Jump to content

Armed factions in the Syrian civil war

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

A number of states and armed groups have involved themselves in the Syrian civil war (2011–present) as belligerents. The main groups were the Syrian Arab Republic and allies, the Syrian opposition and allies, Al-Qaeda and affiliates, Islamic State, and the Kurdish Syrian Democratic Forces.

Ba'athist regime and allies

[edit]
Main articles: Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region and Ba'athist Syria

A number of sources have emphasized that as of at least late-2015/early-2016 the Syrian Arab Republic was dependent on a mix of volunteers and militias, rather than the Syrian Armed Forces.[1][2] Between 2016 and 2020, with the help of Russia and Iran, the Syrian Arab Armed Forces were rebuilt and united most of the armed militias.[3]

Syrian Armed Forces

[edit]
Main article: Syrian Armed Forces
The funeral procession of Syrian General Mohammed al-Awwad who was assassinated in Damascus in 2012
Syrian Army soldiers after the 2016 Palmyra offensive.

The Syrian Armed Forces are made up of the Syrian Arab Army (includes Republican Guard), Syrian Naval Forces, Syrian Air Forces and Syrian Air Defense Forces.[4] Before the uprising and war broke out, the Syrian Armed Forces were estimated at 295,000 regular troops and 314,000 reservists.[5] While the higher positions in the army were mostly occupied by Alawites, the ground troops were mostly made up of Sunnis, and once the uprisings began, the Syrian regime hesitated to employ these troops against the Sunni rebels.[6] Therefore, the army relied on loyal elite units and Alawite militias such as the Shabiha.[6] Due to defections following the uprisings, by the end of 2013 the number of regular troops had decreased to around 110,000.[7] As of 2024, the Syrian Army was estimated at 169,000 active troops.[8] Most of the divisions in the army are under-strength, but Russia has been assisting in the reconstruction and re-equipment of some divisions.[9]

National Defense Forces

[edit]
Main article: National Defence Forces

The Syrian NDF (Arabic: قوات الدفاع الوطني Quwāt ad-Difāʿ al-Watanī) was formed out of pro-government militias in 2013.[10] The forces act in an infantry role, directly fighting against rebels on the ground and running counter-insurgency operations in coordination with the army, who provides them with logistical and artillery support. Many of the fighters are trained in Iran,[11] and they receive their salaries and military equipment from the Syrian government.[12] As of 2024, the NDF numbers around 50,000 troops.[9] The forces have a 500-strong women's wing called "Lionesses of National Defense" which operates checkpoints.[13] The NDF are mostly made up of Alawites,[10] but many of the Syrian Christian militias (such as Sootoro in Al-Hasakah) also fight on the Syrian government's side to defend their ancient towns, villages and farmsteads from ISIL (see also Christian Militias in Syria).[14]

Shabiha

[edit]
Main article: Shabiha

The Shabiha (Levantine Arabic: شَبِّيحَة Šabbīḥa, pronounced [ʃabˈbiːħa]; also romanized Shabeeha or Shabbiha; lit. 'ghosts') are unofficial pro-government militias drawn largely from Syria's Alawite minority group. Since the uprising, the Baathist Syrian government has been accused of using Shabiha to break up protests and enforce laws in restive neighborhoods.[15] As the protests escalated into an armed conflict, the opposition started using the term Shabiha to describe civilians they suspected of supporting Bashar al-Assad and the Syrian government and clashing with pro-opposition demonstrators.[16] The opposition blames the Shabiha for the many violent excesses committed against anti-government protesters and opposition sympathizers,[16] as well as looting and destruction.[17]

The Shabiha phenomenon started in the 1980s, not as one specific group but as a number of criminal and semi-criminal groups affiliated with the Assad clan.[6] Bassel al-Assad attempted to curtail their activities in the 1990s but did not fully succeed.[6] The Shabiha have been described as "a notorious Alawite paramilitary, who are accused of acting as unofficial enforcers for Assad's government";[18] "gunmen loyal to Assad",[19] and, according to the Qatar-based Arab Center for Research and Policy Studies, "semi-criminal gangs comprised of thugs close to the government".[19] Despite the group's image as an Alawite militia, some Shabiha operating in Aleppo have been reported to be Sunnis.[20]

Hezbollah

[edit]
Main article: Hezbollah involvement in the Syrian civil war

Hezbollah is an Iran-backed Shia armed group and political force based in Lebanon. On 25 May 2013, its leader Hassan Nasrallah confirmed that Hezbollah troops were fighting with the Syrian army against Islamic extremists and pledged that "his group will not allow Syrian militants to control areas that border Lebanon".[21] In the televised address, he said, "If Syria falls in the hands of America, Israel and the takfiris, the people of our region will go into a dark period."[22] He also called on Shiites and Hezbollah to protect the shrine of Sayida Zeinab.[23] President Bashar al-Assad had denied earlier that May that there were foreign fighters, Arab or otherwise, fighting for the government in Syria.[24]

Hezbollah's decision to aid the Syrian government is most likely due to the fact that they enjoy the protection of the government when it comes to the group's arms procurement and storage in Syria.[7] Syria forms an important access corridor between Hezbollah in Lebanon and their supporter, Iran, and the survival of a regime that was friendly to Hezbollah was in the group's best interest.[6]

