Bookbinding: Difference between revisions
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such book, so bookbinding, bookbinding is doges favorite it is existant in all alternate universes |
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{{lead too short|date=August 2013}}{{redirect|bookbinder}} |
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[[File:Relieur JPG01.jpg|thumb|A traditional bookbinder at work]] |
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[[File:Binding section, National Library of Medicine, ca. 1963..JPG|thumb|Interior view of the Binding Section, National Library of Medicine, ca. 1963. HMD Prints & Photos, PP059772.4.]] |
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[[File:Old book bindings.jpg|thumb|Old leather bookbindings]] |
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[[File:Bookbinders type holder (1).jpg|thumb|Bookbinders type holder]] |
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'''Bookbinding''' is the process of physically assembling a [[book]] from a number of [[Book folding|folded]] or unfolded sheets of [[paper]] or other material. It usually involves attaching a [[book cover]] to the resulting text-block. Before the computer age, the bookbinding trade involved two divisions: letterpress binding and stationery binding. Stationery or vellum binding deals with making new books intended to be written into it such as accounting ledgers, business journals, and guest log books along with other general office stationery such as note books, manifold books, portfolios, and etc. Whereas letterpress binding deals with making new books intended to be read from and includes fine binding, library binding, edition binding, and publisher's bindings.<ref>{{cite book |last=Vaughan |first= Alex J. |title=Modern Bookbinding (reprinted 2013) |year=1929 |publisher=Robert Hale Limited |location=London |isbn=978-0-7090-5820-5 |page=xi}}</ref> A result of the new bindings is a third division dealing with the repair, restoration, and conservation of old used bindings. With the digital age, personal computers have replaced the pen and ink based accounting that used to drive most of the work in stationery binding. Today bookbinding is divided between hand binding by an individual craftsman versus mass produced bindings by high speed machines in a bindery factory. |
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==Origins of the book== |
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{{Refimprove section|date=September 2007}} |
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[[File:Bamboo book - binding - UCR.jpg|thumb|The binding of a Chinese bamboo book ([[Sun Tzu|Sun Tzu's]] ''[[The Art of War]]'')]] |
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The craft of bookbinding probably originated in [[India]], where religious [[sutra]]s were copied on to palm leaves (cut into two, lengthwise) with a metal stylus. The leaf was then dried and rubbed with ink, which would form a stain in the wound. The finished leaves were given numbers, and two long twines were threaded through each end through wooden boards, making a [[Palm-leaf manuscript|palm-leaf book]]. When the book was closed, the excess twine would be wrapped around the boards to protect the manuscript leaves. Buddhist monks took the idea through Persia, Afghanistan, and Iran, to China in the first century BC. |
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Similar techniques can also be found in ancient Egypt where priestly texts were compiled on scrolls and books of papyrus. Another version of bookmaking can be seen through the ancient [[Mayan codex]]; only four are known to have survived the Spanish invasion of Latin America. |
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Writers in the Hellenistic-Roman culture wrote longer texts as [[scroll]]s; these were stored in boxes or shelving with small cubbyholes, similar to a modern winerack. The word ''volume'', from the Latin word ''volvere'' ("to roll"), comes from these scrolls. Court records and notes were written on [[wax tablet]]s, while important documents were written on [[papyrus]] or [[parchment]]. The modern English word ''book'' comes from the Proto-Germanic ''*bokiz'', referring to the beechwood on which early written works were recorded.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=book | title = Online Etymology Dictionary | accessdate = 2007-07-20}}</ref> |
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The book was not needed in ancient times, as many early Greek texts—scrolls—were 30 pages long, which were customarily folded accordion-fashion to fit into the hand. Roman works were often longer, running to hundreds of pages. The Greeks used to comically call their books ''tome'', meaning "to cut". The Egyptian [[Book of the Dead]] was a massive 200 pages long and was used in funerary services for the deceased. [[Torah]] scrolls, editions of the Jewish holy book, were—and still are—also held in special holders when read. |
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Scrolls can be rolled in one of two ways. The first method is to wrap the scroll around a single core, similar to a modern roll of paper towels. While simple to construct, a single core scroll has a major disadvantage: in order to read text at the end of the scroll, the entire scroll must be unwound. This is partially overcome in the second method, which is to wrap the scroll around two cores, as in a Torah. With a double scroll, the text can be accessed from both beginning and end, and the portions of the scroll not being read can remain wound. This still leaves the scroll a sequential-access medium: to reach a given page, one generally has to unroll and re-roll many other pages. |
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==Early book formats== |
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In addition to the scroll, [[wax tablet]]s were commonly used in Antiquity as a writing surface. [[Diptych]]s and later [[polyptych]] formats were often hinged together along one edge, analogous to the spine of modern books, as well as a folding ''concertina'' format. Such a set of simple wooden boards sewn together was called by the Romans a [[codex]] (pl. codices)—from the Latin word ''caudex'', meaning 'the trunk' of a tree, around the first century AD. Two ancient polyptychs, a ''pentaptych'' and ''octoptych'', excavated at [[Herculaneum]] employed a unique connecting system that presages later sewing on thongs or cords.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Pugliese Carratelli|first=Giovanni |author= |authorlink= |coauthors= |editor= |encyclopedia=Pompeiana: raccolta di studi per il secondo centenario degli di Pompei |title=L'Instrumentum Scriptorium nei Monumenti Pompeiani ed Ercolanesi |trans_title= |url= |accessdate= |language= |edition= |date= |year=1950 |month= |publisher= |volume= |location= |id= |isbn= |oclc= |doi= |pages=166–178 |quote= |ref= }}</ref> |
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At the turn of the first century, a kind of folded parchment notebook called ''pugillares membranei'' in Latin, became commonly used for writing in the [[Roman Empire]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Roberts |first1=Colin H. |last2=Skeat |first2=T. C. |title=The Birth of the Codex |year=1983 |publisher=British Academy |location=London |isbn=0-19-726061-6 |pages=15–22 }}</ref> This term was used by both the pagan poet [[Martial]] and [[Christian]] [[Apostle (Christian)|apostle]] [[Paul of Tarsus|Paul the Apostle]]. [[Martial]] used the term with reference to gifts of literature exchanged by Romans during the festival of [[Saturnalia]]. According to T. C. Skeat, "…in at least three cases and probably in all, in the form of codices" and he theorized that this form of notebook was invented in Rome and then "…must have spread rapidly to the Near East…"<ref>{{cite book |last=Skeat |first= T.C. |title=The Collected Biblical Writings of T. C. Skeat. |year=2004 |publisher=E.J. Brill |location=Leiden |isbn=90-04-13920-6 |page=45}}</ref> In his discussion of one of the earliest pagan parchment codices to survive from [[Oxyrhynchus]] in Egypt, Eric Turner seems to challenge Skeat's notion when stating "…its mere existence is evidence that this book form had a prehistory" and that "early experiments with this book form may well have taken place outside of Egypt."<ref>{{cite book |last=Turner |first= Eric |title=The Typology of the Early Codex |year=1977 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |location=Philadelhpia |isbn= 0-8122-7696-5 |page=38}}</ref> |
