metro Manila, most notably EDSA of C-4. It passes through the cities of Valenzuela, Quezon City, Pasig, Taguig, Pasay, Parañaque, and Las Piñas, in addition the Embo barangays that were part of Makati until its transfer to Taguig in 2023. The road is divided into several segments.
NLEX Harbor Link
[edit].jpg)
From MacArthur Highway in Karuhatan, Valenzuela to Harbor Link Interchange, a cloverleaf interchange with the main line of the North Luzon Expressway (NLEX), C-5 is a toll road known as NLEX Karuhatan Link or NLEX Segment 9. Measuring 2.4-kilometer (1.5 mi) long, it is also the first segment of the NLEX Harbor Link project, which connects the NLEX with the Port of Manila.[7]
From the Harbor Link Interchange to a 3-way signalized junction with Mindanao Avenue, C-5 is known as NLEX–Mindanao Avenue Link or NLEX Segment 8.1. The entire 2.7-kilometer (1.7 mi) toll road is also designated as a part of C-5 Road.
Mindanao Avenue
[edit]
At the eastern end of NLEX Segment 8.1, C-5 turns southeast and becomes Mindanao Avenue. It is a 10-lane divided carriageway that serves as the main transportation corridor of Barangays Talipapa and Tandang Sora in Quezon City. The 3.5 kilometers (2.2 mi) portion of this 6.7-kilometer (4.2 mi) road from NLEX Segment 8.1 to Congressional Avenue is designated as a portion of C-5.
Congressional Avenue
[edit]At the signaled junction with Mindanao Avenue, C-5 turns northeast as Congressional Avenue, a six-lane divided carriageway that serves as the main east-to-west transportation corridor of Barangays Bahay Toro, Culiat, Pasong Tamo, and Tandang Sora in Quezon City. It continues east for 3.9 kilometers (2.4 mi) up to Luzon Avenue.
Luzon Avenue
[edit](2018-02-07).jpg)
At the end of Congressional Avenue Extension, C-5 turns south as Luzon Avenue, a 4-lane divided city road between Barangays Culiat and Matandang Balara in Quezon City, for 850 meters (2,790 ft) up to Commonwealth Avenue. The 6-lane Luzon Avenue Flyover carries C-5 across Commonwealth Avenue to connect it with Tandang Sora Avenue.
Tandang Sora Avenue
[edit]Southeast of Commonwealth Avenue, C-5 is known as Tandang Sora Avenue. It runs for 1 kilometer (0.62 mi) from Barangay Matandang Balara, going around the University of the Philippines Diliman campus, up to the junction with Magsaysay Avenue.
The original planned route of C-5 included the entire 9.6-kilometer (6.0 mi) road; however, due to the road's incapacity to carry a large amount of vehicular traffic, only the 1-kilometer (0.62 mi) portion from the Luzon Avenue Flyover to Magsaysay Avenue was designated as a portion of C-5 Road. Furthermore, Tandang Sora Avenue becomes a six-lane divided carriageway shortly after crossing Capitol Hills Drive, 350 meters (1,150 ft) south of the flyover.
Katipunan Avenue
[edit].jpg)
After crossing Magsaysay Avenue, C-5 turns south and becomes Katipunan Avenue, a ten-lane divided carriageway that serves as the main transportation corridor of Matandang Balara, Pansol, Loyola Heights, and Project 4 in Quezon City. It heads south for 4.8 kilometers (3.0 mi) until its junction with Bonny Serrano Avenue. Shortly before crossing Bonny Serrano Avenue, a 4-lane divided underpass descends from Katipunan Avenue, traverses underneath Col. Bonny Serrano Avenue and ascends into Libis Flyover, which immediately connects it to E. Rodriguez Jr. Avenue.
Colonel Bonny Serrano Avenue
[edit]C-5 passes through a section of Colonel Bonny Serrano Avenue, a four-lane undivided avenue, as a connecting corridor 500 meters (1,600 ft) from Katipunan Avenue to Eulogio Rodriguez Jr. Avenue. The Libis Tunnel and Libis Flyover traverse between the avenue's westbound and eastbound lanes.