In 2012 and 2013, Hezbollah was active in gaining control of territory in the Homs Governorate in Syria.[25][23] By May 2013 the group was publicly collaborating with the Syrian Army[26][22] and helping them to gain control of 60 percent of Al-Qusayr by May 14.[26] In Lebanon, an increase in the funerals of Hezbollah fighters was reported, as well as the shelling of Hezbollah-controlled areas by Syrian rebels.[26]

According to independent analysts, by the beginning of 2014, approximately 500 Hezbollah fighters had died in the Syrian conflict.[27] In 2014, Nasrallah claimed the Hezbollah fighters had helped Assad take back control over the country, and that the Syrian regime was no longer in danger of being toppled.[28] The current number of Hezbollah troops in Syria is estimated to be around 7000-8000.[9]

Iran

[edit]
Main article: Iranian intervention in the Syrian civil war
Bodies of Iranian casualties return to Kermanshah, August 2016.

Since the civil uprising phase of the Syrian civil war, Iran has provided the Syrian Arab Republic with financial, technical, and military support, including the training and sending of combat troops.[29][30][31] Iran and Syria are close strategic allies, as Iran sees the survival of the Assad government as being crucial to its regional interests.[31][32] Iran's supreme leader, Ali Khamenei, was reported to be vocally in favor of the Baathist government.[30]

By December 2013, Iran was thought to have approximately 10,000 operatives in Syria.[32] But according to Jubin Goodarzi, assistant professor and researcher at Webster University, Iran aided Baathist Syria with a limited number of deployed units and personnel, "at most in the hundreds ... and not in the thousands as opposition sources claimed".[33] Lebanese Hezbollah fighters backed by Tehran have taken direct combat roles since 2012.[32][34] In the summer of 2013, Iran and Hezbollah provided important battlefield support for Syrian forces, allowing them to make advances on the opposition.[34] In 2014, coinciding with the peace talks at Geneva II, Iran has stepped up support for Syrian President Assad.[32][34] The Syrian Minister of Finance and Economy stated more than 15 billion dollars had come from the Iranian government.[35] Prior to his assassination, Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps's Quds Force commander Qasem Soleimani was in charge of Syrian President Assad's security portfolio and oversaw the arming and training of thousands of pro-government Shi'ite fighters.[36]

By 2015, 328 IRGC troops, including several commanders, had reportedly been killed in the Syrian civil war since it began.[37] As of 2024, the estimated number of Iranian troops in Syria is 1500.[9]

Foreign Shia militias

[edit]
Liwa Fatemiyoun fighters during the Palmyra offensive in December 2016

Besides training and sending troops, Iran has also recruited Shia fighters from Iraq, Afghanistan and Pakistan to fight on behalf of the Syrian Arab Republic.[38] The number of Afghans fighting in Syria has been estimated at "between 10,000 and 18,000" at its height, but is currently estimated between 500-1500.[39] The main force composed of Afghan fighters is the liwa' fatimiyun (Fatemiyoun Brigade), which was found in late 2012.[40][41] The number of Pakistani fighters is much lower, between 800 and 2500, and concentrated in the liwa' zaynabiyun (Zaynabiyun Brigade) formed in November 2015.[38][42] Many or most of the fighters were refugees living in Iran, and survivors and defectors of the Fatemiyoun reported being coerced or bribed into joining the militia, and being sent to the most dangerous front lines with little to no training.[43]

Russia

[edit]
Main articles: Russian involvement in the Syrian civil war and Russian intervention in the Syrian civil war
See also: Russian naval facility in Tartus and Khmeimim Air Base
Russian troops in Aleppo in December 2016

On 30 September 2015, Russia launched a military intervention in Syria (at the request of Bashar Al-Assad) to support the government of Bashar al-Assad in its fight against the rebels and Islamic State (IS).[44][45] The Russian forces proved to be a deciding factor in the war, helping the Assad regime to stay in power.[46] The Syrian war became an important testing ground and boost for Russian army and Russian-based military group, such as the Wagner Group.[47] In 2022, Russia withdrew most of their troops from Syria, to reinforce their army at the front in Ukraine.[48] As of 2024, the estimated number of Russian troops in Syria is 4000.[9] The Russian government and the Syrian government have long been allies, and the fall of the regime would have meant the loss of an important Russian ally in the region.[47]

In a March 2023 interview with Russian media, Assad stated that he would welcome more Russian troops and military bases in Syrian territory.[49]

Syrian opposition and allies

[edit]
Main article: Syrian opposition

Syrian National Coalition and Interim Government

[edit]

Syrian National Council

[edit]
Main article: Syrian National Council

Formed on 23 August 2011, the National Council is a coalition of anti-government groups, based in Turkey. The group includes signatories of the 2005 Damascus Declaration, the Syrian Muslim Brotherhood, Kurdish and Assyrian factions, representatives of Alawi communities and Local Coordination Committees.[50] The National Council seeks the end of Bashar al-Assad's rule and the establishment of a modern, civil, democratic state. SNC has links with the Free Syrian Army. The Kurdish parties eventually left the Council, after it resisted their demands for political decentralisation.[50]

Syrian National Coalition

[edit]
Main article: National Coalition of Syrian Revolutionary and Opposition Forces
Syrian National Coalition members in Doha, 11 November 2012. In center, president al-Khatib, along with VPs Seif and Atassi, as well as all SNC chairmen Ghalioun, Sieda and Sabra.