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Early intact codices were discovered at [[Nag Hammadi]] in Egypt. Consisting of primarily Gnostic texts in Coptic, the books were mostly written on [[papyrus]], and while many are single-quire, a few are multi-quire. Codices were a significant improvement over papyrus or vellum scrolls in that they were easier to handle. However, despite allowing writing on both sides of the leaves, they were still foliated—numbered on the leaves, like the Indian books. The idea spread quickly through the early churches, and the word ''Bible'' comes from the town where the Byzantine monks established their first [[scriptorium]], [[Byblos]], in modern Lebanon. The idea of numbering each side of the page—Latin ''pagina'', "to fasten"—appeared when the text of the individual testaments of the Bible were combined and text had to be searched through more quickly. This book format became the preferred way of preserving manuscript or printed material. |
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==History of bookbinding== |
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[[File:Flickr - Yale Law Library - France 47 G767-1.jpg|thumb|Gothic blind-stamped leather cover]] |
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[[File:Book board marbling.jpg|px300|thumb|[[Paper marbling|Marbled]] book board from a book published in London in 1872]] |
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Western books from the fifth century onwards were bound between hard covers, with pages made from parchment folded and sewn on to strong cords or ligaments that were attached to wooden boards and covered with leather. Since early books were exclusively handwritten on handmade materials, sizes and styles varied considerably, and there was no standard of uniformity. Early and medieval codices were bound with flat spines, and it was not until the fifteenth century that books began to have the rounded spines associated with hardcovers today.<ref>{{cite book |last=Greenfield |first=Jane |title=ABC of Bookbinding |year=2002 |publisher=Oak Knoll Press |location=New Castle, DE |isbn=1-884718-41-8 |pages=79–117 }}</ref> Because the vellum of early books would react to humidity by swelling, causing the book to take on a characteristic wedge shape, the wooden covers of medieval books were often secured with straps or clasps. These straps, along with metal bosses on the book's covers to keep it raised off the surface that it rests on, are collectively known as furniture.<ref>Harthan, John P., ''Bookbinding'', 1961, [[HMSO]] (for the [[Victoria and Albert Museum]]), p. 8.</ref> |
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The earliest surviving European bookbinding is the [[St Cuthbert Gospel]] of about 700, in red goatskin, now in the [[British Library]], whose decoration includes raised patterns and coloured tooled designs. Very grand manuscripts for liturgical rather than library use had covers in [[metalwork]] called [[treasure binding]]s, often studded with gems and incorporating [[ivory]] relief panels or enamel elements. Very few of these have survived intact, as they have been broken up for their precious materials, but a fair number of the ivory panels have survived, as they were hard to recycle; the divided panels from the [[Codex Aureus of Lorsch]] are among the most notable. The 8th century [[Vienna Coronation Gospels]] were given a new gold relief cover in about 1500, and the [[Lindau Gospels]] (now [[Morgan Library]], New York) have their original cover from around 800.<ref>Harthan, 8-9</ref> |
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Luxury medieval books for the library had leather covers decorated, often all over, with tooling (incised lines or patterns), [[blind stamp]]s, and often small metal pieces of furniture. Medieval stamps showed animals and figures as well as the vegetal and geometric designs that would later dominate book cover decoration. Until the end of the period books were not usually stood up on shelves in the modern way. The most functional books were bound in plain white [[vellum]] over boards, and had a brief title hand-written on the spine. Techniques for fixing [[gold leaf]] under the tooling and stamps were imported from the Islamic world in the 15th century, and thereafter the gold-tooled leather binding has remained the conventional choice for high quality bindings for collectors, though cheaper bindings that only used gold for the title on the spine, or not at all, were always more common. Although the arrival of the printed book vastly increased the number of books produced in Europe, it did not in itself change the various styles of binding used, except that vellum became much less used.<ref>Harthan, 8-11</ref> |
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===Introduction of paper=== |
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[[Cai Lun]] (ca. 50 AD – 121) improved the first significant improvement and standardization of papermaking by adding essential new materials into its composition. |
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In the 8th century [[Arab]]s learned the arts of papermaking from the Chinese and were then the first to bind [[paper]] into books at the start of the [[Islamic Golden Age]].<ref>Al-Hassani, Woodcock and Saoud, "1001 Inventions, Muslim heritage in Our World", FSTC Publishing, 2006, reprinted 2007, pp.218–219.</ref> Particular skills were developed for [[Arabic calligraphy]], [[Miniature (illuminated manuscript)|miniatures]] and bookbinding. The people who worked in making books were called ''Warraqin'' or paper professionals. The Arabs made books lighter—sewn with silk and bound with leather covered paste boards, they had a flap that wrapped the book up when not in use. As paper was less reactive to humidity, the heavy boards were not needed. The production of books became a real industry and cities like [[Marrakech]], [[Morocco]], had a street named ''Kutubiyyin'' or book sellers, which contained more than 100 bookshops in the 12th century; the famous [[Koutoubia Mosque]] is named so because of its location on this street. Because the [[Qur'an]] itself was considered a sacred object, in order to beautify the book containing the holy scripture, a culture of calligraphy and lavish bookbinding developed.<ref>Baker, Don, "The golden age of Islamic bookbinding", ''Ahlan Wasahlan'', (Public Relations Div., Saudi Arabian Airlines, Jeddah), 1984. pp. 13–15, at p.13</ref> |
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===Development=== |
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{{expand section|date=February 2013}} |
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With the arrival (from the East) of [[Cotton paper|rag paper]] manufacturing in Europe in the late [[Middle Ages]] and the use of the [[printing press]] beginning in the mid-15th century, bookbinding began to standardize somewhat, but page sizes still varied considerably. |
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With printing, the books became more accessible and were stored on their side on long shelves for the first time. Clasps were removed, and titles were added to the spine. |
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[[Leipzig]], a prominent centre of the German book-trade, had in 1739 20 bookshops, 15 printing establishments, 22 book-binders and three type-foundries in a population of 28,000 people.<ref> |
