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List of religious slurs

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The following is a list of religious slurs or religious insults in the English language that are, or have been, used as insinuations or allegations about adherents or non-believers of a given religion or irreligion, or to refer to them in a derogatory (critical or disrespectful), pejorative (disapproving or contemptuous), or insulting manner.

Christians

[edit]

Non-denominational

[edit]
Term Location of origin Targeted demographic Meaning origin and notes References
Bible beater, Bible basher North America Evangelicals of Baptist, Methodist and Pentecostal denominations A dysphemism for evangelical Christians who believe in the inerrancy of the Bible, particularly those from Baptist, Methodist and Pentecostal denominations.[1] It is also a slang term for an evangelising Christian. Commonly used universally against Christians who are perceived to go out of their way to energetically preach their faith to others. [1][2][3]
Bible thumper United States Christian people Someone perceived as aggressively imposing their Christian beliefs upon others. The term derives from preachers thumping their hands down on the Bible, or thumping the Bible itself, to emphasize a point during a sermon. The term's target domain is broad and can often extend to anyone engaged in a public show of religion, fundamentalist or not. The term is frequently used in English-speaking countries. [4]
Cafeteria Christian United States Selection of Christian doctrines Used by some Christians, and others, to accuse other Christian individuals or denominations of selecting which Christian doctrines they will follow, and which they will not. [5]
Chuhra Punjab Christians Derived from the Chuhra caste, a Dalit community whose traditional occupation was sweeping and cleaning. Most Christians in Punjab, along with many in Uttar Pradesh, are from the Chuhra and Chamar communities. The term has been used in an abusive manner to refer to Dalits in the Indian subcontinent and in Pakistan specifically, it has been applied to Christians and Hindus of Dalit ancestry. In India, the terms "Chuhra" and "Chamar" are used abusively as well towards those of Dalit ancestry, though without reference to any specific religious community. [6][7][8][9]
Fundie United States Christian fundamentalists Shortening of fundamentalist. Usually used to mean a Christian fundamentalist. [10]
God botherer Australia Christian people Similar to Bible basher, a person who is very vocal about their religion and prayer. [11]
Isai Pakistan Christian people From Isa Masih, a name of Jesus Christ in the Hindi-language Bible.[12] The term literally means '[person/people] of Jesus' in India and Pakistan, but in the latter country, Isai has been pejoratively used by non-Christians to refer to 'street sweepers' or 'labourers', occupations that have been held by Christian workers of Dalit ancestry.[13] In neighboring India, the term Isai simply refers to Christians and has no negative connotations; in northern India, Christians use the term Isai to refer to themselves.[14]
Rice Christian, Rice bag United Kingdom, India Materially benefiting Christians

In India: Christians (especially lower caste converts)

Someone who has formally declared themself a Christian for material benefits rather than for religious reasons. In India, the term has been extended to refer to any Christian convert. [15][16]

Protestants

[edit]
Term Location of origin Targeted demographic Meaning origin and notes References
Campbellite United States Followers of Church of Christ Followers of the Church of Christ, from American Restoration Movement leaders Thomas Campbell and Alexander Campbell, the latter being one of two key people considered the founders of the movement. [17]
Holy Roller United States Methodists of the Holiness Movement, Holiness Pentecostals Named after church services involving spontaneous acts of worship, such as sobbing, wailing, groaning, and kneeling. [18][19][20]
Hun United Kingdom, Ireland Christian Protestants, especially Glasgow Rangers supporters Used by Irish republicans against Protestant unionists, especially by Glasgow Celtic supporters against those of Glasgow Rangers [21][22]
Jaffa United Kingdom Christian Protestants Named after a common orange-flavoured cake/biscuit in Ireland and UK. [22]
Prod, Proddy United Kingdom, Ireland Christian Protestants Particularly used by bullies to disparage a child who attends a Protestant school. Proddywhoddy and proddywoddy are used in children's school rhymes in Cork. [23][22]
Orangie Ireland Ulster Protestants Referring to the Orange Order [22]
Russellite United States Jehovah's Witnesses Jehovah's Witnesses, from American religious leader Charles Taze Russell. [24][25]
Shaker United States Christian people Member of the United Society of Believers in Christ's Second Appearing. Originated as "Shaking Quakers", in reference to their similarity to Quakers as well as their charismatic worship practices, which involved dancing, shouting, and speaking in tongues. The term was originally derogatory, but very early on was embraced and used by the Shakers themselves. [26][27][28]
Shouting Methodists United States, United Kingdom Methodists Member of a Methodist denomination, in reference to their free expression and enthusiasm during worship, particularly during revival services and camp meetings. [29][30]
Soup-taker Ireland Christian who has sold out their beliefs Person who has sold out their beliefs, referring to the Great Famine of Ireland when some Catholics converted to a Protestant faith in order to gain access to a free meal. [31]