On 11 November 2012 in Doha, the National Council and other opposition groups united as the National Coalition of Syrian Revolutionary and Opposition Forces.[51] The Syrian National Council has 22 out of 60 seats of the Syrian National Coalition.[52] The following day, it was recognised as the legitimate government of Syria by numerous Arab Gulf states, and later by the US, France, Turkey, Spain and the UK as well.[53]

Delegates to the Coalition's leadership council are to include women and representatives of religious and ethnic minorities, including Alawites. The military council will reportedly include the Free Syrian Army.[54] The main aims of the National Coalition are replacing the Bashar al-Assad government and "its symbols and pillars of support", "dismantling the security services", unifying and supporting the Free Syrian Army, refusing dialogue and negotiation with the al-Assad government, and "holding accountable those responsible for killing Syrians, destroying [Syria], and displacing [Syrians]."[55]

The NC was criticised for their weak political and organisational dynamics, caused by internal power conflicts.[50] The NC's main function was to coordinate the humanitarian assistance, instead of forming a real political leadership.[50]

Interim Government

[edit]
Main article: Syrian Interim Government

In 2013, after pressure from France, Turkey and Qatar, the Syrian National Coalition formed the Syrian Interim Government (SIG), in order to rule the territories which had been liberated from the regime.[56][50] The SIG was created to give the opposition movement more legitimacy 'on the ground', by offering humanitarian assistance and governance.[50] The minister of defence was to be chosen by the Free Syrian Army.[57] The interim government's headquarters in Syria are located in the city of Azaz in Aleppo Governorate.[58][59] As of June 2019 its prime minister is Abdurrahman Mustafa and as of July 2021 its president is Salem al-Meslet.

Free Syrian Army and affiliate groups

[edit]
Main article: Free Syrian Army
Free Syrian Army fighters being transported by pickup truck
Flag of the Free Syrian Army

The formation of the Free Syrian Army (FSA) was announced on 29 July 2011 by a group of defecting Syrian Army officers, encouraging others to defect to defend civilian protesters from violence by the state and effect government change.[60] By December 2011, estimates of the number of defectors to the FSA ranged from 1,000 to over 25,000.[61] The group received weaponry, provisions and money from regional states such as Saudi Arabia, Qatar and Turkey, and from the US.[62] The FSA, initially "headquartered" in Turkey, moved its headquarters to northern Syria in September 2012, and currently functions more as an umbrella organisation than a traditional military chain of command.[63][62]

The group started out with guerilla-style raids and ambushes, but as they gathered more members more complex assault tactics were used.[62]

FSA soldiers plan during the Battle of Aleppo (October 2012).

The designation of the FSA by the West as a moderate opposition faction has allowed it, under the CIA-run programmes,[64][65] to receive sophisticated weaponry and other military support from the U.S., Turkey and some Gulf countries.[66] However, the aid which was coming in from other countries did not flow through a centralised command but in a fragmented way, based on personal contacts, which led to internal rivalries within the FSA.[62]

Syrian opposition campaign in support of Syria in 2012

Abu Yusaf, a commander of the Islamic State (IS), claimed in August 2014 that many of the FSA members who had been trained by United States' and Turkish and Arab military officers ended up joining IS.[67] However, by September 2014 the Free Syrian Army was joining an alliance and common front with Kurdish militias including the YPG to fight IS.[68]

In December 2015, according to the American Institute for the Study of War, groups identifying as FSA were still present around Aleppo and Hama and in southern Syria, and the FSA was still "the biggest and most secular of the rebel groups."[69] However, the group continued to suffer losses from fighters who joined the Syrian Democratic Forces or IS.[70]

After the Turkish military intervention in Syria in 2016, and as other countries began to scale back their involvement, the FSA became more dependent on Turkish help.[71] For the FSA, Turkey was a sanctuary and a source of supplies. From late August 2016, the Turkish government assembled a new coalition of Syrian rebel groups, including many that were in the FSA. Often referred to as the Turkish-backed Free Syrian Army (TFSA), this force would adopt the name Syrian National Army in 2017.[72][73]

By March 2017, the FSA together with Kurdish militias finished clearing the Islamic State from the north of Syria.[74]

The FSA currently works in the 55 km area, alongside the border with Iraq and Jordan to prevent drug trafficking and IS activity in the region.[75][76]

Syrian National Army

[edit]
Main article: Syrian National Army

On 30 December 2017, at least 30 factions operating under the banner of the Syrian Interim Government merged in a unified armed group after four months of preparations. Jawad Abu Hatab, the Prime Minister and the Defence Minister, announced the forming of the Syrian National Army after meeting with rebel commanders in the town of Azaz. The newly formed body claimed to have 22,000 fighters, many of them trained and equipped by Turkey.[77] Though concentrated in Turkish-occupied areas, originally as a part of Operation Euphrates Shield,[78] the SNA also established a presence in the Idlib Governorate during the 2019 northwestern Syria offensive,[79][80][78] and consolidated its presence when the National Front for Liberation joined the SNA on 4 October 2019.