Eulogio S. Rodriguez Jr. Avenue
[edit]
At its junction with Bonny Serrano Avenue and FVR Road at the Libis Tunnel and Libis Flyover, C-5 then turns south as Eulogio S. Rodriguez Jr. Avenue, a 6.7-kilometer (4.2 mi), 10-lane divided road that serves as the main thoroughfare between Quezon City and Pasig. The road ends at a junction with Pasig Boulevard and continues onto C.P. Garcia Bridge, which crosses the Pasig River and eventually becomes Carlos P. Garcia Avenue shortly afterwards. The avenue is named after Eulogio Rodriguez Jr., a former representative and governor of Rizal.[8]
Carlos P. Garcia Avenue
[edit].jpg)
Past the C.P. Garcia Bridge over the Pasig River, C-5 becomes Carlos P. Garcia Avenue. It is a 7.5 km (4.7 mi), fourteen-lane divided road that serves as the main thoroughfare in western Taguig. It passes through a small portion of Embo (formerly part of Makati) and continuously passes Taguig, where it bypasses Bonifacio Global City and meets the exit ramps to the CAVITEX–C-5 Link and the South Luzon Expressway before ending at the intersection with East Service Road.
It is not to be mistaken with the legal name of the C-5 route.
C-5 Road Extension
[edit]Across the South Luzon Expressway, C-5 continues as C-5 Road Extension from West Service Road near Merville Exit of SLEX in Pasay. It also serves as the two frontage roads of CAVITEX–C-5 Link's section in Pasay. It traverses south of Ninoy Aquino International Airport and enters Parañaque. In Barangay Santo Niño, C-5 is briefly known as Kaingin Road, passing by warehouses up to Multinational Avenue. It then curves around Amvel City, crosses Dr. A. Santos Avenue and Diego Cera Avenue, and ends at the Manila–Cavite Expressway (CAVITEX) in Las Piñas. The future LRT Line 1 Extension will run along most of the Las Piñas segment of C-5 Road Extension.
Location on the West Valley Fault
[edit]Studies conducted by the PHIVOLCS revealed that a large portion of C-5 is built on top of the West Valley Fault. A map of the fault line released on May 18, 2015, shows C-5 in Taguig beside the fault line.[9] The C-5 road is prone to liquefaction.[10]
History
[edit]
The proposal for the Metro Manila Arterial Road System was made in the late 1960s.[11] The proposal mentions building ten radial roads and six circumferential roads to support Metro Manila's growing vehicular population. Circumferential Road 5's original alignment was to begin at a proposed coastal road near Manila Bay in Navotas at the north and traverse around Manila up to Radial Road 1 (now comprises the Manila–Cavite Expressway) at the south.[12] In the 1970s, its proposed southern alignment included a route through Bicutan and the area what is now the Better Living Subdivision in Parañaque.[13]
Construction of Circumferential Road 5 began in 1986.[11][14] The project also involved building new alignments that would combine with old existing roads, including Eulogio Rodriguez Jr. Avenue, built in the 1960s. The first phase of the C-5 Road from the South Luzon Expressway in Taguig to Ortigas Avenue, Pasig, which cost approximately ₱1.2 billion to construct, was officially inaugurated by President Fidel V. Ramos on December 30, 1994.[15] The project was funded by Japan's Overseas Economic Cooperation Fund (OECF, subsequently Japan Bank for International Cooperation, and currently Japan International Cooperation Agency).[16] Under the power of Republic Act No. 8224, which was passed on November 6, 1996, the C-5 road was legally known as President Carlos P. Garcia Avenue after the eighth President of the Philippines, Carlos P. Garcia.[17]
Extensions
[edit]On July 23, 2007, President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo announced in her State of the Nation Address that C-5 Road will be extended to northern Metro Manila up to the North Luzon Expressway in Valenzuela.[18]
From April 2009 to June 2010, the NLEX–Mindanao Avenue Link (Segment 8.1) in Valenzuela and Congressional Avenue Extension from Tandang Sora to Luzon Avenues in Quezon City were constructed. Carlos P. Garcia Avenue Extension in the South Extension in Parañaque was also opened. In March 2015, the NLEX–Karuhatan Link (Segment 9) was opened to all motorists. The opening of Segment 9 from NLEx to MacArthur Highway in Karuhatan, Valenzuela served as a preparation for the Holy Week season.