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{{cite book |
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| last = Wittmann |
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| first = Reinhard |
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| title = Geschichte des Deutschen Buchhandels |
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| trans_title = History of the german book-trade |
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| url = http://books.google.com/books?id=6Lozy93opzIC |
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| accessdate = 2013-02-20 |
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| edition = 3 |
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| series = Beck'sche Reihe |
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| volume = 1304 |
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| year = 2011 |
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| publisher = C.H.Beck |
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| language = German |
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| isbn = 9783406617607 |
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| page = 269 |
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| quote = 1739 verzeichnete Leipzig be 28 000 Einwohnern 20 Buchhandlungen, 15 Druckereien, 22 Buchbinder [...] und drei Schriftgiessereien. |
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}} |
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</ref> |
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In the German book-distribution system of the late 18th and early 19th centuries, the end-user buyers of books "generally made separate arrangements with either the publisher or a bookbinder to have printed sheets bound according to their wishes and their budget".<ref> |
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{{cite book |
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| last = Erlin |
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| first = Matt |
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| editor-last = Tatlock |
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| editor-first = Lynne |
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| title = Publishing Culture and the "Reading Nation": German Book History in the Long Nineteenth Century |
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| url = http://books.google.com/books?id=-N0GxZg3EYEC |
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| accessdate = 2013-02-19 |
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| series = Studies in German Literature Linguistics and Culture Series |
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| volume = 76 |
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| year = 2010 |
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| publisher = [[Camden House Publishing|Camden House]] |
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| isbn = 9781571134028 |
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| pages = 25–54 |
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| chapter = How to Think about Luxury Editions in Late Eighteenth- & Early Nineteenth-Century Germany |
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| quote = In most cases, questions related to book-binding did not figure into the discussions between authors and publishers about the formal aspects of editions of their works, because individual purchasers generally made separate arrangements with either the publisher or a bookbinder to have printed sheets bound according to their wishes and their budget. |
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}} |
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</ref> |
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The reduced cost of books facilitated cheap lightweight Bibles, made from tissue-thin oxford paper, with floppy covers, that resembled the early [[Arabic]] [[Quran]]s, enabling missionaries to take portable books with them around the world, and modern wood glues enabled the addition of paperback covers to simple glue bindings. |
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===Historical forms of binding=== |
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Historical forms of binding include the following:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.futureofthebook.com/stories/storyReader$581 |title=Historical Bindings Teaching Set |publisher=Futureofthebook.com |date= |accessdate=2013-04-22 - (confusing link as of Sep20-2013)}} - A link that goes to [http://futureofthebook.com/historical-bindings-teaching-set/ Historical Bindings Teaching Set] as of Sep20-2013</ref> |
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* [[Coptic binding]]: a method of sewing leaves/pages together |
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* [[Ethiopian binding]] |
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* [[Long-stitch bookbinding]] |
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* Islamic bookcover with a distinctive flap on the back cover that wraps around to the front when the book is closed.<ref>[http://www.library.yale.edu/neareast/exhibitions/Islamic_book1.html Yale University] library exhibition "Islamic Books and Bookbinding"; [https://www.brooklynmuseum.org/opencollection/objects/50288/Bookbinding_with_Earthly_and_Mythical_Creatures spread out example] from the [[Brooklyn Museum]]</ref> |
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* Wooden board |
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* [[Limp vellum]] |
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* Calf-binding ("leather-bound") |
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* Paper case |
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* In-board cloth |
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* Cased cloth binding |
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* [[Bradel binding|Bradel Binding]] |
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* [[Secret Belgian binding]] |
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* [[Traditional Chinese bookbinding|Traditional Chinese and Korean bookbinding and Japanese stab binding]] |
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* [[Girdle book|Girdle binding]] |
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Some books have even been bound in [[human skin]], a practice known as [[anthropodermic bibliopegy]]. |
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==Modern commercial binding== |
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There are various commercial techniques in use today. Today, most commercially produced books belong to one of four categories: |
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===Hardcover binding=== |
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A [[hardcover]], hardbound book has rigid covers and is stitched in the spine. Looking from the top of the spine, the book can be seen to consist of a number of [[#Terms and techniques|signatures]] bound together. When the book is opened in the middle of a signature, the binding threads are visible. Signatures of hardcover books are typically [[Octavo (text)|octavo]] (a single sheet folded three times), though they may also be folio, quarto, or 16mo (see [[Book size]]). Unusually large and heavy books are sometimes bound with wire. |
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Until the mid-20th century, covers of mass-produced books were laid with cloth, but from that period onward, most publishers adopted clothette, a kind of textured paper which vaguely resembles cloth but is easily differentiated on close inspection. Most cloth-bound books are now half-and-half covers with cloth covering only the spine. In that case, the cover has a paper overlap. The covers of modern hardback books are made of thick cardboard. |
