Bewick's wren: Difference between revisions

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-{{Taxobox
-| name = Bewick's Wren
-| status = LC
-| status_system = iucn3.1
-| image = Jpt_Wren_0755.jpg
-| image_width = 220px
-| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
-| phylum = [[Chordata]]
-| classis = [[Aves]]
-| ordo = [[Passeriformes]]
-| subordo = [[Passeri]]
-| infraordo = [[Passerida]]
-| familia = [[Troglodytidae]]
-| genus = '''''Thryomanes'''''
-| genus_authority = [[Philip Sclater|Sclater]], 1862
-| species = '''''T. bewickii'''''
-| binomial = ''Thryomanes bewickii''
-| binomial_authority = ([[John James Audubon|Audubon]], 1829)
-| subdivision_ranks = [[Subspecies]]
-| subdivision =
-–2 dozen living, 2 recently extinct; see article text
-| synonyms =
-''Thryomanes leucophrys''<br />
-''Thryothorus bewickii''<br />
-''Thryothorus brevicauda''<br />
-''Thryothorus brevicaudus''
-}}
-The '''Bewick's Wren''' ('''''Thryomanes bewickii''''') is a [[wren]] native to [[North America]]. At about 14 cm long, it is gray-brown above, white below, with a long white eyebrow. While similar in appearance to the [[Carolina Wren]], it has a long tail that is tipped in white. The song is loud and melodious, much like the song of other wrens. It lives in thickets, brush piles and hedgerows, open woodlands and scrubby areas, often near streams. Its range is from southern [[British Columbia]], [[Nebraska]], southern [[Ontario]], and southwestern [[Pennsylvania]] south to [[Mexico]], [[Arkansas]] and the northern Gulf States. It usually lays 5–7 eggs that are white with brown spots.
-This is currently the only [[species]] of its [[genus]], '''''Thryomanes'''''.  The [[Socorro Wren]], formerly placed here too, is actually a close relative of the [[House Wren]] complex, as indicated by [[biogeography]] and [[mtDNA]] [[NADH dehydrogenase]] [[subunit]] 2 [[DNA sequence|sequence]] analysis, whereas ''Thryomanes'' seems not too distant from the [[Carolina Wren]].<ref>Martínez Gómez ''et al.'' (2005)</ref>
-==Subspecies==
-A list of commonly recognized subspecies follows. Two have gone [[extinct]] during the 20th century, mainly due to habitat destruction and cat predation.<ref name = kennedy&white1997>Kennedy & White (1997)</ref>
-* ''T. b. bewickii'' <small>(Audubon)</small>. [[Midwest]]ern USA from NE [[Kansas]] to [[Missouri]] and E [[Texas]]. Includes ''T. b. pulichi'' as a [[junior synonym]].
-* ''T. b. altus'' <small>Aldrich</small>. Formerly in [[Appalachian]] region; S Ontario to [[South Carolina]], now quite rare. Possibly an [[Endangered species|endangered subspecies]], but possibly not distinct from ''bewickii''.
-* ''T. b. cryptus'' <small>Oberholser</small>. Central Kansas to N [[Tamaulipas]] in Mexico. Includes ''T. b. niceae''. Southeastern birds are sometimes separated as ''T. b. sadai''.
-* ''T. b. eremophilus'' <small>Oberholser</small>. E [[California]] inland, south to [[Zacatecas]] in Mexico.
-* ''T. b. calophonus'' <small>Oberholser</small>. SW British Columbia, [[Canada]], to W [[Oregon]]. Includes ''T. b. ariborius'' and ''T. b. hurleyi''. The former name refers to the population found in the area of [[Seattle]] and [[Vancouver]]; these birds are sometimes called '''Seattle Wren'''.
-* ''T. b. marinensis'' <small>Grinnell</small>. Coastal NW California to [[Marin County]].
-* ''T. b. spilurus'' <small>(Vigors)</small>. Coastal California from [[San Francisco Bay]] to [[Santa Cruz County, California|Santa Cruz County]].
-* ''T. b. drymoecus'' <small>Oberholser</small>. SW Oregon to [[California Central Valley]].
-* ''T. b. atrestus'' <small>Oberholser</small>. S Oregon to W [[Nevada]]. Probably not valid.
-* ''T. b. correctus'' <small>Grinnell</small>. SW coastal California to Mexican border; possibly synonym of ''charienturus''.
-* ''T. b. charienturus'' <small>Oberholser</small>. N [[Baja California Peninsula]] to about 30°N.
-* ''T. b. magdalenensis'' <small>Huey</small>. SW Baja California Peninsula from 26 to 24°N.
-* ''T. b. nesophilus'' <small>Oberholser</small>. [[Santa Rosa Island, California|Santa Rosa]], [[Santa Cruz Island|Santa Cruz]], and [[Anacapa Island]]s, California; probably also [[Santa Barbara Island|Santa Barbara]] and [[San Nicolas Island|San Nicolas]]; found on the mainland in winter. Possibly synonym of ''charienturus''.
-* ''T. b. catalinae'' <small>Grinnell</small>. [[Santa Catalina Island, California]]; found on the mainland in winter. Possibly synonym of ''charienturus''.
-* ''T. b. cerroensis'' <small>(Anthony)</small>. [[Cedros Island]] (Mexico) and W central Baja California. Includes ''T. b. atricauda''.
