Bewick's wren: Difference between revisions
Undid revision 251807301 by 66.4.15.172 (talk) |
|||
| Line 59: | Line 59: | ||
The last three are sometimes united as ''T. b. mexicanus''. The validity of subspecies needs to be verified using freshly-caught birds and/or molecular data, as specimens are prone to [[foxing]] quickly.<ref name = kennedy&white1997 /> |
The last three are sometimes united as ''T. b. mexicanus''. The validity of subspecies needs to be verified using freshly-caught birds and/or molecular data, as specimens are prone to [[foxing]] quickly.<ref name = kennedy&white1997 /> |
||
==Footnotes== |
==Footnotes==ioi |
||
<references/> |
|||
==References==<!-- BullAMNH48:1 Condor9:77 --> |
==References==<!-- BullAMNH48:1 Condor9:77 --> |
||
Revision as of 18:10, 14 November 2008
| Bewick's Wren | |
|---|---|
| |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | |
| Phylum: | |
| Class: | |
| Order: | |
| Suborder: | |
| Infraorder: | |
| Family: | |
| Genus: | Thryomanes Sclater, 1862
|
| Species: | T. bewickii
|
| Binomial name | |
| Thryomanes bewickii (Audubon, 1829)
| |
| Subspecies | |
|
1–2 dozen living, 2 recently extinct; see article text | |
| Synonyms | |
|
Thryomanes leucophrys | |
The Bewick's Wren (Thryomanes bewickii) is a wren native to North America. At about 14 cm long, it is gray-brown above, white below, with a long white eyebrow. While similar in appearance to the Carolina Wren, it has a long tail that is tipped in white. The song is loud and melodious, much like the song of other wrens. It lives in thickets, brush piles and hedgerows, open woodlands and scrubby areas, often near streams. Its range is from southern British Columbia, Nebraska, southern Ontario, and southwestern Pennsylvania south to Mexico, Arkansas and the northern Gulf States. It usually lays 5–7 eggs that are white with brown spots.
This is currently the only species of its genus, Thryomanes. The Socorro Wren, formerly placed here too, is actually a close relative of the House Wren complex, as indicated by biogeography and mtDNA NADH dehydrogenase subunit 2 sequence analysis, whereas Thryomanes seems not too distant from the Carolina Wren.[1]
Subspecies
A list of commonly recognized subspecies follows. Two have gone extinct during the 20th century, mainly due to habitat destruction and cat predation.[2]
- T. b. bewickii (Audubon). Midwestern USA from NE Kansas to Missouri and E Texas. Includes T. b. pulichi as a junior synonym.
- T. b. altus Aldrich. Formerly in Appalachian region; S Ontario to South Carolina, now quite rare. Possibly an endangered subspecies, but possibly not distinct from bewickii.
- T. b. cryptus Oberholser. Central Kansas to N Tamaulipas in Mexico. Includes T. b. niceae. Southeastern birds are sometimes separated as T. b. sadai.
- T. b. eremophilus Oberholser. E California inland, south to Zacatecas in Mexico.
- T. b. calophonus Oberholser. SW British Columbia, Canada, to W Oregon. Includes T. b. ariborius and T. b. hurleyi. The former name refers to the population found in the area of Seattle and Vancouver; these birds are sometimes called Seattle Wren.
- T. b. marinensis Grinnell. Coastal NW California to Marin County.
- T. b. spilurus (Vigors). Coastal California from San Francisco Bay to Santa Cruz County.
- T. b. drymoecus Oberholser. SW Oregon to California Central Valley.
- T. b. atrestus Oberholser. S Oregon to W Nevada. Probably not valid.
- T. b. correctus Grinnell. SW coastal California to Mexican border; possibly synonym of charienturus.
- T. b. charienturus Oberholser. N Baja California Peninsula to about 30°N.
- T. b. magdalenensis Huey. SW Baja California Peninsula from 26 to 24°N.