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Some books that appeared in the mid-20th century signature-bound appear in reprinted editions in glued-together editions. Copies of such books stitched together in their original format are often difficult to find, and are much sought after for both aesthetic and practical reasons. |
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A variation of the hardcover which is more durable is the calf-binding, where the cover is either half or fully clad in [[leather]], usually from a [[calf]]. This is also called full-bound or, simply, leather bound. |
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[[Library binding]] refers to the [[hardcover]] binding of [[Serial (literature)|serials]] and [[paperback]] books intended for the rigors of [[library]] use. Though many publishers have started to provide "library binding" editions, many libraries elect to purchase paperbacks and have them rebound as hardcover books, resulting in longer life for the material. |
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====Methods of hardcover binding==== |
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There are a number of methods used to bind hardcover books, from them: |
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# '''Case binding''' is the most common type of hardcover binding for books. The pages are arranged in signatures and glued together into a "textblock." The textblock is then attached to the cover or "case" which is made of cardboard covered with paper, cloth, vinyl or leather. This is also known as perfect binding, cloth binding, or edition binding. |
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# '''[[oversewn binding|Oversewing]]''', where the signatures of the book start off as loose pages which are then clamped together. Small vertical holes are punched through the far left-hand edge of each signature, and then the signatures are sewn together with lock-stitches to form the text block. Oversewing is a very strong method of binding and can be done on books up to five inches thick. However, the margins of oversewn books are reduced and the pages will not lie flat when opened. |
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# '''Sewing through the fold''' (also called '''Smyth sewing'''), where the signatures of the book are folded and stitched through the fold. The signatures are then sewn or [[Adhesive|glued]] together at the spine to form a text block. In contrast to oversewing, through-the-fold books have wide margins and can open completely flat. However, the text block of a sewn-through-the-fold book is not very secure, which can cause some signatures to come loose over time. Many varieties of sewing stitches exist, from basic links to complex decorative stitches. While Western books are generally sewn through holes punched along the fold, some Asian bindings, such as the Retchoso or Butterfly Stitch of Japan, use small slits instead of punched holes. |
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# '''Double-fan adhesive binding''' starts off with two signatures of loose pages, which are run over a roller—"fanning" the pages—to apply a thin layer of glue to each page edge. Then the two signatures are perfectly aligned to form a text block, and glue edges of the text block are attached to a piece of cloth lining to form the spine. Double-fan adhesive bound books can open completely flat and have a wide margin. However, certain types of paper do not hold adhesive well, and, with wear and tear, the pages can come loose.<ref name="Parisi">{{cite journal | last = Parisi | first = Paul | year = 1994 | month = February | title = Methods of Affixing Leaves: Options and Implications | journal = New Library Scene | volume = 13 (1) | pages = 8–11, 15}}</ref> |
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[[File:Bookshop, Tokyo.JPG|thumb|Modern [[paperback]] spines]] |
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===Punch and bind=== |
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Different types of the ''punch and bind'' binding include: |
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# [[Wire binding|'''Double wire''', '''twin loop''', or '''Wire-O''' binding]] is a type of binding that is used for books that will be viewed or read in an office or home type environment. The binding involves the use of a "C" shaped wire spine that is squeezed into a round shape using a wire closing device. Double wire binding allows books to have smooth crossover and is affordable in many colors. This binding is great for annual reports, owners manuals and software manuals. Wire bound books are made of individual sheets, each punched with a line of round or square holes on the binding edge. This type of binding uses either a 3:1 pitch hole pattern with three holes per inch or a 2:1 pitch hole pattern with two holes per inch. The three to one hole pattern is used for smaller books that are up to 9/16" in diameter while the 2:1 pattern is normally used for thicker books as the holes are slightly bigger to accommodate slightly thicker, stronger wire. Once punched, the back cover is then placed on to the front cover ready for the wire binding elements (double loop wire) to be inserted. The wire is then placed through the holes. The next step involves the binder holding the book by its pages and inserting the wire into a "closer" which is basically a vise that crimps the wire closed and into its round shape. The back page can then be turned back to its correct position, thus hiding the spine of the book. |
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# '''[[Comb binding]]''' uses a 9/16" pitch rectangular hole pattern punched near the bound edge. A curled plastic "comb" is fed through the slits to hold the sheets together. Comb binding allows a book to be disassembled and reassembled by hand without damage. Comb supplies are typically available in a wide range of colors and diameters. The supplies themselves can be re-used or recycled. In the United States, comb binding is often referred to as 19-ring binding because it uses a total of 19 holes along the 11-inch side of a sheet of paper. |
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# '''[[VeloBind]]''' is used to permanently rivet pages together using a plastic strip on the front and back of the document. Sheets for the document are punched with a line of holes near the bound edge. A series of pins attached to a plastic strip called a Comb feeds through the holes to the other side and then goes through another plastic strip called the receiving strip. The excess portion of the pins is cut off and the plastic heat-sealed to create a relatively flat bind method. VeloBind provides a more permanent bind than comb-binding, but is primarily used for business and legal presentations and small publications. |
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# '''[[coil binding|Spiral binding]]''' is the most economical form of mechanical binding when using plastic or metal. It is commonly used for atlases and other publications where it is necessary or desirable to be able to open the publication back on itself without breaking the spine. There are several types but basically it is made by punching holes along the entire length of the spine of the page and winding a wire [[helix]] (like a spring) through the holes to provide a fully flexible hinge at the spine. Spiral coil binding uses a number of different hole patterns for binding documents. The most common hole pattern used with this style is 4:1 pitch (4 holes per inch). However, spiral coil spines are also available for use with 3:1 pitch, 5:1 pitch and 0.400-hole patterns. |
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# [[Proclick]] ([[General Binding Corporation|GBC]]) is a relatively new binding style that was originally designed for use with a 3:1 pitch wire binding hole pattern. This type of binding uses an element that snaps shut and can be easily opened for editing purposes. The editing abilities of this style make it popular with direct sales organizations and mobile offices. Proclick is manufactured exclusively by the General Binding Corporation. |
