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The '''Burki''' {{lang-ps|بركى}} (historically also known as Barak, Baraki, Barki, Berki, Birki of Baburnama, Braakee or Urmar) are a Pushtun tribe of South Waziristan, Pakistan, whose homeland is [[Kaniguram]]. The first Pushtun warrior/intellectual [[Pir Roshan]], whose given name was Bayazid Khan, was a Baraki/Urmur/Burki who is popularly known by his admirers as Pir Roshan (the enlightened one) and as Pir Tarik (the one of darkness) by his detractors. In the 16th century, he wrote the first book in the language of the Pashtuns. He was fluent in Ormuri (his mother tongue), Pushtu, Arabic and Persian.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.khyber.org/places/2007/Kaniguram.shtml|title=Kaniguram on Khyber.Org}}</ref> |
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==Language and demographics== |
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[[Ormuri language|Ormuri]]<ref name="Dying Languages; Special Focus on Ormuri">{{cite web |last= Burki |first=Rozi |title=Dying Languages; Special Focus on Ormuri |date=12 July 2001|url=http://www.khyber.org/publications/016-020/ormuri.shtml}}</ref> is the first language of the people in [[Kaniguram]]; today, all are bilingual in the local Pashto dialect of Wazirwola. Most also can converse in Urdu and some in English. Burki are still found in [[Baraki Barak]] in [[Logar Province|Logar]] and outside Ghazni [[Afghanistan]], however Pashto and Dari has replaced Ormuri language there. |
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==History== |
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According to [[Montstuart Elphinstone]] in 1815 he<ref name="An Account of the Kingdom of Caubul">{{cite book | last = Elphinstone | first = Montstuart | year = 1815 | title = An Account of the Kingdom of Caubul| location = London}}</ref> incorrectly describes the "Baraki" as a class of "Taujiks" in his seminal work "An Account of the Kingdom of Caubul," based on his travels in the early nineteenth century. The scholarly tendency of the day was to label anyone who spoke "Urmar" as Taujik, despite the fact that the Baraki also spoke Pashto and one of their kin, Bayazid Khan, wrote the first book in Pashto. Taujiks then and now do not speak/learn Pashto or practice "Pashtunwali" as they—the Barak/Urmar (anglicized to "Burki")—do. Furthermore, the Baraki/Urmar could not / did not speak [[Persian language|Persian]] (or Dari), the languages of the Taujik and Farsiwan, except a few who were members of the Amir's court. The Baraki/Burki "homeland" of Kaniguram in the heart of the Pushtun core (i.e. where the Mahsud and Waziri tribes "do Pukhtunkhwa") only confirms their lineage. It is important to note that Elphinstone in his "travels" West to the land of the Afghauns and towards Caubul (Kabul) never made it past Peshawar and is unlikely to have come across any Baraki/Barak. |
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Elphinstone in his "account" on page 315 writes: "The next class of Taujiks are the Burrukees who inhabit Logur and part of Boot Khauk... they differ from the other Taujiks in as much as they form a tribe under chiefs of their own, and have a high reputation as soldiers. They have separate lands and castles of their own and furnish a good many troops to the government, closely resemble the Afghauns in their manners and are more respected than any other Taujiks... their lands were once extensive; but their origin is uncertain; they pretend to be sprung from the Arabs, but others say they are descended from the Kurds or Coords." |
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Captain Leech<ref name=" A Vocabulary of the Baraki language">{{cite book | last = Leech | first = Captain | year = 1838 | title = The Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal| location = London}}</ref> is the first person who has given some detailed notes on the Barki Barak (Logar) dialect of the Ormuri language. He collected quite a few words and sentences and published them in "The Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal"<ref>"The Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal", Vol. VII-1838, Part-I, Jan to June, 1838; About five pages from 727 to 731 have covered the subject.</ref> under the name of "A Vocabulary of the Baraki language". While introducing the tribe and its language, he says: "The Barkis are included in the general term of Parsiwan, or Tajak; they are original inhabitants of Yemen whence they were brought by Sultan Mahmud of Ghazni; they accompanied him in his invasion of India, and were pre-eminently instrumental in the abstraction of the gates of the temple of [[Somnath]]. There are two divisions of the tribe. The Barkis of Rajan in the province of Lohgad, who speak Persian, and the Barakis of Barak, a city near the former, who speak the language called Barki; at Kaniguram under Shah Malak who are independent. The Barakis of this place and of Barak alone speak the Baraki language. It is clear from Capt. Leech's "assessmnet" that he is mixing the Barakis up with the Baluchis, whose lineage does suggest a possible peninsula connection of some who came to the Baluchistan region in Mahmud of Ghaznavi's time. But the Baraki have been in the greater Afghanistan region much longer/prior to the 10th century. |