- T. b. nesophilus Oberholser. Santa Rosa, Santa Cruz, and Anacapa Islands, California; probably also Santa Barbara and San Nicolas; found on the mainland in winter. Possibly synonym of charienturus.
- T. b. catalinae Grinnell. Santa Catalina Island, California; found on the mainland in winter. Possibly synonym of charienturus.
- T. b. cerroensis (Anthony). Cedros Island (Mexico) and W central Baja California. Includes T. b. atricauda.
- T. b. leucophrys (Anthony). San Clemente Bewick's Wren. Formerly San Clemente Island, California.
- Extinct since the 1940s due to habitat destruction by feral goats and sheep. Also called T. b. anthonyi. Observations of leucophrys in 1897[3] refer to cerroensis; at that time, the San Clemente wren was considered a good species which included the Cedros population.
- T. b. brevicauda Ridgway. Guadalupe Bewick's Wren. Formerly Guadalupe Island, Mexico.
- This subspecies is extinct since (probably) the late 1890s due to habitat destruction by feral goats and predation by feral cats. Overcollecting by scientists might have hastened its demise[4]. It was last collected (3 specimens) by Anthony and Streator in May 1892[4] and seen but found to be "nearly extinct" on March 22, 1897[3]. It was not found by Anthony in several searches between 1892 and 1901 and considered certainly extinct by 1901[4]; a thorough search in 1906 confirmed the subspecies' extinction[5].[6]
- T. b. murinus (Hartlaub). Eastern and central Mexico.
- T. b. bairdi (Salvin and Goodman). SE Mexico to S Puebla.
- T. b. percnus (Oberholser). Jalisco to Guerrero, Mexico.
The last three are sometimes united as T. b. mexicanus. The validity of subspecies needs to be verified using freshly-caught birds and/or molecular data, as specimens are prone to foxing quickly.[2]
==Footnotes==ioi
References
- Anthony, A.W. (1901): The Guadalupe Wren. Condor 3(3): 73. PDF fulltext
- Template:IUCN2007
- Kaeding, Henry B. (1905): Birds from the West Coast of Lower California and Adjacent Islands (Part II). Condor 7(4): 134-138. PDF fulltext
- Kennedy, E.D. & White, D.W. (1997): Bewick's Wren (Thryomanes bewickii). In: Poole, A. & Gill, F. (eds.): The Birds of North America 315. The Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, PA & The American Ornithologists' Union, Washington, D.C.
- Martínez Gómez, Juan E.; Barber, Bruian R. & Peterson, A. Townsend (2005): Phylogenetic position and generic placement of the Socorro Wren (Thryomanes sissonii). Auk 122(1): 50–56. [English with Spanish abstract] DOI:10.1642/0004-8038(2005)122[0050:PPAGPO]2.0.CO;2 PDF fulltext
- Thayer, John E. & Bangs, Outram (1908): The Present State of the Ornis of Guadaloupe Island. Condor 10(3): 101-106. doi:10.2307/1360977 PDF fulltext
External links
- Bewick's Wren Information - USGS Patuxent Bird Identification InfoCenter
- Bewick's Wren Species Account - Cornell Lab of Ornithology
- Bewick's Wren Information - South Dakota Birds and Birding
- ^ Martínez Gómez et al. (2005)
- ^ a b Kennedy & White (1997)
- ^ a b Kaeding (1905)
- ^ a b c Anthony (1901)
- ^ Thayer & Bangs (1908)
- ^ The often-reported extinction date of "1903" seems to be the first record of its absence rather than the last record of its presence[citation needed]. Actually, there appears to be no post-1897 record. The schedule of Anthony's visits after 1892 is not known; if he visited the island before 1897 he must have overlooked the last remnant of the population and thus his extinction date of 1901 may be called into question. By the balance of evidence, it is likely however that the subspecies became extinct between 1897 and 1901.