Presently, the Luzon Avenue Flyover connecting Tandang Sora and Luzon Avenues across Commonwealth Avenue is open to all motorists. Before the flyover's opening, the Congressional Avenue Extension from Visayas to Luzon Avenue was opened in 2010 to decongest heavy traffic in the Visayas–Tandang Sora Avenue Intersection.
From September 2022 to April 2024, the C-5 Quirino Flyover, which crosses Diego Cera and Fruto Santos Avenues in Las Piñas, was constructed on the C-5 Extension. It opened on April 24, 2024.[19]
Controversies
[edit]In 2012, the Senate of the Philippines investigated the south extension project, which would pass several of Manny Villar's properties, such as Camella. The original extension, called the Manila–Cavite Toll Expressway Project (MCTEP), was already approved by the Senate and would have been made as a toll expressway. The project eventually resurrected as C-5 Southlink Expressway (now known as CAVITEX–C-5 Link).[20]
C-5 Expressway
[edit]In 1993, the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) studied the proposed urban expressway system in Metro Manila. The master plan for the planned network, meant to have 150 kilometers (93 mi) of expressways, included the proposed Central Circumferential Expressway that would follow the old C-5 alignment from Navotas to Parañaque with a total length of about 45.8 kilometers (28.5 mi).[21] In the 1999 Metro Manila Urban Transport Integrated Study, the plan for the 30.9-kilometer (19.2 mi) elevated expressway was also planned, spanning from the Manila–Cavite Expressway to South Fairview.[22]
In 2014, under the Roadmap for Transport Infrastructure Development for Metro Manila and Its Surrounding Areas (Region III & Region IV-A; also known as the Metro Manila Dream Plan), the JICA study proposes a 46.7-kilometer (29.0 mi) expressway from the Manila–Cavite Expressway to San Jose Del Monte in Bulacan to pass above the existing C-5.[23] This was mentioned again in the 2019 follow-up report.[24] In the late 2010s, NLEX Corporation (formerly Manila North Tollways Corporation) and CAVITEX Infrastructure Inc. submitted a proposal for C-5 Expressway, a 19-kilometer (12 mi) fully elevated expressway that would further decongest the existing C-5 and provide a fully controlled-access route between CAVITEX C-5 Link and NLEX Segment 8.2 (C-5 Link).[25] The proposed expressway would utilize portions of the existing C-5's right of way between SLEX and Pasig Boulevard and run above Marikina River from Pasig Boulevard to Luzon Avenue.
Exits and intersections
[edit]
(2018-08-26).jpg)
| Province | City/Municipality[c] | km[d] | mi | Destinations | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Taguig | 14.1266 | 8.7779 | East Service Road | Southern end | |
 E2 (CAVITEX C-5 Link) – Pasay | Southbound exit and northbound entrance. Six-lane tolled flyover to C-5 Extension across SLEX. Also known as CAVITEX C-5 Link Segment 3A-1[4][5] | ||||
 AH 26 (E2) (SLEX) – Alabang, Batangas | Half-Y interchange. C-5 Exit of SLEX. South end. | ||||
| 15.1851– 15.2237 | 9.4356– 9.4596 | Bayani Road, Marichu Rodriguez Tiñga Avenue | Half-diamond and half-partial cloverleaf interchange. Access to Libingan ng mga Bayani. Future Southeast Metro Manila Expressway (SEMME) exit. | ||
| Pamayanang Diego Silang Avenue | At-grade intersection. No southbound access. Future Southeast Metro Manila Expressway (SEMME) exit. | ||||
| 17.000 | 10.563 | Scorpion Street | No northbound entrance. Northbound access via Pamayanang Diego Silang Avenue/C-5 Service Road. More commonly known as Palar Underpass. | ||
| Alligator Street | No Southbound access. Access to Barangay Rizal. | ||||
| Blue Voz Street | No southbound access. Access to Barangays Rizal and Pembo. | ||||
| Upper McKinley Road | Traffic light intersection. Former half-diamond interchange with no northbound access. Access to McKinley Hill. | ||||
| 26th Street, Sampaguita Street, Target Street | Diamond interchange. Access to Market! Market!, Bonifacio Global City, and Barangay Pembo | ||||
| Market-Market Service Road | Southbound exit only. Access to Market! Market! And BGC Bus Market! Market! Bus Station. | ||||
| 32nd Street | Directional T interchange. No northbound exit. Access to Bonifacio Global City. | ||||
 N190 (Kalayaan Avenue) | C-5-Kalayaan Interchange. Former traffic light intersection. Access to Kalayaan Avenue westbound from C-5 northbound via elevated U-turn slot. Access to Kalayaan Avenue eastbound from C-5 southbound via elevated U-turn slot. | ||||