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[[Henry Walter Bellew]]'s book (1891)<ref name=" An Enquiry into the Ethnography of Afghanistan ">{{cite book | last = Bellew | first = Henry | year = 1891 | title = An Enquiry into the Ethnography of Afghanistan| location = London}}</ref> "An Enquiry into the Ethnography of Afghanistan", Bayazid's people — currently referred to as "Burki" but who until the early twentieth century were known as Barak or Baraki—were found in large numbers during the Greek period in their present environs (p. 62). On page 8 of this seminal work, Bellew refers to the Baraki's origins as "mysterious" but not of Arab/Ansari descent. On page 62, he writes of the Baraki: "After the time of the Greek dominion, the Baraki increased greatly in numbers and influence, and acquired extensive possessions towards the Hindu Kush in the north and the Suleman range in the south, and eastward as far as the Indus. During the reign of [[Mahmud Ghaznavi]] (2 November 971 - 30 April 1030), the Baraki were an important tribe, and largely aided the Sultan in his military expeditions. The reputation then acquired as soldiers they still retain, and the Afghan monarchs always entertain a bodyguard composed exclusively of Baraki. . . . ''In Afghanistan though their true origin is not suspected, the Baraki are a distinct people''. The ''Baraki pretend descent from the Arab invaders, but this is a conceit of their conversion to Islam''. They are a fine, tall and active people, with fairer complexions than the generality of Afghans, and are held in consideration as a respectable people. They have no place in the Afghan genealogies by that name, being generally reckoned along with the Tajik population. Yet it is not altogether improbable that the present ruling tribe (Barakzai) of the Durrani/Abdali in Afghanistan is originally derived from the Baraki."<ref>An Enquiry into the Ethnography of Afghanistan, pg 62, Bellew)</ref> |
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George Grierson has given a detailed account of the language in the "Memoirs of the Asiatic Society of Bengal" 1918 [9], along with history of the tribe and the language. This work has been revised by including more information on the subject and published in his well-Known "Linguistic Survey of India Vol. X" in 1921. According to him: |
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"Ormuri is a West Iranian language, and its nearest relatives are the dialects of western Persia and Kurdish. Another interesting point is that Ormuri, although a West Iranian language, contains manifest evidence of contact with the Dardic languages whose present habitat is the hill country south of the Hindu Kush. At the present day these languages are being gradually superseded by Pashto, and are dying out in the face of their more powerful neighbour. Those of the Swat and Indus Kohistans are disappearing before our eyes. There is reason to believe that this has been going on for several centuries. In historic times they were once spoken as far south as the Tirah valley, where now the only language heard is Pashto, and the fact that Ormuri shows traces of them leads to the supposition that there were once speakers of a Dardic languages still further south in Waziristan and, perhaps, the Logar country before they were occupied by the Afghans." |
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Even today there are still two opinions regarding the Burki's roots, one is that the Urmar/Burkis origins are Kurdish from [[Uromiyeh]] on [[Lake Urmia]] the capital city of Irans West Azerbaijan Province on the foot of the [[Caucasus]]. The name Urmai is supposed to be derived from Syriac, Ur, meaning "cradle," and mia, meaning "water" Hence, the name Urmia. Around the 10th Century this area was ruled by Daisam Al-Kurdi, who had a number of skirmishes with the Ghuz Tribes and eventually fell to the [[Ghaznavid Empire]]. [[Lake Urmia]]'s second largest island, Kaboudi, is the burial place of [[Hulagu Khan]], the grandson of Genghis Khan and the sacker of Baghdad. |
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Today the Burkis speak Ormuri, but are also bilingual in the Waziri dialect of Pashto. Burki are still found in [[Baraki Barak]] in [[Logar]] and outside Ghazni Afghanistan. Today, the Baraki/Urmar all go by the nomenclature of "Burki." The Burki today are all [[Sunni]] ([[Hanafi]] fiqh) Muslims.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.khyber.org/pashtotribes/u/urmarh.shtml|title=Urmer Family Tree on Khyber.Org}}</ref> |
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==Settlement in Kaniguram== |
