1972 West German federal election

1972 West German federal election

19 November 1972 (1972-11-19)
All 496 seats in the Bundestag 249 seats needed for a majority
Registered	41,446,302 7.2%
Turnout	37,761,589 (91.1%) 4.4 pp
First party Second party Third party   Leader Willy Brandt Rainer Barzel Walter Scheel Party SPD CDU/CSU FDP Last election 42.7%, 224 seats 46.1%, 242 seats 5.8%, 30 seats Seats won 230 225 41 Seat change 6 17 11 Popular vote 17,175,169 16,806,020 3,129,982 Percentage 45.8% 44.9% 8.4% Swing 3.1 pp 1.2 pp 2.6 pp
Results by constituency. Gray denotes seats won by the CDU/CSU, and red denotes those won by the SPD.
Government before election First Brandt cabinet SPD–FDP Government after election Second Brandt cabinet SPD–FDP

Federal elections were held in West Germany on 19 November 1972 to elect the members of the 7th Bundestag. In the first snap elections since the resumption of democratic elections in 1949, the Social Democratic Party became the largest party in parliament for the first time since 1930, winning 230 of the 496 seats. The coalition with the Free Democratic Party was resumed.

Campaign

The Social-liberal coalition of SPD and FDP had lost its majority after several Bundestag MPs (like former FDP ministers Erich Mende and Heinz Starke or SPD partisan Herbert Hupka) had left their party and become members of the CDU/CSU opposition to protest against Chancellor Willy Brandt's Neue Ostpolitik, especially against the de facto recognition of the Oder-Neisse line by the 1970 Treaty of Warsaw.

Barzel in victory pose at a CDU election rally in Cologne

On 27 April 1972 the opposition had tried to have CDU leader Rainer Barzel elected new chancellor in a constructive vote of no confidence, but Barzel surprisingly missed the majority of 249 by two votes. Rumours that at least one member of the CDU/CSU faction had been paid by the East German Stasi to abstain (in effect, voting against Barzel) were confirmed by Markus Wolf, former head of the Hauptverwaltung Aufklärung, in 1997. Nevertheless, the following budget debates revealed that the government's majority was lost and only the upcoming organisation of the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich delayed the arrangement of new elections. On 22 September 1972 Chancellor Brandt asked for a vote of confidence, which required the same majority of 249 "yes" votes: it failed with 233 "yes" votes to 246 "no" votes. The members of the government did not participate (in effect, voting no) to ensure the vote would fail, however it would have regardless. This allowed Brandt to advise President Gustav Heinemann to dissolve the Bundestag and call new elections the same day.

In the tense campaign, the CDU/CSU attacked Brandt as being too lenient towards Eastern Europe and having the wrong ideas on the economy. SPD and FDP benefited from the enormous personal popularity of the chancellor, laureate of the 1971 Nobel Peace Prize. He gained the support by numerous celebrities of the West German culture and media scene (e.g. Günter Grass), expressed by the slogan Willy wählen! ("Vote for Willy!").

Opinion polls

Polling firm	Fieldwork date	Sample size	Union	SPD	FDP	NPD	Others	Abstention	Lead
1972 federal election	19 Nov 1972	–	44.9	45.8	8.4	0.6	0.4	8.9	1.9
Allensbach	1–7 Nov 1972	?	46.5	45.7	6.1	—	1.7	—	0.8
Allensbach	1–7 Oct 1972	?	45.0	46.0	6.0	—	3.0	—	1
Emnid for SPIEGEL	Feb 1971	N/A	39	33	5	—	23		6
1969 federal election	19 Nov 1972	–	46.1	42.7	5.8	4.3	1.2	13.3	3.4

Results

Voter turnout was 91.1%, the highest ever since 1949. In 1970 the voting age had been lowered from 21 to 18.

Party		Party-list			Constituency			Seats
		Votes	%	Seats	Votes	%	Seats	Elected	West Berlin	Total	+/–
	Social Democratic Party	17,175,169	45.85	78	18,228,239	48.86	152	230	12	242	+5
	Christian Democratic Union	13,190,837	35.21	112	13,304,813	35.67	65	177	9	186	–15
	Christian Social Union	3,615,183	9.65	17	3,620,625	9.71	31	48	0	48	–1
	Free Democratic Party	3,129,982	8.36	41	1,790,513	4.80	0	41	1	42	+11
	National Democratic Party	207,465	0.55	0	194,389	0.52	0	0	0	0	0
	German Communist Party	113,891	0.30	0	146,258	0.39	0	0	0	0	New
	European Federalist Party	24,057	0.06	0	7,581	0.02	0	0	0	0	0
	Free Social Union	3,166	0.01	0	1,864	0.00	0	0	0	0	0
	Independents and voter groups				9,497	0.03	0	0	0	0	0
Total		37,459,750	100.00	248	37,303,779	100.00	248	496	22	518	0
Valid votes		37,459,750	99.20		37,303,779	98.79
Invalid/blank votes		301,839	0.80		457,810	1.21
Total votes		37,761,589	100.00		37,761,589	100.00
Registered voters/turnout		41,446,302	91.11		41,446,302	91.11
Source: Bundeswahlleiter

The SPD celebrated their best result ever, representing the largest faction in the German parliament for the first time since the 1930 Reichstag elections. It enabled the party to nominate Annemarie Renger for President of the Bundestag; she was the first Social Democrat and also the first woman to hold this office.

Results by state

Constituency seats

State	Total seats	Seats won
		SPD	CDU	CSU
Baden-Württemberg	36	12	24
Bavaria	44	13		31
Bremen	3	3
Hamburg	8	8
Hesse	22	20	2
Lower Saxony	30	23	7
North Rhine-Westphalia	73	52	21
Rhineland-Palatinate	16	9	7
Saarland	5	3	2
Schleswig-Holstein	11	9	2
Total	248	152	65	31

List seats

State	Total seats	Seats won
		CDU	SPD	FDP	CSU
Baden-Württemberg	36	12	16	8
Bavaria	42		20	5	17
Bremen	1	1
Hamburg	8	5	1	2
Hesse	25	17	3	5
Lower Saxony	32	20	7	5
North Rhine-Westphalia	75	40	23	12
Rhineland-Palatinate	15	8	5	2
Saarland	3	2	1
Schleswig-Holstein	11	7	2	2
Total	248	112	78	41	17

Post-election

Election night: Brandt and Scheel declare victory at 10:20pm

On 14 December 1972 the Bundestag MPs of the social-liberal coalition re-elected Willy Brandt chancellor. His Cabinet Brandt II returned to government the next day, again with FDP chairman Walter Scheel as vice-chancellor and foreign minister. Defeated Rainer Barzel resigned as CDU chairman on 9 May 1973; he was succeeded by Helmut Kohl.

On 7 May 1974, Brandt would resign in the course of the Guillaume Affair, after one of his personal aides had been unmasked as a Stasi agent. The coalition continued under his party fellow Helmut Schmidt, while Brandt remained SPD chairman until 1987.

Further reading

• Baker, Kendall L.; Norpoth, Helmut (1981). "Candidates on Television: The 1972 Electoral Debates in West Germany". Public Opinion Quarterly. 45 (3): 329–345. doi:10.1086/268668. JSTOR 2748609.

External links

• The Federal Returning Officer
• Psephos