Catholics

[edit]
Term Location of origin Targeted demographic Meaning origin and notes References
Left-footer United Kingdom Roman Catholics An informal phrase for a Roman Catholic, particularly in the armed forces. Derived from a belief that Irish laborers kick their shovels into the ground with their left foot. [32][33]
Fenian United Kingdom Irish Catholics A term originally referencing the Fenian Brotherhood and the Irish Republican Brotherhood, organizations which supported a united Ireland. Today the term is used as a sectarian slur by Protestants, especially in Northern Ireland, Scotland and Australia. [34]
Mackerel snapper North America Roman Catholics The term originated in the U.S. in the 1850s and refers to the custom of Friday abstinence. The Friday abstinence from meat (red meat and poultry) distinguishes Catholics from other Christians, especially in North America. [35][36]
Mick United Kingdom Irish Catholics Usually an Irish Catholic (a reference to the common "Mc" patronymic of Irish surnames, or a hypocorism of "Michael"). [37]
Papist Northern Ireland, North America, U.K. in general Roman Catholic Usually Irish Catholic; online often used generically for any Catholic.[38] [38]
Red letter tribe North America Roman Catholics A name given to Catholics for their keeping so many holy days; marked in their almanacs with red-coloured letters. [39]
Bead-rattler Anglophone countries; predominantly the United States, U.K., Canada, and Australia Roman Catholics Roman Catholic person, in reference to the Catholic ritual of praying with rosary beads. [40][41][42]
Redneck Ireland Roman Catholics Roman Catholic person, now considered archaic due to its association with the better-known American term. [43]
Romanist Predominantly North America and the U.K. Roman Catholics Term used when anti-Catholicism was more common in the United States, as well as in Northern Ireland by Ulster Protestants [44][45]
Shaveling Unknown Roman Catholics Usually disparaging: a tonsured clergyman, priest. [46]
Taig Northern Ireland Irish Catholics From tadhg, perhaps Irish for "Timothy". [47]

Oriental Orthodox

[edit]
Term Location of origin Targeted demographic Meaning origin and notes References
Jacobite Syriac Orthodox The term is named after Jacob Baradeus who liberated the Oriental Orthodox from persecution in the mid-6th century. This title is rejected by the Syriac Orthodox as it assumes that the Church had been started by Jacob. [48]

Latter Day Saint movement

[edit]
Term Location of origin Targeted demographic Meaning origin and notes References
Molly Mormon United States Latter Day Saint Term for the stereotype of a "perfect" female member of LDS Church. [49]
Peter Priesthood United States Latter Day Saint Term for the stereotype of a "perfect" male member of LDS Church. [50]
Jack Mormon United States Latter Day Saint A non-faithful LDS person or a non-Mormon altogether. Jack Mormon is usually used by non-Mormons to describe Mormons that do not follow the Word of Wisdom (dietary and health practices that exclude the use of tobacco or alcohol) and by Mormons to describe members that do not sufficiently follow practices. It is also used by Mormons to describe those who were Mormon but remain friendly to the church. It may be applied to ex-Mormons who have repudiated the church and its teachings but that is a rare usage. [51]