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The Burki primarily inhabit [[Kaniguram]], the most populous settlement in South Waziristan, at around 6700 feet above sea level. This has been their tribe's focal point for over 800 years. Kaniguram has historically been off limits to outsiders except for the Burki and, more recently, the [[Mahsuds]]. Common store fronts signs are "Burki knives" or "Burki pharmacy" and are indicative of their dominant position in Kaniguram despite being significantly outnumbered by Mahsuds. Relations between the Burki/Urmar and the Mahsud are as complex as they are intimate: they are generally on good terms except for occasional skirmishes/war between the two from time to time. Despite being an enclave within what has become Mahsud territory, the Urmar/Baraki/Burki have stubbornly retained their mother tongue/identity/traditions in Kaniguram. Kaniguram's layout is distinctive from other hamlets/settlements in the FATA in that the homes are adjacent or interconnected. Land in and around Kaniguram is exclusively in Burki, and to a lesser degree, Mahsud, ownership or control. They are considered as the armory of the Mahsuds due to their [[small arms]] cottage industry which, however, does not rival [[Darra Adam Khel]]'s. Kaniguram's daggers once rivaled those of [[Damascus]]. In Kanigurram the Burkis are divided into two categories one Upper Kanigurram and the second is lowwer kanigurrnam. The khails of Lahore Burkis resemble the ones in upper kanigurram. |
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Kaniguram is accessible from the north via the Razmak road and south from Wana on a narrow metalled road that is one of the few roads in South Waziristan. Access from this main "road" is limited to a suspension foot bridge across a wide ravine that separates Kaniguram from the main road and is easy to guard as behind it are mountains (Preghal and Jullundur) which limit access from the north. This foot bridge has, more often than not, been unusable due to sabotage, damage etc. The people of this settlement often have to climb down the steep ravine from the road during harsh winter months and then climb back up to the Kaniguram side. They have been appealing to both the GONWFP's FATA-DC to fund a permanent structure linking this road to Kaniguram for decades to no avail. The elders have appealed in the past via the extended tribal members—the Punjabi branch—for provision of electricity including approaching Gen [[Zahid Ali Akbar Khan]] (a Punjabi born Burki), when he was the head of WAPDA and was close to the late dictator General/President [[Zia-ul-Haq]], but their requests fell on deaf ears. Their perceptions of their extended Burki kin provide a valuable insight into their views on those who—fail to provide support—have the arrogance to call their Burki brethren of Kaniguram "the hillbillies." Yet, the Burki of Kaniguram have tenaciously held onto their core (traditions/language) and to the Pukhtunkhwa values of nang (honor), melmastia (hospitality) and badal (revenge). Bayazid Khan (Pir Roshan) would be proud of them for this. |
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Many of Kaniguram's Burki spend winters in second homes in [[Dera Ismail Khan]] and [[Tank, Pakistan]], where some work at the airport, or as traders. They are very involved in Pakistan's trucking and construction industries based primarily out of Karachi and are enterprising businessmen and traders. The Burki Group of Companies and SK BURKI Bros are such companies. |
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==The Burki Diaspora== |
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The Burki also live in other parts of Pakistan and there are pockets in [[Logar province|Logar]] and [[Ghazni province|Ghazni]] provinces of Afghanistan. Some "khels" of the Burki settled in [[Jullundar]], [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]] during the 17th and 18th centuries and some were famous horse breeders who traded Afghan horses down in the South Asian plains and returned home with vital goods. Those who settled in the Punjab did so in "bastis," essentially two or three close hamlets—like Basti Baba Khel, Basti Sheikh Darwish which were protected like fortresses with high walls and gun turrets within which tribal members exclusively resided. They purchased, and were also gifted by the Royal Court for martial services rendered, large tracts of lands outside of their hamlets which they farmed as they became sedentary. In 1947, the bastis were abandoned and the Burkis migrated en masse to Pakistan, some to their native region of Kuniguram with the majority, however, settling in Lahore and Rawalpindi. |
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Like neighboring tribes in the FATA, the Baraki/Urmar/Burki continued to adhere to the belief that cohesion of the tribe required that marriage should be within the tribe only. Thus the Burki diaspora (in Punjab and elsewhere) also maintained ties to Kaniguram until 1947. Although many of the Burki of Punjab adopted [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] much to the disappointment of their Kanigruam brethren, some continued to speak Pushto at home (but not Urmari). |