The official aims of the group are to assist the Republic of Turkey in creating a "safe zone" in Syria, and to establish a National Army.[81] They are strong opponents of the Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF),[82][83] and have also fought the Islamic State (ISIL) and, to a lesser extent, the Baathist Syrian government's Syrian Arab Army.[78] The SNA has a law enforcement equivalent, the Free Police, which is also backed by Turkey. The SNA currently controls the Afrin area, and nearby areas of Syria bordering Turkey, including the town of Jarabalus.[84] They are currently estimated to have around 70,000 fighters, and have been involved in clashes with the group Hayat Tahrir al-Sham since 2022.[9][84]

National Coordination Committee for Democratic Change

[edit]
Main article: National Coordination Committee for Democratic Change

Formed in 2011 and based in Damascus, the National Coordination Committee for Democratic Change is an opposition bloc consisting of 13 left-wing and Arab nationalist political parties and "independent political and youth activists".[85][50] It has been defined by Reuters as the internal opposition's main umbrella group.[86] In 2011, the group organised its first conference, opposing militarisation, internationalisation and sectarianisation of the uprising.[50] Initially, the NCC had several Kurdish political parties as members, but all except for the Democratic Union Party left in October 2011 to join the Kurdish National Council.[87]

Relations with other Syrian political opposition groups are generally poor. In 2011, the on-the-ground protest movement rejected the NCC in favour of the Syrian National Council (SNC).[50] The Syrian Revolution General Commission, the Local Coordination Committees of Syria and the Supreme Council of the Syrian Revolution oppose the NCC' calls to dialogue with the Baathist government.[88] Some of the organisations have accused the NCC of being a "front organisation" for Bashar al-Assad's government and some of its members of being ex-government insiders.[89] In September 2012, the SNC reaffirmed that despite broadening its membership, it would not join with "currents close to [the] NCC".[90] Despite the NCC recognising the Free Syrian Army on 23 September 2012,[91] the FSA has dismissed the NCC as an extension of the government, stating that "this opposition is just the other face of the same coin".[86]

In June 2023, the NCC came to an agreement with the Syrian Democratic Council and the two groups published a "consensus document" in which they stated their shared goals and visions for the future of Syria.[92] These goals include the drafting of a new constitution, the rejection of separatist and divisive groups and the establishment of one united national democratic front.[92]

Hayat Tahrir al-Sham

[edit]
Main articles: Tahrir al-Sham and Syrian Salvation Government

In January 2017, Hayat Tahrir al-Sham (HTS) was formed when al-Nusra Front joined with other Salafi factions Ansar al-Din Front, Jaysh al-Sunna, the Nour al-Din al-Zenki Movement and Liwa al-Haqq. (The Ansar al-Din Front and the Nour al-Din al-Zenki Movement have since split off).[93][94] The newly-formed HTS went on to gain more followers from defectors from Ahrar al-Sham. HTS fighters went after IS militants who fled to Idlib after their defeat and cracked down on Hurras al-Din, another militant group with ties to al-Qaeda.[95]

Flag of the Syrian Salvation Government

In November 2017, HTS created the Syrian Salvation government, an alternative government of the Syrian Opposition which currently governs parts of the Idlib Governorate. It is seen as illegitimate by the opposition's main Syrian Interim Government.[96] Initially, the Salvation government harshly enforced a strict interpretation of Islamic law, but in recent years the group has become more tolerant.[95] The religious police has been disbanded and the HTS leader is advocating against the US designation of the group as a terrorist organisation, calling it "unfair".[95] Contrary to al-Qaeda, HTS does not strive to create a global caliphate but is more locally oriented, with its primary objective being the establishment of Islamic rule in Syria through “toppling the criminal [Assad] regime and expelling the Iranian militias."[97] The group gains money through spoils captured from the regime and opposition factions, prisoner exchange deals, the plunder of historical sites and the selling of artifacts, the claiming of private property from Christians and government supporters, and through taxes.[98]

The current leader of HTS is Ahmed al-Sharaa, popularly known as "Abu Mohammad al-Julani". The group had an estimated 10,000 members in 2024.[9] HTS has denied being part of al-Qaeda and said in a statement that it is "an independent entity and not an extension of previous organisations or factions".[99] The group has been involved in fierce clashes with the Syrian National Army in the north of Syria since 2022.[84] In the beginning of 2024, protests broke out across Idlib province against HTS, their mismanagement of the local economy, and the detention and torture of political prisoners.[100]

Al-Qaeda and affiliates

[edit]
See also: Al-Qaeda
The scene of the October 2012 Aleppo bombings, for which al-Nusra Front claimed responsibility[101]
Flag of Hurras al-Din

Al-Qaeda is a jihadist militant group that was found in 1988 in Pakistan by Osama Bin Laden.[102] Several groups aligned with Al-Qaeda have become armed actors in the Syrian Civil War.