Jews

[edit]
For the word "Jew" as a perceived or actual slur, see Jew (word) § Perception of offensiveness.
Term Location of origin Targeted demographic Meaning, origin and notes References
Abbie, Abie North America Jewish male A Jewish male. From the proper name Abraham. Originated before the 1950s.[52] [52]
Christ-killer Jews In reference to Jewish deicide. [53]
Feuj (verlan for juif) France Jews A corruption of the French word for Jewish, juif. Originating from the French argot Verlan. [54]
Heeb, Hebe United States Jews Derived from the word Hebrew. [55][56]
Hymie United States Jews Derived from the Hebrew Chaim ('life'). Also used in the term Hymietown, a nickname for Brooklyn, New York, and as a first name. [57]
Ikey, Ike United States Jews Derived from Isaac, an important figure in Judaism and common Hebrew given name. [58]
Itzig Nazi Germany Jews From Yiddish איציק‎ (itsik), a variant or pet form of the name Isaak (alternatively Isaac). [59]
Jewboy United States Young Jewish boys For a young Jewish male, originally young Jewish boys who sold counterfeit coins in 18th century London. [60][61]
Jidan Romania Jews From jid, Romanian equivalent of yid. [62]
Kike United States Jews Possibly from the Yiddish word for 'circle', kikel, It was suggested by Leo Rosten that the term originates from Jews who entered the United States at Ellis Island signed their names with a circle instead of a cross because they associated the cross with Christianity. [63][64]
Mocky United States Jews First used in the 1930s, possibly from the Yiddish word makeh meaning 'plague'. [65][66]
Red Sea pedestrian Australia Jews A Jew, from the story of Moses leading the Jewish people out of Egypt in the Book of Exodus. [67]
Rootless cosmopolitan
(Russian: безродный космополит) 		Soviet Union Jews Soviet epithet as an accusation of lack of full allegiance to the Soviet Union. [68]
Sheeny Europe Jews From Yiddish sheyn or German schön meaning 'beautiful'. [69]
Shylock England Jews Jewish people as shrewd and money-loving; derived from the character in Shakespeare's play "Merchant of Venice". [70]
Yid Europe Jews Yiddish word for 'Jew'. [71]
Zhyd

Zhydovka

Russia

Ukraine

Jews From Russian and other Slavic languages, originally neutral, but became pejorative during debate over the Jewish question in the 1800s. Its use was banned by the Soviet authorities in the 1930s. [72]

Muslims

[edit]
Term Location of origin Targeted demographic Meaning origin and notes References
Abdul, Abdool India Muslims Derives from the common Muslim name Abdul. [73]
Chuslim India Muslims Portmanteau of the words Chutiya+Muslim, chutiya being a common swear word in Hindi/Urdu. [74]
Jihadi India Muslims, especially fundamentalist Jihadists Derives from jihad. [75]
Kadrun Indonesia Islamic fundamentalism and reactionaries Portmanteau of kadal gurun meaning 'desert lizard'. Originated as a social media political insult, the term is used for closed-minded Muslims influenced by Islamic extremism and fundamentalism from the Middle East. [76][77]
Kala, Kaliya Myanmar Rohingyas, Muslims Term meaning 'black' in various Indo-Aryan languages, referring to the dark skin colour of South Asian Muslims. The term originally was targeted at all Muslims of South Asia, but more recently is used as a slur directly against Rohingyas due to their perceived Bangladeshi origin. [78]
Kanglu Bangladesh Bengali Muslims used to denote Bengali refugees, now used derogatorily against Bangladeshis. [79]
Katwa, Katwe, Katuve, Katua, K2a, K2o, k2wa, kto India Muslim men Derives from the Hindi/Urdu for 'cut' referring to circumcision, a common practice among Muslim men. [75][80]
Khatmal Pakistan Sh īʿi Muslims Derives from the Urdu word for 'bedbug,' this term is used to dehumanize Shīʿites by portraying them as bloodsucking parasites. [81]
Miya Assam, India Bengali Muslims Derives from the honorific Mian. [82]
Mulla, Mullah, Katmulle, Sulla, Bulla India Muslims Derives from mullah, a common title for Islamic religious scholars. [73][74]
Muklo Philippines Filipino Muslims (especially among Bangsamoro ethnic groups) First used by soldiers of the Armed Forces of the Philippines stationed in Mindanao as an ethnic slur towards the Muslim Moro insurgents. [83]
Muzzie Australia Muslims A shortened version of the word Muslim. [84]
Namazi, Andhnamazi India Muslims Derives from namaz, the Persian word for obligatory daily prayers usually used instead of salah in the Indian subcontinent. [75]
Peaceful, peacefools, pissful, shantidoot India Muslims Derives from the common statement that Islam is a "religion of peace". Sometimes the Hindi word "shantidoot" (Messenger of Peace) is used. [73]
Osama North America Islamic men From Osama bin Laden. [85]
Qadiani Pakistan Ahmadiyya The term originates from Qadian, a small town in present-day Indian Punjab, the birthplace of Mirza Ghulam Ahmad, the founder of the Ahmadiyya movement. The use of Qadiani is primarily in Pakistan. The term has even been used in official Pakistani documents. It is also known as the Q-word. [86][87][88]
Rafida, Rawafid Arab peninsula Sh īʿi Muslims(regardless of race) Term originally denoting extremist Shīʿites who reject (rafḍ) the caliphates of Abu Bakr and ʿUmar; often employed by critics as a slur against those Shīʿi Muslims who do not criticize the first three Caliphs, but only believe in "Alī’s right to the caliphate over Muʿāwiyah". [89]
Raghead North America Islamic turban wearers From Islamic wearing of turbans. [85][90]
Safavid Iraq Feyli Kurds Mainly used by higher class Sunni Arabs during Ba'athist Iraq to insult Feyli Kurds for their belief in Shia Islam [91]
Terrorist United States Muslims Used by radical anti-Islamists, due to anti-Muslim sentiments following September 11 attacks and subsequently ISIS attacks. [92]
Hajji, Hadji, Haji United States Muslims Derived from the honorific Al-Hajji, the title given to a Muslim who has completed the Hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca). [93][94]
Wahhabi Muslim world Salafis Derived from the name of its founder Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab, it is used by opponents of his teachings in a derogatory way to refer to his followers, namely the Salafis. [95]
Nusayri Muslim world Alawites Derived from the name of the founder of the group, Ibn Nusayr. [96]