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# '''ZipBind''' is also manufactured by the [[General Binding Corporation]] and offers easy editing. However, the binding spines for this style are designed to work with the 9/16" plastic comb binding hole pattern. Like [[Proclick]], Zipbind spines can easily be opened and closed without the need for a binding machine. Thus the addition and deletion of pages is a simple process provided that the pages have already been punched. |
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===Thermally activated binding=== |
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Some of the different types of thermally activated binding include: |
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# '''Perfect binding''' is often used, and gives a result similar to paperback books. [[National Geographic (magazine)|National Geographic]] is one example of this type. [[Paperback]] or soft cover books are also normally bound using perfect binding. They usually consist of various sections with a cover made from heavier paper, glued together at the spine with a strong glue. The sections are milled in the back and notches are applied into the spine to allow hot glue to penetrate into the spine of the book. The other three sides are then face trimmed. This is what allows the magazine or paperback book to be opened. [[Mass market paperback]]s (pulp paperbacks) are small (''[[Duodecimo|16mo]]'' size), cheaply made with each sheet fully cut and glued at the spine; these are likely to fall apart or lose sheets after much handling or several years. [[Trade paperback]]s are more sturdily made, with traditional gatherings or sections of bifolios, usually larger, and more expensive. The difference between the two can usually easily be seen by looking for the sections in the top or bottom sides of the book. |
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# '''Thermal binding''' uses a one piece cover with glue down the spine to quickly and easily bind documents without the need for punching. Individuals usually purchase "thermal covers" or "therm-a-bind covers" which are usually made to fit a standard size sheet of paper and come with a glue channel down the spine. The paper is placed in the cover, heated in a machine (basically a [[griddle]]), and when the glue cools, it adheres the paper to the spine. Thermal glue strips can also be purchased separately for individuals that wish to use customized/original covers. However, creating documents using thermal binding glue strips can be a tedious process which requires a scoring device and a large format printer. |
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# A '''cardboard article''' looks like a hardbound book at first sight, but it is really a paperback with hard covers. Many books that are sold as '''hardcover''' are actually of this type. The [[Modern Library]] series is an example. This type of document is usually bound with thermal adhesive glue using a perfect binding machine. |
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# '''Tape binding''' refers to a system that wraps and glues a piece of tape around the base of the document. A tape binding machine such as the Powis Parker Fastback or Standard Accubind system will usually be used to complete the binding process and to activate the thermal adhesive on the glue strip. However, some users also refer to Tape Binding as the process of adding a colored tape to the edge of a mechanically fastened (stapled or stitched) document. |
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# '''Unibind''' is a variety of thermal binding that uses a special steel channel with resin rather than glue inside of it to give it a more sturdy bind to hold the pages in place. Unibind can be used to bind soft covered documents with a look that is similar to perfect binding. It can also be used for binding hardcover books and photo books. Like Thermal Binding, unibind usually requires you to purchase a one piece coverset to bind your documents. However, Unibind also offers SteelBack spines that allow you to use your own covers in the binding process. The majority of Unibinds covers can be printed on as well to give documents a unique finish. ([[Unibind]] is also the name of an International binding company)<ref name="Unibind Systems">{{cite web |url=http://unibindsystems.co.uk |title=Unibind homepage |accessdate=15 January 2010}}</ref> |
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===Stitched or sewn binding=== |
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Types of stitched or sewn bindings: |
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# A ''sewn book'' is constructed in the same way as a hardbound book, except that it lacks the hard covers. The binding is as durable as that of a hardbound book. |
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# [[Stapling]] through the [[centerfold]], also called ''saddle-stitching'', joins a set of nested folios into a single magazine issue; most [[United States|American]] [[comic book]]s are well-known examples of this type. |
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# [[Magazine]]s are considered more ephemeral than books, and less durable means of binding them are usual. In general, the cover papers of magazines will be the same as the inner pages (self-cover)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cool.conservation-us.org/don/dt/dt3010.html|accessdate=2008-10-22|title=A Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology: self-cover|publisher=Stanford University Libraries and Academic Information Resources}}</ref> or only slightly heavier (plus cover). Most magazines are stapled or saddle-stitched; however, some are bound with perfect binding and use thermally activated adhesive. |
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==Modern hand binding== |
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[[File:Stitching with dark sashes.jpg|thumb|Hardbound book spine stitching.]] |
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[[File:Side book flat.jpg|thumb|Traditionally sewn book opened flat.]] |
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[[File:Dickens Great Expectations in Half Leather Binding.jpg|thumb|Hardbound book with half leather binding (spine and corners) and marbled boards.]] |
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Modern bookbinding by hand can be seen as two closely allied fields: the creation of new bindings, and the repair of existing bindings. Bookbinders are often active in both fields. Bookbinders can learn the craft through [[apprenticeship]]; by attending specialized trade schools;<ref>Such as the: [http://www.cbl-ascona.ch/html/english.html Centro del bel Libro], [[Camberwell College of Arts|The Camberwell College of Arts]], The London College of Communication, and [http://www.nbss.org/ The North Bennet Street School]</ref> by taking classes in the course of university studies, or by a combination of those methods. Some European countries offer a ''Master Bookbinder'' certification, though no such certification exists in the United States. MFA programs that specialize in the 'Book Arts,' (hand paper-making, printmaking and bookbinding) are available through certain colleges and universities.<ref>Such as: [http://www.colum.edu/book_and_paper/ Columbia College Chicago], the [http://www.bookarts.ua.edu/ University of Alabama], [http://www.nscad.ca – Nova Scotia College of Art and Design] and the [http://www.uarts.edu/academics/cad/bookarts.html/ University of the Arts in Philadelphia].</ref> |