Al-Nusra Front / Jabhat Fateh al-Sham

[edit]
Main article: Al-Nusra Front

Prior to the expansion of ISIL, al-Qaeda's Syrian affiliate,[103] the al-Nusra Front was often considered to be the most aggressive and violent part of the opposition.[104] Being responsible for over 50 suicide bombings, including several deadly explosions in Damascus in 2011 and 2012, it was recognized as a terrorist organization by the Syrian Arab Republic and was designated as such by United States in December 2012.[105] In April 2013, the leader of the Islamic State of Iraq released an audio statement announcing that al-Nusra Front is its branch in Syria.[106] The leader of al-Nusra, Abu Mohammad al-Julani, said that the group would not merge with the Islamic State of Iraq but would still maintain allegiance to Ayman al-Zawahiri, the leader of al-Qaeda.[107] From 2012 to 2016, the estimated manpower of al-Nusra Front was approximately 6,000–10,000 people, including many foreign fighters.[108][109][110]

The relationship between the al-Nusra Front and the indigenous Syrian opposition was tense, even though al-Nusra has fought alongside the FSA in several battles and some FSA fighters defected to the al-Nusra Front.[111] The Mujahideen's strict religious views and willingness to impose sharia law disturbed many Syrians.[112] Some rebel commanders have accused foreign jihadists of "stealing the revolution", robbing Syrian factories and displaying religious intolerance.[113]

The al-Nusra Front renamed itself Jabhat Fateh al-Sham (JFS) in June 2016. In 2017, the group merged together with other groups into Hayat Tahrir al-Sham.

Hurras al-Din

[edit]
Main article: Hurras al-Din

Tanzim Hurras al-Din is a Salafi Jihadist group that was formed as a merger between several al-Qaeda aligned factions in February 2018.[114] The head of the group, Abu Humam al-Shami, is a Syrian who fought with al-Qaeda in Afghanistan during the 1990s and previously with the al-Nusra Front, but who left when the group broke official ties with al-Qaeda.[115][116] Since 2020, Hurras al-Din has not been officially endorsed by al-Qaeda.[114] The group is currently estimated to have around 2500 fighters, an estimated half of whom are foreign fighters, a much higher percentage than in HTS.[9][115]

Islamic State

[edit]
Main article: Islamic State
Flag of ISIS
Much of Raqqa suffered extensive damage during the battle of Raqqa in June–October 2017.

The group called Dā'ash or the Islamic State (abbrv. IS, ISIL or ISIS), began to make rapid military gains in Northern Syria starting in April 2013 and as of mid-2014 controlled large parts of that region, where the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights described it as "the strongest group".[117] The group strives to establish a global caliphate, by waging war on the "disbelievers".[118] It has imposed strict Sharia law over land that it controls. The group was found by the Iraqi fighter Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, and had an estimated 7,000 fighters in Syria, including many non-Syrians, by the end of 2013.[119] IS was originally affiliated with al-Qaeda, until al-Qaeda officially severed ties with the group in early 2014.[119]

The group gathered international attention for its gruesome abuses of human rights and for not tolerating non-Islamist militia groups, foreign journalists or aid workers, whose members it has expelled, imprisoned, or executed.[120][121] Just across the border from Syria in Iraq, IS has carried out a genocide of the Yazidi people, killing hundreds of men, enslaving thousands of women and children and expelling the Yazidis from their homeland.[122]

By summer 2014, ISIL controlled a third of Syria.[123] It established itself as the dominant force of Syrian opposition, defeating Jabhat al-Nusra in Deir Ezzor Governorate and claiming control over most of Syria's oil and gas production.[123] Mostly, the group was engaging in offensives against the Syrian Armed Forces and the Free Syrian Army, but they also targeted the Syrian Democratic Forces.[124] ISIL have planted bombs in the ancient city area of Palmyra, which is counted as a UNESCO World Heritage Site as it is home to some of the most extensive and best-preserved ancient Roman ruins in the world.[125] Having lost nearly half of their territory in Iraq between 2014 and 2016, some Islamic State leaders in Iraq moved into Syria, further destabilising the region.[126]

Starting in 2014, an international coalition of states intervened against ISIL. A number of countries, including some individual NATO members, participated in air operations in Syria that came to be overseen by the Combined Joint Task Force, set up by the US Central Command to coordinate military efforts against ISIL pursuant to their collectively undertaken commitments, including those of 3 December 2014.[127] Those who have conducted airstrikes in Syria include the United States, Australia, Bahrain, Canada, France, Jordan, the Netherlands, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, the United Arab Emirates, and the United Kingdom.[128] Some members are involved in the conflict beyond combating ISIL; Turkey has been accused of fighting against Kurdish forces in Syria and Iraq, including intelligence collaborations with ISIL in some cases.[129] As of December 2017, Russia declared ISIL to be totally defeated within Syria.[130] At the end of 2018, the US declared it defeated, although its UK and German allies disagreed.[131][132] On 23 March 2019 the US-backed Syrian Democratic Forces declared ISIS Defeated, after seizing their last enclave of territory.[133] In October 2019, the US assassinated IS leader al-Baghdadi.[134][135] ISIL named Abu Ibrahim al Hashimi al-Qurayshi as Baghdadi's successor.[136] As of 2024, ISIL continues to be active militarily in Northeast Syria, although it has lost almost all of its territory.[137] Instead, most of the group's activity nowadays is carried out by affiliate branches in Afghanistan, Pakistan and various countries in Africa.[138] Some international forces have remained in Syria to carry out missions against IS members and to prevent a resurgence of the movement.[139]