| Pasig River | 20.418 | 12.687 | C.P. Garcia Bridge | ||
| Pasig | South end of Bagong Ilog Flyover. South end of E. Rodriguez Jr. Avenue segment. | ||||
 N141 (Pasig Boulevard) / Maximo Flores Street | Traffic light intersection for southbound at-grade only. No left turn and U-turn from C-5 southbound. Route number on at-grade changes from N11 to N141.[1] | ||||
 N142 (Pasig Boulevard Extension) | Traffic light at-grade intersection. | ||||
| Canley Road | Southbound at-grade intersection. No northbound access. | ||||
| 14.1285 | 8.7790 | North end of Bagong Ilog Flyover (Route number on at-grade changes from N141 to N11.)[1] | |||
| R. Lanuza Avenue | Traffic light intersection. Access to PhilSports Arena. | ||||
| Kaginhawaan Bridge | Northbound only. Access to Dr. Sixto Antonio Avenue via P. Conducto Street. | ||||
| Julia Vargas Avenue | Traffic light intersection. Access to SM Center Pasig, Tiendesitas, and Ortigas Center. | ||||
| Eagle Drive | Northbound entry only | ||||
| South end of Ortigas Flyover | |||||
 N60 (Ortigas Avenue) | C-5-Ortigas Interchange. Traffic light intersection at grade. No left turns from northbound. Access to C-5 southbound either through flyover ramp or traffic light intersection. | ||||
| Quezon City | 16.986– 12.612 | 10.555– 7.837 | North end of Ortigas Flyover | ||
| Greenmeadows Avenue | Traffic light intersection | ||||
| Calle Industria | Traffic light intersection | ||||
| Eastwood Drive | Traffic light intersection. Access to Eastwood City. | ||||
| South end of Libis Flyover | |||||
| 14.234 | 8.845 | C-5 Access Road | Exit only for C-5 northbound. Entrance to C-5 southbound and northbound. North end of E. Rodriguez Jr. Avenue segment. East end of Bonny Serrano Avenue segment. | ||
| West end of Libis Flyover | |||||
| East end of Libis Tunnel | |||||
| 11.975 | 7.441 |  N185 (Bonny Serrano Avenue) / Katipunan Avenue | Traffic light intersection. West end of Bonny Serrano Avenue segment. South end of Katipunan Avenue segment. | ||
| North end of Libis Tunnel | |||||
| P. Tuazon Boulevard, Major S. Dizon Street | No left turns. Right-in/right-out for northbound intersection. | ||||
| South end of Katipunan Flyover | |||||
 N59 (Aurora Boulevard/Marcos Highway) | Left turn and right turn from northbound and southbound service roads. | ||||
| Xavierville Avenue | Accessible from Katipunan Flyover southbound service road only | ||||
| North end of Katipunan Flyover | |||||
| 13.944– 15.1060 | 8.664– 9.3864 | Carlos P. Garcia Avenue | Traffic light intersection. Route number change from N11 to N129.[1] | ||
| Magsaysay Avenue | Gated access to the University of the Philippines Diliman. No left turns to Katipunan Avenue northbound. | ||||
| Mactan Street | Traffic light intersection. Former roundabout. | ||||
| Capitol Drive | |||||
| 15.743 | 9.782 | Tandang Sora Avenue | Southbound access only. North end of Katipunan Avenue segment. | ||
| South end of Luzon Avenue Flyover | |||||
 N170 (Commonwealth Avenue) | Ramps with U-turns | ||||
| North end of Luzon Avenue Flyover | |||||
| Luzon Avenue | North end of Luzon Avenue segment. West end of Congressional Avenue segment. | ||||
| Tandang Sora Avenue | Access via U-turn slots from opposite directions | ||||
| Visayas Avenue | Traffic light intersection | ||||
  N129 (Congressional Avenue) / N128 (Mindanao Avenue) | Traffic light intersection. West end of Congressional Avenue segment. South end of Mindanao Avenue segment. Route number changes from N129 to N128.[1] | ||||
| Road 20, Road 20 Extension | Accessible via U-turn slot from opposite directions | ||||
| Tandang Sora Avenue | Accessible via U-turn slot from opposite directions. Access to St. James College of Quezon City | ||||
| South end of Mindanao Avenue Underpass | |||||
 N127 (Quirino Highway) | Traffic light intersection | ||||
| North end of Mindanao Avenue Underpass | |||||
| Valenzuela | N128 (Mindanao Avenue) | North end of Mindanao Avenue section[1] | |||
1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi
| |||||
NLEX Mindanao Avenue & Karuhatan Link
[edit]The entire route is located in Valenzuela. The kilometer count, which would be shown here in its approximate values, increments east and west of Harbor Link Interchange as it branches off NLEX Main.