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Today, the Burki are also found in the Western countries, and are well educated and involved in professional fields like medicine, engineering and economics. [[Shahid Javed Burki]] a [[Rhodes Scholar]] — vice president at the [[World Bank]] and a former [[Finance Minister]] of Pakistan. |
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==Military, political and sports== |
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Since the foundation of Pakistan in 1947, many members of the Burki quam have played a public role in country's civilian, military and sports arenas. [[Sandhurst]] trained General [[Wajid Ali Khan Burki]] (1900–1988) who was President Ayub Khan's right hand man in the late 1950s. His eldest son Jamshed Burki—a career civil servant—was a political agent in the Khyber Agency and also was a NWFP Home Secretary in the GONWFP's Home and Tribal Affairs Department, General Burki's sister-in-law, Shaukat Khanum (Burki), was the mother of [[Imran Khan]],<ref name=" Warrior Race ">{{cite book | last = Khan | first = Imran | year = 1993 | title = Warrior Race | publisher = Butler & Tanner Ltd | location = London | isbn = 0701138904}}</ref> the current founder/leader of the Pakistan Tehrik-i-Insaf (PTI) political party. |
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Many Burki have served, and serve, in Pakistan's military at senior, even flag, levels. The Burki are known in the sports world (cricket, field hockey, wrestling, squash and swimming). Arshad Iqbal Burki is a top three ranked squash player in Pakistan. The cricketer Imran Khan and his Burki cousins (sons of his mother's sisters) Majid Khan and Javed Burki spent their careers playing cricket at Oxford and professionally representing Pakistan at international cricket events. Hamidullah Khan Burki (1920–2003) was a field hockey player on Pakistan's first hockey team at the [[1948 Summer Olympics]] in London. In 1950, he captained Pakistan's hockey team when it won Pakistan its first gold medal (in any sport) at the World Cup in Barcelona. He was also a former naval officer in the British Royal Indian Navy 1942–1946 (Royal Indian Army 1941-1942) and was a commanding officer of an LCM ([[Landing Craft Mechanized]]) flotilla in the [[Arakan campaign]] (Burma) <ref>http://books.google.com/books?id=bjVuAAAAMAAJ&q=hamidullah+burki&dq=hamidullah+burki&hl=en&ei=yW3pTYCEDabe0QGthszJAQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CDMQ6AEwAg</ref> |
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==Social characteristics of the Burki/Baraki== |
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{{Unreferenced section|date=September 2011}} |
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The Burki are known in the [[Federally Administered Tribal Areas|FATA]] as being hot tempered, yet intelligent and as being excellent negotiators/peace makers by other Pashtun tribes in the FATA. |
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Unlike the other tribes of South Waziristan, the Burki have traditionally placed a high premium on learning/education/knowledge. The Burki have the highest literacy rates in the FATA. [[Pir Roshan]], born Bayazid Khan (1525-1581 or 1585), the first warrior/insurgent/intellectual to unite various Pushtun quams to rebel against the tyranny of Emperor Akbar, wrote the first book in Pashto in the 16th century. Girls of the tribe are encouraged to obtain an education when available and marriage was generally at a later age than was the norm amongst other tribes. Unlike the other tribes, the Baraki/Burki have never embraced the tradition of selling their daughters in marriage to other Pashtun tribes. Marriage generally for the Burki of both Kaniguram and elsewhere was only within the tribe. Marriage was generally between cousins, often first cousins. When the Baraki/Burki dispersed from Kaniguram, they continued to seek brides from the tribe and, until fairly recently, marrying a non-Burki was not an option. Marriage with another Pushtun was acceptable but not encouraged. This was related to inheritance and keeping the blood line pure. |
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In terms of music and dance, the Attan is performed by the Burkis as in many of the different Pashtun tribes. Some styles of Attan portray themes of war while others portray celebration, especially for events such as marriage, engagements, family gatherings and also as a prelude to the arrival of spring. |
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==Notable personalities== |
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===Religion=== |
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{{Unreferenced section|date=September 2011}} |