Hindus

[edit]
Term Location of origin Targeted demographic Meaning origin and notes References
Pajeet Europe, North America Hindus, Sikhs and other South Asians A derogatory racist slur used in some parts of America and western countries to target Hindus, Sikhs and other South Asians [97][98]
Bhakt, Andhbhakt, bhakchonhar India Hindus “Bhakt” originally means a devotee in Hinduism, but in Indian politics, it refers to individuals fiercely loyal to leaders like Narendra Modi and the BJP. “Andhbhakt” (blind devotee) describes those who follow a political leader or ideology without critical thought. [99][100][101]
Sanghi, Jansanghi India, Kashmir Supporters of fundamentalist hindu-nationalist groups affiliated with RSS. A term often used to describe individuals associated with the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS). While "Sanghi" can simply refer to a supporter of the RSS, it is frequently used in a derogatory manner to criticize those perceived as extreme right-wing Hindu nationalists. [102][103]

[104]

Bongal Assam, India Bengali Hindus The term is a derogatory slur used primarily in Assam, India, to refer to Bengali Hindus, labeling them as foreigners or outsiders. [105][106]
Cow piss drinker, piss drinker, Gaumutra Europe and United States Hindus Referring to the practice of drinking gomutra, or cow urine, as a folk medicine advocated by some Hindu groups. However, the practice is misleading for several reasons. [107]
Malaun Bangladesh Bengali Hindus Derived from Bengali মালাউন (maalaaun), which in turn was derived from Arabic ملعون‎ (mal'un), which means 'cursed' or deprived from God's mercy. [108][109][110]
Dothead Europe Hindu women Referring to the practice of applying bindis, a dot-like marking used by married women. Also the namesake of a terrorist group from New Jersey that murdered Indians known as the Dotbusters. [111]

Buddhists

[edit]
Term Location of origin Targeted demographic Meaning origin and notes References
Buddhahead United States Buddhist, specially Asian people Also used by mainland Japanese Americans to refer to Hawaiian Japanese Americans since World War II. [112][113]

Sikhs

[edit]
Term Location of origin Targeted demographic Meaning origin and notes References
Pajeet Europe, North America Hindus, Sikhs and other South Asians A derogatory racist slur used in some parts of America and western countries to target Hindus, Sikhs and other South Asians [97][98]
Khalistani India Sikhs The term is used to stigmatize Sikhs more generally, associating them with terrorism or separatism [114]
Lassi India, Pakistan Sikhs In reference to the famous Punjabi beverage Lassi which is a term used to denigrate Sikhs and Punjabis in general. This slur is mostly used by people from the Bihar region [115][90][116]
Santa-Banta India, Pakistan Gursikhs In reference to the popular Santa-Banta joke category which portrayed Sikhs intellectually inferior. [117][118]
Raghead, Towelhead United States, Canada Sikh turban wearers In reference to the Sikh practice of wearing dastar (turban) [119]

Zoroastrians

[edit]
Term Location of

origin

Targeted

demographic

Meaning origin and notes References
Fire-worshipper Iran and elsewhere Zoroastrians Referring to Zoroastrians' veneration of fire as sacred. [120]