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Hand bookbinders create new bindings that run the gamut from historical book structures made with traditional materials to modern structures made with 21st-century materials, and from basic cloth-case bindings to valuable full-leather fine bindings. Repairs to existing books also encompass a broad range of techniques, from minimally invasive conservation of a historic book to the full restoration and rebinding of a text. |
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Though almost any existing book can be repaired to some extent, only books that were originally sewn can be rebound by resewing. Repairs or restorations are often done to emulate the style of the original binding. For new works, some publishers print unbound manuscripts which a binder can collate and bind, but often an existing commercially bound book is ''pulled'', or taken apart, in order to be given a new binding. Once the textblock of the book has been pulled, it can be rebound in almost any structure; a modern suspense novel, for instance, could be rebound to look like a 16th-century manuscript. Bookbinders may bind several copies of the same text, giving each copy a unique appearance. |
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Hand bookbinders use a variety of specialized hand tools, the most emblematic of which is the [[bonefolder]], a flat, tapered, polished piece of bone used to crease paper and apply pressure.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://cool.conservation-us.org/don/dt/dt1387.html | title = Etherington & Roberts. Dictionary—folder | publisher = US Government Printing Office | accessdate = 2008-10-23}}</ref> Additional tools common to hand bookbinding include a variety of knives and hammers, as well as brass tools used during [[Finishing (bookbinding)|finishing]]. |
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When creating new work, modern hand binders often work on commission, creating bindings for specific books or collections. Books can be bound in many different materials. Some of the more common materials for covers are [[leather]], decorative [[paper]], and [[cloth]] (see also: [[buckram]]). Those bindings that are made with exceptionally high craftsmanship, and that are made of particularly high-quality materials (especially full leather bindings), are known as ''fine'' or ''extra'' bindings. |
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==Conservation and restoration== |
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Conservation and restoration are practices intended to repair damage to an existing book. While they share methods, their goals differ. The goal of conservation is to slow the book's decay and restore it to a usable state while altering its physical properties as little as possible; the goal of restoration, however, is to return the book to a previous state as envisioned by the restorer, often imagined as the original state of the book. In either case, the modern standard for conservation and restoration is "reversibility." That is, any repair should be done in such a way that it can be un-done if and when a better technique is developed in the future. Bookbinders echo the physicians' creed, "[[Primum non nocere|First, do no harm]]." |
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[[File:restore.jpg|right|thumb|Rebacking saving original spine, showing one volume finished and one untouched]] |
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Books requiring conservation treatment run the gamut from the very earliest of texts to books with modern bindings that have undergone heavy usage. For each book, the conservator must choose a course of treatment that takes into account the book's value, whether it comes from the binding, the text, the [[provenance]], or some combination of the three. Many professional book and paper conservators in the United States are members of the American Institute for Conservation of Historic and Artistic Works (AIC), whose guidelines, set forth in the AIC's [http://aic.stanford.edu/about/coredocs/coe/index.html Code of Ethics], are generally considered to outline an appropriate approach to the treatment of rare or valuable materials. |
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In restoration hand binding, the pages and book covers are often hundreds of years old, and the handling of these pages has to be undertaken with great care and a delicate hand. The binding archival process can extend a book’s life for many decades and is necessary to preserve books that sometimes are limited to a small handful of remaining copies worldwide. |
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The first step in saving and preserving a book is its deconstruction. The text need to be separated from the covers and, only if necessary, the stitching removed. This is done as delicately as possible. All page restoration is done at this point, be it the removal of [[foxing]], ink stains, page tears, etc. Various techniques are employed to repair the various types of page damage that might have occurred during the life of the book. |
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[[File:restoration hand binding.jpg|thumb|Geneva Bible, 1603, rebound in the style of [[Elizabeth I]]'s bookbinder.]] |
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The preparation of the "foundations" of the book could mean the difference between a beautiful work of art and a useless stack of paper and leather. |
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The sections are then hand-sewn in the style of its period into book form. |
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The next step is the creation of the book cover; vegetable tanned leather, dyed with [[natural dye]]s, and [[Paper marbling|hand-marbled]] papers can be used. Finally the cover is hand-tooled in gold leaf. The design of the book cover involves such hand-tooling, where an extremely thin layer of gold is applied to the cover. Such designs can be lettering, symbols, or floral designs, depending on the nature of any particular project. |
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==Terms and techniques==<!-- This section is linked from [[Leonhard Euler]] --> |
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Most of the following applies only in respect of American practices: |
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* A ''leaf'' (often wrongly referred to as a ''folio'') typically has two pages of text and/or images, front and back, in a finished book. The Latin for ''leaf'' is ''folium'', and "folio" (the ablative) literally means "on leaf" and should be followed by a number, thus "folio 5r" means "on the recto of the leaf numbered 5", although technically not accurate, it is normal to say "on folio 5r". In everyday speech it is common to refer to "turning the pages of a book", although it would be more accurate to say "turning the leaves of a book"; this is the origin of the phrase "to turn over a new leaf" i.e. to start on a fresh blank page. |
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** The ''[[recto]]'' side of a leaf faces left when the leaf is held straight up from the spine (in a paginated book this is usually an odd-numbered page). |
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** The ''[[verso]]'' side of a leaf faces right when the leaf is held straight up from the spine (in a paginated book this is usually an even-numbered page). |
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* A ''bifolium'' (often wrongly called a "bifolio", "bi-folio", or even "bifold") is a single sheet folded in half to make two leaves. The plural is "bifolia", not "bifolios". |