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[[Pir Roshan]] (literal translation: old man/saint/elder of light) (Bayazid Khan) 1525-1581 Pushtun Warrior/Intellectual, founder Roshaniyya (Enlightenment) movement. Inaccurately referred to Bayazid ANSARI as well as founder of the Afghan illuminati. Descendants comprise the "Baba Khel" branch of the Burki Qaum (tribe) |
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===Military=== |
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*[[Wajid Ali Khan Burki|Lt. General Wajid Ali Khan Burki]] [[MBE]] 1900-1988 (Baba Khel) - Former Minister of Health, Gov of Pakistan. Knighted (Order of the British Empire) by [[King George VI]] for military (medical) services during WWII. |
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*Major General Muhammad Amin Khan Burki<ref>http://www.enotes.com/topic/Command_and_Staff_College</ref> (Baba Khel) |
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*Lt. General Bilal Omar Khan (Burki/Baba Khel)<ref>http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:HK98y7BHnewJ:www.dawn.com/wps/wcm/connect/dawn-content-library/dawn/the-newspaper/national/majgen-bilal-showed-bravery-till-his-last-breath-629+lt+gen+bilal+umar&cd=3&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us -</ref> (Shaheed, GHQ Attack 2009) son of Colonel Omar Khan (Baba Khel), Maternal Uncle of [[Rohail Hyatt]] |
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*[[Zahid Ali Akbar Khan|Lt. General Zahid Ali Akbar Khan]] (Burki) - Command [[Project-706]] and Former Minister of Water & Power ([[WAPDA]]) |
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*[[Khwaja Mohammad Azhar Khan|Lt. General Khwaja Mohammad Azhar Khan]] (Burki) - Former Governor General of the frontier (NWFP) & Chairman [[Jamiat Ulema-e-Pakistan]] |
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*Brig. General Faiz-ul-Karim Khan Burki (Kaniguram) Frontier Force <ref>http://archives.dawn.com/2006/08/14/nat8.htm</ref> |
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*Maj. General Masud Burki (Baba Khel) - Former CEO Saindak Metals Limited (SML)- Copper-Gold Project <ref>http://www.pkcolumns.com/category/english-columnists/masood-burki/</ref> |
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*Brig. General Umar Farooq Burki (Baba Khel) <ref>http://www.ndu.edu.pk/alumni_war05_06.html</ref> |
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*Lt. General Farhat Ali Burki <ref>http://www.askariaviation.com/avbook/default.aspx</ref> (Baba Khel) |
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*Lt. General Abdur Rauf Burki (Baba Khel) - chief organizer of the All Burki Qaumi Movement (ABQM) <ref name="khyber.org">http://www.khyber.org/places/2007/Kaniguram.shtml</ref> |
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*Lt. General Faruq Ahmad Khan (Burki) (Baba Khel) - Chairman Prime Minister's Inspection Committee and National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) <ref name="khyber.org"/> |
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*Squadron Leader Amir Talha Khan Burki <ref>http://www.punjabpolice.gov.pk/29062011prI</ref> |
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*[[Air Chief Marshal]] [[Farooq Feroze Khan]] (Danishmand)- Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee and Chairman of the [[Pakistan International Airlines]]. |
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===Sports=== |
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*[[Feroze Khan (field hockey)]] September 1904-April 2005 (Burki) (Danishmand)- 1928 Amsterdam Olympics Gold Medal - British India Hockey Team |
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*[[Jahangir Khan (cricketer)|Dr. Mohammad Jahangir Khan]], cricketer, played for [[Cambridge Blue]], (Baba Khel) (Majid Khan's Father) - British India (IND) Cricket Team (1930s) |
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*Hamidullah Khan Burki(Baba Khel)Pakistan's Olympic Team 1948 Olympics (London)), Captain Pakistan Hockey Team, World Cup Joint Winners Barcelona, Spain (1950).<ref>http://www.phf.com.pk/captains_main.php</ref> |
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*[[Javed Burki]] (Baba Khel) - Pakistan Cricket Captain (1960s) Former Secretary Ministry of Water and Power & Commerce. Former CEO of Pakistan Automobile Corporation (PACO), son of General Wajid Ali Burki |
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*[[Imran Khan]] Niazi (mother a Burki- Baba Khel) - Cricketer, Pakistan Cricket Captain (1992)<ref name=" Warrior Race "/> |
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*[[Majid Khan (cricketer)|Majid Khan]] - Played for [[Cambridge Blue]] and later Pakistan's Cricket Captain |
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*[[Bazid Khan]] (Majid Khan's Son) Test Cricketer |
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*[[Arshad Iqbal Burki]] - Current Internationally ranked Squash Player |
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*Niaz Khan (Baba Khel), Pakistan Hockey Team 1948 and 1952 Olympics <ref>http://www.sports.gov.pk/Introduction/Intro_Hockey.htm</ref> |
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===Government service=== |