Yazidis

[edit]
Term Location of

origin

Targeted

demographic

Meaning origin and notes References
Devil-worshipper the Muslim world and elsewhere Yazidis Due to confusion of the Peacock Angel of Yazidi belief with Satan. [121]

Scientologists

[edit]
Term Location of

origin

Targeted

demographic

Meaning origin and notes References
Clam United States Scientologists Referring to a passage about clam engrams in L. Ron Hubbard's 1952 book, What To Audit, later renamed Scientology: A History of Man. [122]

African religions

[edit]
Term Location
of origin 		Targeted demographic Meaning origin and notes References
Voodoo United States Vodouists, African diaspora people, particularly Haitian Americans Used against people practicing any indigenous African religions to imply they are fraudulent and dangerous, with racialized connotations of curses and primitive superstitions. Used to justify Afrophobic legislation. [123]
Obeah Jamaica Practitioners of Obeah, Black Jamaicans Used against practicioners of Obeah as well as people who receive services from Obeah priests. Connotation of being fraudulent, deceptive, vengeful, and uncivilized. Originally used by colonial authorities to suppress slave rebellions that were organized by Obeah spiritual leaders. Laws still exist in Jamaica criminalizing Obeah. [124]

General non-believers

[edit]
Giaour
Word for a person who is not Muslim, but especially for a Christian. Adapted from the Turkish gâvur. In the Ottoman Empire, it was usually applied to Orthodox Christians.[125][126]
Heathen
A person who does not belong to a widely held religion (especially one who is not a Christian, Jewish, or Muslim) as regarded by those who do.[127]
Infidel
A term used generally for non-believers.[128]
Kafir
A person who is a non believer.[129] Used by some Muslims.[130] Not to be confused with the South-African slur Kaffir.
Murtad
A word meaning people who left Islam, mainly critics of Islam.[131]
Mushrik
A person who doesn't believe in Tawhid (Islamic monotheism) and practices polytheism, worships idols, saints, ancestors or graves.
Pagan
A person who believes in a non-Abrahamic religion. Synonymous with heathen.[132]
Savage
A member of a people the speaker regards as primitive and uncivilized. The term has also been applied to non-adherents of Christianity.[133][134]
Shiksa (female), shegetz (male)
(Yiddish) A non-Jewish girl (generally still single) or boy, or one who is of Jewish descent but does not practise Orthodox Judaism.[135][136] Primarily used to refer to non-Jews. See also "goy".