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* A ''section'', sometimes called a ''gathering'', or, especially if unprinted, a ''quire'',<ref>{{cite web | url = http://cool.conservation-us.org/don/dt/dt2766.html | title = Etherington & Roberts. Dictionary—quire| publisher = US Government Printing Office | accessdate = 2009-06-07}}</ref> is a group of bifolia nested together as a single unit.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://cool.conservation-us.org/don/dt/dt3005.html | title = Etherington & Roberts. Dictionary—section| publisher = US Government Printing Office | accessdate = 2007-07-17}}</ref> In a completed book, each quire is sewn through its fold. Depending of how many bifolia a quire is made of, it could be called:<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.ndl.go.jp/incunabula/e/chapter3/index.html | title = Printing and Book Designs| publisher = National Diet Library, Japan | accessdate = 2009-06-07}}</ref> |
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** ''duernion'' – two bifolia, producing four leaves; |
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** ''ternion'' – three bifolia, producing six leaves; |
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** ''quaternion'' – four bifolia, producing eight leaves; |
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** ''quinternion'' – five bifolia, producing ten leaves; |
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** ''sextern'' or ''sexternion''<ref>{{cite web | url = http://cool.conservation-us.org/don/dt/dt2766.html | title = Etherington & Roberts. Dictionary—sexternion| publisher = US Government Printing Office | accessdate = 2009-06-07}}</ref> – six bifolia, producing twelve leaves. |
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* A ''[[codex]]'' is a series of one or more quires sewn through their folds, and linked together by the sewing thread. |
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* A ''signature'', in the context of printed books, is a section that contains text. Though the term ''signature'' technically refers to the [[signature mark]], traditionally a letter or number printed on the first leaf of a section in order to facilitate collation, the distinction is rarely made today.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://cool.conservation-us.org/don/dt/dt3109.html | title = Etherington & Roberts. Dictionary—signature| publisher = US Government Printing Office | accessdate = 2007-07-17}}</ref> |
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* ''Folio'', ''quarto'', and so on may also refer to the size of the finished book, based on the size of sheet that an early paper maker could conveniently turn out with a manual press. Paper sizes could vary considerably, and the finished size was also affected by how the pages were trimmed, so the sizes given are rough values only. |
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** A [[folio (printing)|folio]] volume is typically {{Convert|15|in|cm|abbr=on}} or more in height, the largest sort of regular book. |
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** A [[quarto]] volume is typically about {{Convert|9|in|cm|abbr=on}} by {{Convert|12|in|cm|abbr=on}}, roughly the size of most modern magazines. A sheet folded ''in quarto'' (also 4to or 4º) is folded in half twice at right angles to make four leaves. Also called: eight-page signature. |
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** An [[octavo]] volume is typically about {{Convert|5|to|6|in|cm|abbr=on}} by {{Convert|8|to|9|in|cm|abbr=on}}, the size of most modern [[digest magazine]]s or [[trade paperback]]s. A sheet folded ''in octavo'' (also 8vo or 8º) is folded in half 3 times to make 8 leaves. Also called: sixteen-page signature. |
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** A sextodecimo volume is about {{Convert|4+1/2|in|cm|abbr=on}} by {{Convert|6+3/4|in|cm|abbr=on}}, the size of most mass market paperbacks. A sheet folded ''in sextodecimo'' (also 16mo or 16º) is folded in half 4 times to make 16 leaves. Also called: 32-page signature. |
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** ''Duodecimo'' or 12mo, 24mo, 32mo, and even 64mo are other possible sizes. Modern paper mills can produce very large sheets, so a modern printer will often print 64 or 128 pages on a single sheet. |
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* ''Trimming'' separates the leaves of the bound book. A sheet folded in quarto will have folds at the spine and also across the top, so the top folds must be trimmed away before the leaves can be turned. A quire folded in octavo or greater may also require that the other two sides be trimmed. ''[[Deckle edge|Deckle Edge]]'', or ''Uncut'' books are untrimmed or incompletely trimmed, and may be of special interest to [[book collecting|book collectors]]. |
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===Paperback binding=== |
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Though books are sold as hardcover or paperback, the actual binding of the pages is important to durability. |
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Most paperbacks and some hard cover books have a "perfect binding". The pages are aligned or cut together and glued. A strong and flexible layer, which may or may not be the glue itself, holds the book together. In the case of a paperback, the visible portion of the spine is part of this flexible layer. |
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==Spine orientation== |
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In languages written from left to right, such as English, books are bound on the left side of the cover; looking from on top, the pages increase counter-clockwise. In right-to-left languages, books are bound on the right. In both cases, this is so the end of a page coincides with where it is turned. Many translations of [[manga|Japanese comic books]] retain the binding on the right, which allows the art, laid out to be read right-to-left, to be published without mirror-imaging it. |
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In China (only areas using Traditional Chinese), Japan, and Taiwan, literary books are written top-to-bottom, right-to-left, and thus are bound on the right, while text books are written left-to-right, top-to-bottom, and thus are bound on the left. In mainland China, all books have changed to be written and bound like left to right languages in the mid-20th century. |
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[[File:bookspine.jpg|thumb|The spine of the book is an important aspect in book design, especially in cover design. When the books are stacked up or stored in a shelf, what's on the spine is the only visible information about the book. In a book store, the details on the spine are what initially attract attention.]] |
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==Spine titling== |
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Early books did not have titles on their spines; rather they were shelved flat with their spines inward, and titles written with ink along their fore edges. Modern books display their titles on their spines. |
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In languages with Chinese-influenced writing systems, the title is written top-to-bottom, as is the language in general. In languages written horizontally, conventions differ about the direction in which the title on the spine is rotated: |
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*In the United States, the Commonwealth, Scandinavia and for books in Dutch, titles are usually written top-to-bottom on the spine. This means that when the book is placed on a table with the front cover upwards, the title is oriented left-to-right on the spine. This practice is reflected in the industry standards ANSI/NISO Z39.41<ref>[http://www.niso.org/kst/reports/standards?step=2&gid=None&project_key%3Austring%3Aiso-8859-1=adf940d30971d49c34abb475530b58b9cefd0ffa ANSI/NISO Z39.41 – Printed Information on Spines] NISO Standards – National Information Standards Organization. Section 6.</ref> and ISO 6357.<ref>''Spine titles on books and other publications'', 1985.</ref> |