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*[[Shahid Javed Burki]] - VP World Bank and Pakistan's Former Finance Minister |
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*[[Jamshed Burki]] (Baba Khel) - Interior Secretary - Governor of Pakistan |
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*Jehanzaib Burki (Baba Khel)- Former Inspector General Police, Islamabad, Punjab, Sindh.<ref>http://www.islamabadpolice.gov.pk/Pages/CustomPages/NewAndFormerIGold.aspx</ref> Advisor Law and Order to PML-N Chairman [[Nawaz Sharif]].<ref>http://www.thenews.com.pk/TodaysPrintDetail.aspx?ID=2340&Cat=13</ref> |
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*Raza Khan (Burki) (Baba Khel) - Former Inspector General Police and Head of ZA [[Bhutto]]s Security detail.<ref>http://www.islamabadpolice.gov.pk/Pages/default.aspx</ref> |
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*Muhammad Qarib Khan Burki - [[Kaniguram]] Malik.<ref name="khyber.org"/> |
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*Rozi Khan Burki ([[Kaniguram]]) - Pakistan Customs - Chief Export.<ref>http://dartways.com/uploaded/laws/2005sro1080.pdf</ref> Well known linguist (Ormuri).<ref>http://tigerali.wordpress.com/2010/01/19/dying-languages-with-special-focus-on-ormuri-by-rozi-khan-burki/</ref> |
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*Nawabzada Jahanzeb [[Jogezai]] (mother a Burki) - Inspector General Police and Head of President Leghari's Security detail.<ref>http://www.nhmp.gov.pk/public/Directory.aspx</ref> |
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===Commerce=== |
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*Mr. Jahanzeb Khan Burki (Kaniguram) Chairman Burki Group<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.burkigroup.com|title= Burki Group}}</ref> |
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*Mr. Sher Khan Burki (Kaniguram) Chairman SK BURKI & BROS<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.skburkibros.diytrade.com|title= SK BURKI & BROS}}</ref> |
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===Medicine=== |
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*Dr. Nausherwan K. Burki <ref>http://www.shaukatkhanum.org.pk/about-us/administration.html</ref> son of [[Wajid Ali Khan Burki|Lt. General Wajid Ali Khan Burki]] founding board member of [[Imran Khan]]'s Charitable [[Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital & Research Centre]] |
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==Recent books and research== |
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[[Imran Khan]]<ref name=" Warrior Race " /> has covered the Burki and [[Kaniguram]] in his book "Warrior Race" and "Pakistan: A Personal History. The invading armies in Afghanistan seem to have paid significant attention from a historical perspective <ref>{{cite web|url= http://pvcentre.agava.ru/material/bibliogr/pages/andeev.html|title= Dr. Sergei Andreyev}}</ref>. During the Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan, [[Saint Petersburg State University]] Institute of Oriental Studies schlor Sergei Andreyev was the institution tasked to study the Roshaniyya movement, in order to understand their foe (see reference section below). The Soviets were not far off the mark as it so happens that Waziristan was the focal point for some of the toughest fighters against the Soviets. |
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Following the 2002 invasion, the West also sent their scholar into the field to study and understand this movement. Dr. Sergei Andreyev<ref>{{cite web|url= http://pvcentre.agava.ru/material/bibliogr/pages/andeev.html|title= Dr. Sergei Andreyev}}</ref>,(Chief Joint Mission Analysis Center, United Nations), an Oxford academic was sent on UN assignment to Afghanistan, while at the same time he was funded by the Institute of Ismaili Studies to research and write a book on the movement. There have been multiple editions of this book; however its sale and distribution remains restricted 10 years on. |
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==See also== |
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* [[Faqir of Ipi]] |
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* [[Kaniguram]] |
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* [[Pir Roshan]] |
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== References == |
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{{reflist}} |
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== Sources == |
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*Sufi Illuminati: The Rawshani Movement in Muslim Mysticism, Society and Politics by [[Sergei Andreyev]] Publisher: Routledge ISBN 9780700706686 |
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*The Rawshaniyya: Sufi movement in the Mughal tribal periphery, in Late Classical Sufism. (Curzon Persian Art & Culture) (Hardcover) [[Sergei Andreyev]] |