Religious practitioners in general

[edit]
Cult, cultist
Used as an ad hominem attack against groups with differing doctrines or practices.[137][138][139]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Garner's Modern American Usage (3rd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press, US. 2009. p. 286. ISBN 978-0199888771. Archived from the original on 12 February 2015. Retrieved 12 February 2015.
  2. ^ Eble, Connie (1996). Slang & sociability in-group language among college students. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. p. 157. ISBN 978-1469610573. Archived from the original on 12 February 2015. Retrieved 12 February 2015.
  3. ^ Dalzell, Tom (2007). The Concise New Partridge Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English. London: Routledge. p. 51. ISBN 9780203962114.
  4. ^ Gilbert, Robert E. (1 October 2008). "Ronald Reagan's Presidency: The Impact of an Alcoholic Parent". Political Psychology. 29 (5): 737–765. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9221.2008.00662.x.
  5. ^ Odermann, Valerian (February 2002). "Pass it on: Encouraging the heart". The American Monastic Newsletter. 32 (1). Archived from the original on 7 February 2012. Retrieved 14 November 2018. Yet a danger does still remain. It is the danger of "cafeteria Christianity," which lets people mix and match traditions any way they want, without discipline and without accountability. Unless we transcend cafeteria Christianity, our practices will be more sarabaite or gyrovague than Benedictine.
    - "Archbishop calls on Costa Ricans to abandon "cafeteria Christianity" and defend life". San Jose: Catholic News Agency. 29 March 2005. Archbishop Hugo Barrantes Urena of San Jose, Costa Rica, told Costa Ricans in his Easter message to embrace the faith without conditions or short-cuts and to defend the life of the unborn against efforts to legalize abortion. The archbishop warned that "based on a relativistic understanding of the Christian faith and a conditional adherence to the Church, some Catholics seek to construct a Christianity and, consequently, a Church to their own liking, unilateral and outside the identity and mission that Jesus Christ has fundamentally given us."
  6. ^ Leslie, Julia (22 November 2017). Authority and Meaning in Indian Religions: Hinduism and the Case of Valmiki. Routledge. p. 69. ISBN 978-1-351-77299-0. As a result, whatever their chosen religion, Panjabi dalits are invariably defined by caste: either they are grouped together as 'untouchable' (or by a similarly demeaning label, such as 'Chuhra-Chamar') or they are marginalized as a sub-category of the religious tradition in question, such as 'Achut' ('untouchable') Hindu or 'Mazhabi' Sikh.
  7. ^ Kaur, Naunidhi (21 May 2004). "Social boycotts, segregation". Frontline. Retrieved 1 October 2020. The term chuhra-chamar (scavenger and tanner) is freely employed by landlords belonging to the Jat community to refer to Dalits.
  8. ^ Khalid, Haroon (2 October 2016). "The language curse: How proud community names have been reduced to insults in Pakistan". scroll.in. Retrieved 28 September 2021.
  9. ^ Chaudhry, Kamran. "Pakistani politician draws censure for Christian slur". UCA News. Retrieved 28 September 2021.
  10. ^ Shuy, Roger W. (2009). The Language of Defamation Cases. Oxford University Press. p. 81. ISBN 9780199742318.
  11. ^ "God-botherer definition and meaning | Collins English Dictionary".
  12. ^ "ईसा मसीह (Isa Masih) meaning in English". HinKhoj. Retrieved 20 November 2024.
  13. ^ Pakistan NGO tackles demeaning low-caste word for 'Christians', World Watch Monitor
  14. ^ John, Vinod (19 November 2020). Believing Without Belonging?: Religious Beliefs and Social Belonging of Hindu Devotees of Christ. Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 111. ISBN 978-1-5326-9722-7. "Isai" is the most common form of address for Christians throughout northern India.
  15. ^ "Rice Christians". Brewer's Dictionary of Phrase and Fable. 1898. Archived from the original on 16 November 2018. Retrieved 17 April 2007.
  16. ^ The Term “rice bag” is a Derogatory way to Curb Dissent, SheThePeople TV
  17. ^ The Merriam-Webster Collegiate Dictionary describes the term as "sometimes offensive". Merriam-Webster, I. (2003). Merriam-Webster's collegiate dictionary. (Eleventh ed.). Springfield, MA: Merriam-Webster, Inc. Entry on "Cambellite."
  18. ^ Synan, Vinson (25 August 1997). The Holiness-Pentecostal Tradition: Charismatic Movements in the Twentieth Century. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 9. ISBN 978-0-8028-4103-2. At times the emotions of the sanctified Methodists would exceed the limits of control. "Some would be seized with a trembling, and in a few moments drop on the floor as if they were dead; while others were embracing each other with streaming eyes, and all were lose in wonder, love and praise," wrote one observer. Another noted that some wept for grief while others shouted for joy "so that it was hard to distinguish one from the other." At times the congregations would "raise a great shout" that could be heard for miles around.
  19. ^ Snyder, C. Albert (1 May 2006). Spiritual Journey. Xulon Press. p. 69. ISBN 9781600340161. Holiness means different things to different people. Our church, the Free Methodist, is a "holiness" church. One doctor said to me: "Free Methodists? I know about them; they are holy rollers. They used to have camp meetings near where I grew up."