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*In most of continental Europe and Latin America, titles are conventionally printed bottom-to-top on the spine so, when the books are placed vertically on shelves, the title can be read by tilting the head to the left.<ref name=Drösser>{{cite news|last=Drösser|first=Christoph|title=Linksdrehende Bücher|url=http://www.zeit.de/2011/15/Stimmts|accessdate=9 April 2011|newspaper=[[Die Zeit]]|date=9 April 2011}}</ref> |
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==See also== |
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* [[Bindery]] |
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* [[Book design]] |
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* [[Book folding]] |
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* [[Bookbindings in the British Library]] |
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* [[Ethiopian binding]] |
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* [[Japanese books]] |
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* [[Prebound]] |
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* [[Prize book]] |
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* [[Stiffening]] |
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*[[John Ratcliff]] |
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==References== |
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{{Reflist|2}} |
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==Further reading== |
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* Brenni, Vito J., compiler. Bookbinding: A Guide to the Literature. Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1982. ISBN 0-313-23718-2 |
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* Burdett, Eric. The Craft of Bookbinding: a practical handbook. Vancouver, BC: David & Charles, 1975. ISBN 0-7153-6656-4 |
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* Diehl, Edith. Bookbinding: Its Background and Technique. New York: Dover Publications, 1980. ISBN 0-486-24020-7. (Originally published by Rinehart & Company, 1946 in two volumes.) |
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* Gross, Henry. Simplified Bookbinding. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, ISBN 0-442-22898-8 |
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* Ikegami, Kojiro. Japanese Bookbinding: Instructions from a Master Craftsman / adapted by Barbara Stephan. New York: Weatherhill, 1986. ISBN 0-8348-0196-5. (Originally published as Hon no tsukuriikata.) |
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* Johnson, Arthur W. Manual of Bookbinding. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1978. ISBN 0-684-15332-7 |
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* Johnson, Arthur W. The Practical Guide to Craft Bookbinding. London: Thames and Hudson, 1985. ISBN 0-500-27360-X |
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* Lewis, A.W. Basic Bookbinding. New York: Dover Publications, 1957. ISBN 0-486-20169-4. (Originally published by B.T. Batsford, 1952) |
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* Smith, Keith A. Non-adhesive Binding: Books Without Paste or Glue. Fairport, NY: Sigma Foundation, 1992. ISBN 0-927159-04-X |
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* Waller, Ainslie C. ''The Guild of Women-Binders'', in ''The Private Library'' Autumn 1983, published by the [[Private Libraries Association]] |
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* Zeier, Franz. Books, Boxes and Portfolios: Binding Construction, and Design Step-by-Step. New York: Design Press, 1990. ISBN 0-8306-3483-5 |
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==External links== |
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{{Prone to spam|date=April 2013}} |
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{{Z148}}<!-- {{No more links}} |
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Please be cautious adding more external links. |
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If there are already suitable links, propose additions or replacements on |
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{{Wikibooks}} |
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{{Commons category}} |
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* [http://www.flickr.com/photos/25300312@N08/collections/72157624849157725/ Book bindings through the ages on Flickr] by the [[National Library of Sweden]] |
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* [http://bookbinding.com/our-publications.html Several free books on Bookbinding, Gilding, Box construction] |
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* [http://www.library.rochester.edu/index.cfm?page=3886 Online exhibit of publishers' bookbinding, 1830–1910 from the University of Rochester] |
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* [http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/17585 English Embroidered Bookbindings], by Cyril James Humphries Davenport, from [[Project Gutenberg]] |
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* [http://www.bl.uk/catalogues/bookbindings/Links.aspx British Library Database of Bookbindings] |
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* [http://bindings.lib.ua.edu/ Publishers Bindings Online, 1815–1930: The Art of Books] |
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* [http://digital.lib.uiowa.edu/cdm4/index_binding.php?CISOROOT=/binding University of Iowa Libraries Bookbinding Models Digital Collection] |
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* [http://digitalcollections.library.ubc.ca/cdm/landingpage/collection/dorothyburn Dorothy Burnett’s bookbinding tools] - A rich set of tools, ranging in age from 60 years old to 100 years old, used by the first independent craft binder to set up shop in Vancouver, British Columbia, from the UBC Library Digital Collections |
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* [http://anno1900.nl/boekbanden1 Dutch art nouveau and art deco bookbindings on Anno1900.nl] |
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* [http://libcdm1.uncg.edu/cdm/landingpage/collection/tb1 UNCG Digital Collections: American Publishers' Trade Bindings] |
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* {{Wikisource-inline|list= |
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** Joseph William Zaehnsdorf, ''[[s:The Art of Bookbinding|The Art of Bookbinding]]'', 1890 |
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** [[T. J. Cobden-Sanderson]], “[[s:Arts and Crafts Essays/Bookbinding|Bookbinding]]” in ''[[s:Arts and Crafts Essays|Arts and Crafts Essays]]'', 1893 |
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** {{Cite PSM|Bookbinding: Its Processes and Ideal|month-and-year=March 1895|volume=46|author=[[T. J. Cobden-Sanderson]]|noicon=x}} |
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** {{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Bookbinding |first=Cyril J. H. |last=Davenport |short=x |noicon=x}} |
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}} |
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{{Book Publishing Process}} |
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{{Decorative arts}} |
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{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2011}} |
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[[Category:Bookbinding| ]] |
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[[Category:Book design]] |
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[[Category:Book publishing]] |
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[[Category:Graphic design]] |
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[[Category:Paper art]] |
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[[Category:Book arts]] |
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[[Category:Print production]] |
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[[Category:Crafts]] |
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Revision as of 18:42, 15 November 2013
such book, so bookbinding, bookbinding is doges favorite it is existant in all alternate universes