| km | mi | Exit | Name | Destinations | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 15.9 | 9.9 | Mindanao Avenue | N128 (Mindanao Avenue) – Quezon City | Eastern end of expressway; link to the future NLEX Segment 8.2 | ||
| 15.39 | 9.56 | Mindanao toll plaza (westbound only) | ||||
| 15.29 | 9.50 | Mindanao toll plaza expansion (westbound only; exclusively for Class 1) | ||||
| 13 | 8.1 | Harbor Link Interchange |  AH 26 (E1) – Balintawak, Tarlac | Cloverleaf interchange with collector lanes; kilometer count reverses | ||
| 14.71 | 9.14 | Parada | Parada, Maysan | Westbound exit only | ||
| 15.00 | 9.32 | Gen. T. De Leon | Gen. T. de Leon | Eastbound exit only | ||
| 16.15 | 10.04 | Karuhatan toll plaza (eastbound only) | ||||
| 16.2 | 10.1 | Karuhatan | N1 (MacArthur Highway) – Karuhatan | Diamond interchange; northern end of C-5; continues west as  E5 (NLEX Segment 10) | ||
1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi
| ||||||
C-5 Extension
[edit]| Province | City/Municipality | km | mi | Destinations | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Las Piñas | E3 (CAVITEX) – Manila | Right-in/right-out interchange. Entry to CAVITEx only. Western end of C-5 Extension. | |||
| West end of C5 Quirino Flyover | |||||
 N62 (P. Diego Cera Avenue) | At-grade intersection | ||||
| Fruto Santos Avenue | At-grade intersection | ||||
| East end of C5 Quirino Flyover | |||||
| Gatchalian Road | At-grade intersection | ||||
| Villareal Street | At-grade intersection. Southbound access only. | ||||
| Parañaque | South end of Sucat Flyover | ||||
 N63 (Dr. A. Santos Avenue) | Eastbound exit and westbound entrance. Access to SM City Sucat. | ||||
| Old Sucat Road | Westbound exit and eastbound entrance. Access to Amvel City and Dr. A. Santos Avenue. | ||||
| North end of Sucat Flyover | |||||
| Amvel City | Partial cloverleaf interchange. Access to  N195 (Ninoy Aquino Avenue). | ||||
| Multinational Avenue | Traffic light intersection. Serves Multinational Village. This is known for infamously causing severe heavy traffic during rush hours. | ||||
| E. Rodriguez Avenue | At-grade intersection. Future interchange with CAVITEX–C-5 Link | ||||
| E2 (CAVITEX–C-5 Link) – Taguig | Eastbound exit and westbound entrance. Also known as C-5 Southlink Expressway Segment 3A2[32] | ||||
| Pasay | Neil Armstrong Avenue | At-grade intersection. Also known as Moonwalk Exit due to its gated accessibility into Moonwalk Village. | |||
| E2 (CAVITEX–C-5 Link) – Taguig | Eastbound exit and westbound entrance. Also known as CAVITEX–C-5 Link Segment 3A1 [5] | ||||
| Washington Street | Access to Merville Park Subdivision | ||||
| Moonwalk Access Road | Eastbound access only | ||||
| West Service Road | At-grade intersection. Eastern end of C-5 Extension. | ||||
| 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi | |||||
Notes
[edit]External links
[edit]
Media related to Circumferential Road 5 at Wikimedia Commons
References
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- ^ Flores, Asti (February 7, 2013). "MMDA, DPWH name C5 Road as alternate route for EDSA overhaul". GMA News. Retrieved March 30, 2013.