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*{{cite book | first = Imran | last = Khan | year=2011 | title = Pakistan: A Personal History | isbn= 0593067746 | publisher= Bantam Press}} |
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*Warrior Race - [[Imran Khan]] - Butler & Tanner Ltd ISBN 0701138904 |
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*Babur-Nama By Mughal Emperor [[Babur]] Translated by Annette Beveridge: Pg 527, 530, 544, 589, 594, 598-601, 638, 673, 679, 692, 681; Birki, Barak, Barakistan, Birkistan |
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*[[Olaf Caroe]], ''The Pathans'' |
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*Roshaniya movement and the Khan Rebellion - Author: Yury V. Bosin |
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*[[Henry Walter Bellew]], "An Enquiry into the Ethnography of Afghanistan," 1891 |
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*Punjab Notes and Queries Volume II, Page 160 (History of Bayezid) Desiples of Sheikh Bazid – Pathans of Mastwi – Tirah (FYI) |
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*Joseph von Hammer-Purgstall - Geschichte der Assassinen |
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*Dabistan of Mohsani Fani (Translated by Leyden, 11th Volume of the Asiatic Researches (Pages 406, 407, 420 (Ala Dad)) |
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*Captain Leech - The Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengalâ{(Vol. VII-1838), Part-I January to June 1838}, About five pages from 727 to 731 |
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*Memoirs of the Saints, translated by Dr. Bankley Behari |
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*Dr. Bellew on Barik/Baraki Pathans - An Inquiry into the Ethnography of Afghanistan/H.W. Bellew |
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*Tribes of Central Asia: From the Black Mountain to Waziristan/H.C. Wylly |
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*Rawshaniyya movement ... Reprinted from Abr-Nahrain, by Saiyid Athar Abbas Rizvi (Author) ASIN: B0017UJT6S |
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*The beginning of Pashtun written culture and the Rawshaniyyah movement, in Proceedings of the Third European Conference of Iranian Studies, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, to be published in 1999 |
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*Religious factor in the traditional Pashtun warfare, in Proceedings of the International Conference on Weaponry and Warfare in Historical and Social Perspective, Hermitage Press, St Petersburg, 1998, pp. 55–59 |
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*Uwaysi Aspects in the Rawshani Doctrine, in Central Asia and the Eastern Hindukush. Countries and Peoples of the East journal, vol. XXXII, St Petersburg, 1998, pp. 137–148 |
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*The Rawshaniyya; Millenarian Sufi Movement in the Mughal Tribal Periphery, in Persianate Sufism in the Safavid and Mughal Period. An International Conference on Late Classical Sufism, London 19–21 May 1997, Abstracts, pp. 7–8 |
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*British Indian Views of the Later Followers of the Rawshaniyya, Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries, in Iran, vol. XXII, London, 1994, pp. 135–138 |
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*Turmoil on the Roof of the World, in Central Asia and the Caucuses in World Affairs, Hastings, 1993, pp. 1–5 |
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*Notes on the Ormur People, in St Petersburg Journal of Oriental Studies, vol. IV, St Petersburg, 1993, pp. 230–238 |
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*On a Little-Known Rawshani Source, in: Man, Culture, Philosophy, The Urals University Press, Yekaterinburg, 1992, pp. 335–349 (In Russian) |
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*Two Rawshani Sources on Five Pillars of Islam, in: St Petersburg Journal of Oriental Studies, vol. I, St Petersburg, 1992, pp. 380–384 (in Russian) |
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*Aminullah Gandapur, "Tarikh-e-Sar Zamin-e-Gomal" (Urdu) History of the Gomal Land; National Book Foundation, Islamababd, 2008, P- 58-60; Quoting from sources like "Tuzk-e-jahangiri" (Emperor Jahangir) Notes [Raverty] 'Glossary of Tribes' [Sir Danzil Ibbeston, Edward Maclagan and H.A.Rose] and Imperial Gazetteer of India NWFP 1901 |
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{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2011}} |
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[[Category:Waziristan]] |
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[[Category:Ethnic groups in Logar Province]] |
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[[Category:Pashtun tribes]] |
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[[Category:Populated places in Logar Province]] |
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Revision as of 16:40, 1 November 2011
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