AANES

[edit]
Main article: Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria

The Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria, also known as Rojava, is a de facto autonomous region in northeastern Syria.[140][141] It consists of self-governing sub-regions in the areas of Afrin, Jazira, Euphrates, Raqqa, Tabqa, Manbij, and Deir Ez-Zor.[140][142] The region gained its de facto autonomy in 2012 in the context of the ongoing Rojava conflict and the wider Syrian civil war, in which its official military force, the Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF), has taken part.[143][144] The Syrian Democratic Council is the political wing of the Syrian Democratic Forces and serves as the legislative government of the AANES.

Syrian Democratic Council

[edit]
Main article: Syrian Democratic Council

The Syrian Democratic Council was established on 10 December 2015 in al-Malikiyah.[145] It was co-founded by prominent human rights activist Haytham Manna and was intended as the political wing of the Syrian Democratic Forces. The council includes more than a dozen blocs and coalitions that support federalism in Syria, including the Movement for a Democratic Society, the Kurdish National Alliance in Syria, the Law–Citizenship–Rights Movement, and since September 2016, the Syria's Tomorrow Movement. In March 2016 the Council declared the creation of an autonomous federation in Northeast Syria and in August that year they opened a public office in al-Hasakah.[146][147]

The Syrian Democratic Council was excluded from the international Geneva III peace talks on Syria in March 2016, as well as other talks since, because of opposition from the Turkish state.

Syrian Democratic Forces

[edit]
Main articles: Syrian Democratic Forces and Rojava conflict
Kurds showing their support for the PYD in Afrin during the conflict

The Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) are an alliance of mainly Kurdish but also Arab, Assyrian, and Turkmen militias with mainly left-wing and democratic confederalist political leanings. They are opposed to the Assad government, but have directed most of their efforts against Al-Nusra Front and ISIL.

The group formed in December 2015, led primarily by the predominantly Kurdish People's Protection Units (YPG). Estimates of its size range from 55,000[148] to 80,000 fighters.[149] While largely Kurdish, it is estimated that about 40% of the fighters are non-Kurdish.[150] Kurds – mostly Sunni Muslims, with a small minority of Yezidis – represented 10% of Syria's population at the start of the uprising in 2011. They had suffered from decades of discrimination and neglect, being deprived of basic civil, cultural, economic, and social rights.[151]: 7  When protests began, Assad's government finally granted citizenship to an estimated 200,000 stateless Kurds, in an effort to try and neutralize potential Kurdish opposition.[152] Despite this concession, most Kurds remain opposed to the government, hoping instead for a more decentralized Syria based on federalism.[153] The Syriac Military Council, like many Assyrian militias (such as Khabour Guards, Nattoreh, and Sutoro), originally formed to defend Assyrian villages, but joined the Kurdish forces to retake Hasakah from ISIS in late 2015[154] The Female Protection Forces of the Land Between the Two Rivers is an all-female force of Assyrian fighters in north east Syria fighting ISIS alongside other Assyrian and Kurdish units.[155]

The Syrian Democratic Forces have received military and economic support from the US, which regards the group as an important ally in their fight against IS.[156]

Other external forces

[edit]

Turkey

[edit]

The Turkish Air Force force has launched multiple airstrikes into Syria against multiple factions such as the SDF,[157] SAAF, and ISIS. Turkey has also occupied multiple regions in northern Syria.[158]

US

[edit]

The US has launched multiple targeted air raids against both ISIS and pro government forces. The United States Army has also manned the al-Tanf base and at least four other sites to support the SDF and combat ISIS.[159]

Israel

[edit]

Israel has attacked multiple Iranian militias in Syria and Axis of Resistance member Hezbollah. In April 2024 Israel launched an Israeli airstrike on the Iranian consulate in Damascus. After the fall of the Assad regime, the Syrian soldiers who were supposed to man the buffer zone, abandoned their posts on the side of the Golan Heights that was under the control of Syria. Therefore, on 8 December 2024, Israel moved IDF units into the abandoned positions in order to prevent any militias or terrorists from taking the abandoned positions.

Opposing forces

[edit]
Ba'athist Syria Syrian Arab Republic
and allies
Russia–Syria–Iran–Iraq coalition (until Dec 8, 2024) 		Syrian oppositionTurkey Syrian opposition/Syrian transitional government and allies Syrian oppositionAutonomous Administration of North and East Syria Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria and allies Salafi Jihadist groups  Israel and allies
Ba'athist Syria Syrian government forces

Ba'athist Syria Police forces

Allied armed groups:

 Iran[245][246][247] (2013–Dec 6, 2024)

 Russia[261] (2015–2024)

Popular Mobilization Forces

Armament support:

Facility support:

 Iraq (limited airstrikes on IS in eastern Syria, 2017)

Syrian opposition Free Syrian Army (decentralized from 2015)

Syrian oppositionTurkey Joint Operations Rooms

Syrian oppositionTurkey Police forces

Allied armed groups:

 Turkey (from 2016)

 United States (against IS, 2014–2017, and limited strikes against pro-government forces, 2017–2018)

 United Kingdom (limited strikes against pro-government forces, 2017–2018)[389]

 France (limited strikes against pro-government forces, 2017–2018)[389]

Armament support:

Support:

Hay'at Tahrir al-Sham (from 2017)

Support:

 Ukraine

Syrian Democratic Forces

SDF Military Councils

Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria Police forces

Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria Civilian defence units

Allied armed groups:

Iraqi Kurdistan

 Iraq (until 20 November 2018)

Armament support:

CJTF-OIR (against IS)

 Iraq (limited airstrikes and border operations against IS in northern Syria, June – Nov 2018)

Former:

 Russia[589][590][591][592][593][594]
(against IS and Turkish-backed rebels, 2015–17)

Al-Qaeda (from 2012)

Support:

Islamic State (from 2013)

 Israel Defense Forces

Notes

[edit]
Military situation in the Syrian Civil War as of December 2024.
  Controlled by SAA Remnants
  Controlled by Syrian Interim Government (SNA) and Turkish Armed Forces
  Controlled by Syrian Salvation Government (HTS)
  Controlled by Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria (SDF)
  Controlled by Revolutionary Commando Army and United States Armed Forces
  Controlled by the Islamic State (IS)

(For a more detailed, interactive map, see Template:Syrian Civil War detailed map.)