- ^ a b "Section of CAVITEX- C5 Southlink opens". ABS-CBN News. July 23, 2019. Archived from the original on June 7, 2020. Retrieved June 7, 2020.
- ^ a b c "Taguig-Parañaque section of C5 South Link Expressway opens to motorists July 23". GMA News Online. Archived from the original on August 18, 2019. Retrieved August 18, 2019.
- ^ Cayabyab, Marc Jayson. "C-5 Metro Manila's deadliest road – MMDA". Philstar.com. Retrieved September 17, 2024.
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- ^ Official Directory of the House of Representatives (1954-1957). Philippines. Congress (1940-1973). House of Representatives. 1955. p. 214. Archived from the original on January 24, 2024. Retrieved September 14, 2020.
- ^ Ranada, Pia (May 18, 2015). "High resolution West Valley Fault maps launched". Archived from the original on March 1, 2016. Retrieved February 19, 2016.
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- ^ "Urban Transport Study in Manila Metropolitan Area" (PDF). Overseas Technical Cooperation Agency. September 1973. p. 142. Retrieved November 4, 2024.
- ^ "The Circumferential Road 5". scribd.com. Archived from the original on May 17, 2013. Retrieved January 5, 2013.
- ^ Maragay, Fel (December 31, 1994). "First phase of C-5 project completed". Manila Standard. Kamahalan Publishing Corp. p. 6. Archived from the original on December 9, 2021. Retrieved December 10, 2021.
- ^ "DPWH cancels P50-M Quezon City project". Manila Standard. July 12, 1994. p. 7.
- ^ Republic Act No. 8224 (November 6, 1996), An Act Renaming the Circumferential Route No. 5 or C-5 in Metro Manila, as the President Garcia Avenue, and for Other Purposes, archived from the original on May 31, 2012, retrieved January 5, 2013
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- ^ Untalan, Sherylin (April 24, 2024). "C5 Quirino Flyover extension is now open". GMA Integrated News. Retrieved April 24, 2024.
- ^ Legaspi, Amita (January 25, 2012). "Villar intervened in C-5 project for his own benefit". GMA News. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved March 17, 2013.
- ^ Katahira & Engineers International (October 29, 1993). "Metro Manila Urban Expressway System Study" (PDF). Japan International Cooperation Agency. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 7, 2023. Retrieved April 6, 2023.
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- ^ "ROADMAP PROJECTS PROFILE" (PDF). Japan International Cooperation Agency. March 2014.
- ^ "FOLLOW-UP SURVEY ON ROADMAP FOR TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT FOR GREATER CAPITAL REGION (GCR): FINAL REPORT - SUMMARY" (PDF). August 2019.
- ^ "C-5 Expressway". DPWH PPP Portal. Department of Public Works and Highways. Archived from the original on October 12, 2018. Retrieved July 30, 2018.
- ^ Department of Public Works and Highways (2016). "Atlas 2016 Road Surface Type and Condition: Metro Manila 1st" (Map). 2016 Road Data. 1:70000. Retrieved May 19, 2017.[permanent dead link]
- ^ Department of Public Works and Highways (2016). "Atlas 2016 Road Surface Type and Condition: Metro Manila 2nd" (Map). 2016 Road Data. 1:45000. Retrieved May 19, 2017.[permanent dead link]
- ^ Department of Public Works and Highways (2016). "Atlas 2016 Road Surface Type and Condition: Quezon City 2nd" (Map). 2016 Road Data. 1:45000. Retrieved May 19, 2017.[permanent dead link]
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- ^ Cordero, Ted (July 7, 2022). "CAVITEX C5 Link Flyover extension to open on July 16, 2022". GMA News. Archived from the original on July 7, 2022. Retrieved July 7, 2022.