  20. ^ "Definition of HOLY ROLLER". Merriam Webster. Retrieved 19 December 2021.
  21. ^ Flint, John; Kelly, John (2013). Bigotry, Football and Scotland. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press Ltd. p. 204. ISBN 978-0-7486-7037-6.
  22. ^ a b c d Hughes, Brendan (18 April 2017). "'Sponger' is slang for Catholic, says PSNI language guide". The Irish News. Archived from the original on 12 December 2017. Retrieved 11 April 2019.
  23. ^ Share, Bernard (2005), p. 253.
  24. ^ "Russellite - Academic Dictionaries and Encyclopedias". enacademic.com. Archived from the original on 12 February 2015. Retrieved 12 February 2015. Russellite /rus"euh luyt'/, n. Offensive. a member of the Jehovah's Witnesses. [1875-80, Amer.; after C. T. Russell; see -ITE1]
  25. ^ "russellite - Useful English Dictionary". enacademic.com. Archived from the original on 12 February 2015. Retrieved 12 February 2015. russellite ˈrəsəˌlīt noun (-s) Usage: usually capitalized Etymology: Charles Taze Russell died 1916 American religious leader + English -ite : one of the Jehovah's Witnesses — often taken to be offensive
  26. ^ "Shaker Farms Country Club - Westfield, MA". www.shakerfarmscc.com. Archived from the original on 12 October 2016. Retrieved 28 April 2016.
  27. ^ Paterwic, Stephen J. (11 August 2008). Historical Dictionary of the Shakers. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 9780810862555. Archived from the original on 1 May 2016. Retrieved 28 April 2016.
  28. ^ ""Let us labor": The Evolution of Shaker Dance". Shaker Heritage Society. 4 April 2012. Archived from the original on 23 September 2016. Retrieved 28 April 2016.
  29. ^ Smith, Lillian C.; Beasley, Erin; Coleman, Justin; Caldwell-Gross, Jevon; Lightsey, Pamela R.; Johnson, F. Willis; Ross, Vance P.; Graves, Rodney Lorenzo; Butler, Tori C.; Rasmus, Rev Rudy (3 November 2020). I'm Black. I'm Christian. I'm Methodist. Abingdon Press. ISBN 978-1-7910-1710-1. In the 1800s, Methodists were derided with the label "Shouting Methodists".
  30. ^ Hudson, Winthrop S. "Shouting Methodists". Alaskan Dreams. Retrieved 28 July 2019.
  31. ^ Hughes, "Ireland" p. 78
  32. ^ "Left-footer definition and meaning - Collins English Dictionary". www.collinsdictionary.com. Archived from the original on 24 September 2017. Retrieved 23 September 2017.
  33. ^ Partridge, Eric (2 May 2006). A Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English. Routledge. p. 674. ISBN 9781134963652.
  34. ^ "Socialist Worker page". 11 November 2011. Archived from the original on 11 November 2011. Retrieved 12 September 2019.
  35. ^ The New Partridge Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English Archived 9 July 2014 at the Wayback Machine p. 1250 (2005 Taylor & Francis)
  36. ^ Morrow, Maria C. (2016). "To Eat Meat or Not?: Paenitemini, The NCCB's Pastoral Statement, and the Decline of Penance". Sin in the Sixties: Catholics and Confession, 1955-1975. Washington DC: Catholic University of America Press. p. 182. ISBN 978-0-8132-2898-3. Retrieved 4 August 2017. So finally abstinence from meat on Friday became just a kind of badge of the fact we were Catholics
  37. ^ Dalzell, Tom; Victor, Terry (2014). The Concise New Partridge Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English. Routledge. p. 514. ISBN 9781317625124. Archived from the original on 16 February 2015. Retrieved 16 February 2015.
  38. ^ a b Simpson, Oxford Dictionary of Modern Slang "papist"; Share, Bernard (2005), p. 237.
  39. ^ Kersey, John (1772). A New English Dictionary.
  40. ^ Greenslade, Roy (22 April 2008). "Scots paper runs full-page apology for an insult to 'bead-rattling' Catholics". The Guardian. Retrieved 5 October 2024.
  41. ^ Horne, Marc (5 March 2024). "Sectarian march organiser posted anti-Muslim slurs online". The Times. Retrieved 5 October 2024.
  42. ^ Victor, Terry; Dalzell, Tom (1 December 2007). "Bead rattler". The Concise New Partridge Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-203-96211-4.
  43. ^ Pollock, Frederick; Stone, Arthur Paul, eds. (1902). "Wise v Dunning 1901 KB 169". The Law Reports. 1902. Appleton, William (Reporter). Incorporated Council of Law Reporting for England and Wales. At the meeting the appellant called Roman Catholics "rednecks," a name most insulting to them, and challenged them to get up.
  44. ^ "When did the term "Roman Catholic Church first come into being?". catholic.com. Retrieved 30 July 2022.
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  106. ^ Bhattacharjee, Manash Firaq. "We foreigners: What it means to be Bengali in India's Assam". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 7 September 2024.
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  137. ^ Compare: T.L. Brink (2008) Psychology: A Student Friendly Approach. "Unit 13: Social Psychology". pp 320 [1] Archived 26 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine - "Cult is a somewhat derogatory term for a new religious movement, especially one with unusual theological doctrine or one that is abusive of its membership."
  138. ^ Chuck Shaw – Sects and Cults Archived 25 March 2018 at the Wayback Machine – Greenville Technical College. Retrieved 21 March 2013.
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References

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