-* ''T. b. leucophrys'' <small>(Anthony)</small>. '''San Clemente Bewick's Wren'''. Formerly [[San Clemente Island]], California.
-:[[Extinct]] since the 1940s due to [[habitat destruction]] by feral [[goat]]s and [[sheep]]. Also called ''T. b. anthonyi''. Observations of ''leucophrys'' in 1897<ref name = kaeding1905>Kaeding (1905)</ref> refer to ''cerroensis''; at that time, the San Clemente wren was considered a good species which included the Cedros population.
-* ''T. b. brevicauda'' <small>Ridgway</small>. '''Guadalupe Bewick's Wren'''. Formerly [[Guadalupe Island]], Mexico.
-:This subspecies is [[extinct]] since (probably) the late 1890s due to habitat destruction by feral goats and predation by feral [[cat]]s. Overcollecting by scientists might have hastened its demise<ref name = anthony1901>Anthony (1901)</ref>. It was last collected (3 specimens) by Anthony and Streator in May 1892<ref name = anthony1901 /> and seen but found to be "nearly extinct" on March 22, 1897<ref name = kaeding1905 />. It was not found by Anthony in several searches between 1892 and 1901 and considered certainly extinct by 1901<ref name = anthony1901 />; a thorough search in 1906 confirmed the subspecies' extinction<ref>Thayer & Bangs (1908)</ref>.<ref>The often-reported extinction date of "1903" seems to be the first record of its absence rather than the last record of its presence{{Fact|date=October 2007}}<!-- secondary source is AOU checklist of 1957. Primary source is? Probably given in Grinnell 1928 -->. Actually, there appears to be no post-1897 record. The schedule of Anthony's visits after 1892 is not known; if he visited the island before 1897 he must have overlooked the last remnant of the population and thus his extinction date of 1901 may be called into question. By the balance of evidence, it is likely however that the subspecies became extinct between 1897 and 1901.</ref>
-* ''T. b. murinus'' <small>(Hartlaub)</small>. Eastern and central Mexico.
-* ''T. b. bairdi'' <small>(Salvin and Goodman)</small>. SE Mexico to S [[Puebla]].
-* ''T. b. percnus'' <small>(Oberholser)</small>. [[Jalisco]] to [[Guerrero]], Mexico.
-The last three are sometimes united as ''T. b. mexicanus''. The validity of subspecies needs to be verified using freshly-caught birds and/or molecular data, as specimens are prone to [[foxing]] quickly.<ref name = kennedy&white1997 />
-==Footnotes==
-<references/>
-==References==<!-- BullAMNH48:1 Condor9:77 -->
-* {{aut|Anthony, A.W.}} (1901): The Guadalupe Wren. ''[[Condor (journal)|Condor]]'' '''3'''(3): 73. [http://elibrary.unm.edu/sora/Condor/files/issues/v003n03/p0073-p0073.pdf PDF fulltext]
-* {{IUCN2007|assessors={{aut|BirdLife International}}|year=2004|id=52008|title=Thryomanes bewickii|downloaded=08 October 2007}}
-* {{aut|Kaeding, Henry B.}} (1905): Birds from the West Coast of Lower California and Adjacent Islands (Part II). ''[[Condor (journal)|Condor]]'' '''7'''(4): 134-138. [http://elibrary.unm.edu/sora/Condor/files/issues/v007n05/p0134-p0138.pdf PDF fulltext]
-* {{aut|Kennedy, E.D. & White, D.W.}} (1997): Bewick's Wren (''Thryomanes bewickii''). ''In:'' {{aut|Poole, A. & Gill, F. (eds.)}}: ''The Birds of North America'' '''315'''. The Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, PA & The American Ornithologists' Union, Washington, D.C.
-* {{aut|Martínez Gómez, Juan E.; Barber, Bruian R. & Peterson, A. Townsend}} (2005): Phylogenetic position and generic placement of the Socorro Wren (''Thryomanes sissonii''). ''[[Auk (journal)|Auk]]'' '''122'''(1): 50–56. [English with Spanish abstract] <small>[[Digital Object Identifier|DOI]]:10.1642/0004-8038(2005)122[0050:PPAGPO]2.0.CO;2</small> [http://www.specifysoftware.org/Informatics/bios/biostownpeterson/MBP_A_2005.pdf PDF fulltext]
-* {{aut|Thayer, John E. & Bangs, Outram}} (1908): The Present State of the Ornis of Guadaloupe Island. ''[[Condor (journal)|Condor]]'' '''10'''(3): 101-106. <small>{{doi|10.2307/1360977}}</small> [http://elibrary.unm.edu/sora/Condor/files/issues/v010n03/p0101-p0106.pdf PDF fulltext]
-== External links ==
-{{Commons|Thryomanes bewickii}}
-*[http://www.mbr-pwrc.usgs.gov/id/framlst/i7190id.html Bewick's Wren Information] - USGS Patuxent Bird Identification InfoCenter
-*[http://www.birds.cornell.edu/AllAboutBirds/BirdGuide/Bewicks_Wren.html Bewick's Wren Species Account] - Cornell Lab of Ornithology
-*[http://www.sdakotabirds.com/species/bewicks_wren_info.htm Bewick's Wren Information] - South Dakota Birds and Birding
-[[Category:Troglodytidae]]
-[[Category:Birds of North America|Wren, Bewick's]]
-[[fr:Thryomanes]]