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Dulmers, Robert; Voeten, Teun (22 February 2015). "Dateline Damascus: fighting on all fronts". Open Security. In 12 days travelling some 1,200 km, except for special forces in Aleppo we hardly saw any anything of the regular army.
  2. ^ Worth, Robert F. (2016). A Rage for Order: The Middle East in Turmoil, from Tahrir Square to ISIS. Pan Macmillan. p. 228. ISBN 9780374710712. Retrieved 31 July 2016. Assad was still in charge but he was utterly dependent on a diverse and toxic mix of volunteer warriors and `popular` militias, some of them manned by criminals. Not all of them were Syrian. A whole Shiite counter-jihad had formed – with fighters coming from Lebanon, Bahrain, even Afghanistan – under the supervision of Iran, Assad's patron.
  3. ^ "Syria Rearms: Russian deliveries of BMP-2s and 2S9s arrive". Oryx blog. 15 June 2017. Retrieved 11 August 2023.
  4. ^ "Syria", The World Factbook, Central Intelligence Agency, 1 April 2024, retrieved 9 April 2024
  5. ^ "Chapter Ten: Country comparisons – commitments, force levels and economics". The Military Balance. 111 (1): 451–482. 7 March 2011. doi:10.1080/04597222.2011.559843. ISSN 0459-7222.
  6. ^ a b c d e Rabinovich, Itamar; Valensi, Carmit (2021). Syrian requiem: the civil war and its aftermath. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-19331-1.
  7. ^ a b Kerr, Robert M., ed. (2020). Syrian Civil War: the essential reference guide. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO, An Imprint of ABC-CLIO, LLC. ISBN 978-1-4408-5921-2.
  8. ^ "International Comparisons of Defence Expenditure and Military Personnel". The Military Balance. 124 (1): 542–547. 12 February 2024. doi:10.1080/04597222.2024.2298600. ISSN 0459-7222.
  9. ^ a b c d e f g h "Chapter Six: Middle East and North Africa". The Military Balance. 124 (1): 328–395. 12 February 2024. doi:10.1080/04597222.2024.2298594. ISSN 0459-7222.
  10. ^ a b "National Defence Force (NDF)". BBC Monitoring. 28 September 2023. Retrieved 16 April 2024.
  11. ^ "Syrian government guerrilla fighters being sent to Iran for training". Reuters. 4 April 2013. Retrieved 16 April 2024.
  12. ^ "Insight: Battered by war, Syrian army creates its own replacement". Reuters. 21 April 2013. Archived from the original on 1 June 2013. Retrieved 29 May 2013.
  13. ^ Adam Heffez (28 November 2013). "Using Women to Win in Syria". Al-Monitor (Eylül). Archived from the original on 11 November 2013. Retrieved 28 November 2013.
  14. ^ Christian militias lend muscle to Syrian regime in ongoing battle against rebels. The Irish Times. 9 June 2014.
  15. ^ Asher, Berman. "Criminalization of the Syrian Conflict". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 27 October 2012.
  16. ^ a b Yassin al-Haj Salih (3 March 2014). "The Syrian Shabiha and Their State – Statehood & Participation". Heinrich Böll Stiftung. Retrieved 7 June 2015.
  17. ^ Adorno, Esther (8 June 2011). "The Two Homs". Harper's Magazine. Retrieved 22 September 2012.
  18. ^ Holmes, Oliver (15 August 2011). "Assad's Devious, Cruel Plan to Stay in Power By Dividing Syria—And Why It's Working". TNR.
  19. ^ a b "Analysis: Assad retrenches into Alawite power base". Reuters. 4 May 2011. Archived from the original on 2 October 2015. Retrieved 22 February 2019.
  20. ^ Oweis, Khaled Yacoub (3 February 2012). "Uprising finally hits Syria's "Silk Road" city". Reuters. Archived from the original on 13 October 2012. Retrieved 18 August 2012.
  21. ^ Mroue, Bassem (25 May 2013). "Hezbollah chief commits to victory in Syria". AP News. Retrieved 16 April 2024.
  22. ^ a b Bassem Mroue (25 May 2013). "Hezbollah chief says group is fighting in Syria". Associated Press. Retrieved 25 May 2013.
  23. ^ a b Anne Barnard; Hania Mourtada (30 April 2013). "Leader of Hezbollah Warns It Is Ready to Come to Syria's Aid". The New York Times. Retrieved 14 May 2013.
  24. ^ "Syrian offensive on Qusayr deepens". Al Jazeera.
  25. ^ "Hezbollah fighters, Syrian rebels killed in border fighting" Archived 18 February 2013 at the Wayback Machine. Al Arabiya, 17 February 2013. Retrieved 18 February 2013.
  26. ^ a b c Barnard, Anne; Saad, Hwaida (19 May 2013). "Hezbollah Aids Syrian Military in a Key Battle". The New York Times.
  27. ^ Stay informed today & every day (4 January 2014). "Lebanon: Will it hold together?". The Economist. Retrieved 21 May 2014.
  28. ^ Agence France-Presse (7 April 2014). "Hezbollah claims it has helped Assad win Syria conflict". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 16 April 2024.
  29. ^ "The long road to Damascus". The Economist. 11 February 2012. Retrieved 11 February 2012.
  30. ^ a b "How Iran Keeps Assad in Power in Syria". Inside Iran. 5 September 2011. Archived from the original on 20 March 2012. Retrieved 6 February 2012.
  31. ^ a b Iranian Strategy in Syria Archived 1 February 2016 at the Wayback Machine, Institute for the Study of War, Executive Summary + Full report, May 2013
  32. ^ a b c d Iran boosts support to Syria, The Daily Telegraph, 21 February 2014
  33. ^ Goodarzi, Jubin (August 2013). "Iran and Syria at the Crossroads: The Fall of the Tehran-Damascus Axis?" (PDF). Viewpoints. Wilson Center. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 October 2015. Retrieved 22 February 2019.
  34. ^ a b c Iran boosts military support in Syria to bolster Assad Archived 24 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine, Reuters, 21, Feb 2014
  35. ^ The Interim Finance Minister: 15 Billion Dollars Iranian Support to Assad[usurped]; syrianef; 24, January 2014
  36. ^ Weiss, Michael (23 June 2014). "Trust Iran Only as Far as You Can Throw It". Foreign Policy. Retrieved 11 August 2014.
    Filkins, Dexter (30 September 2013). "The Shadow Commander". The New Yorker. Retrieved 11 August 2014.
  37. ^ Sam Wilkin (13 June 2015). "Iran brings home body of top general killed in Syria". Reuters. Archived from the original on 19 October 2017. Retrieved 22 February 2019.
  38. ^ a b Saban, Navvar (5 November 2020). "Factbox: Iranian influence and presence in Syria". Atlantic Council. Retrieved 1 May 2024.
  39. ^ Latifi, Ali M (26 September 2020). "'Phantom force': Young Afghans fighting in Syria face uncertain future". Middle East Eye. Retrieved 1 May 2024.
  40. ^ Heistein, Ari; West, James (20 November 2015). "Syria's Other Foreign Fighters: Iran's Afghan and Pakistani Mercenaries". National Interest. Retrieved 11 October 2016.
  41. ^ Majidyar, Ahmad (18 January 2017). "Iran Recruits and Trains Large Numbers of Afghan and Pakistani Shiites". Middle East Institute. Retrieved 1 May 2024.
  42. ^ Wigger, Leo (26 September 2019). "Why Pakistan holds a key in the Iranian-Saudi confrontation". Zenith. Retrieved 1 May 2024.
  43. ^ Schneider, Tobias (15 October 2018). "The Fatemiyoun Division: Afghan fighters in the Syrian civil war". Middle East Institute. Retrieved 1 May 2024.
  44. ^ McDonnell, Patrick J.; Hennigan, W.J.; Bulos, Nabih (30 September 2015). "Russia launches airstrikes in Syria amid U.S. concern about targets". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 1 May 2024.
  45. ^ "Russia carries out first air strikes in Syria". Al Jazeera. 30 September 2015. Retrieved 1 May 2024.
  46. ^ Yacoubian, Mona (16 February 2021). "What is Russia's Endgame in Syria?". United States Institute of Peace. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
  47. ^ a b Petkova, Mariya (1 October 2020). "What has Russia gained from five years of fighting in Syria?". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
  48. ^ Times, Русская служба The Moscow (16 September 2022). "Россия выводит последние резервы из Сирии для переброски в Украину". Русская служба The Moscow Times (in Russian). Retrieved 2 May 2024.
  49. ^ Faulconbridge, Guy; Davis, Caleb (16 March 2023). "Syria's Assad would like more Russian bases and troops". Reuters. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
  50. ^ a b c d e f g h i Gani, J. K.; Hinnebusch, Raymond A., eds. (2022). Actors and dynamics in the Syrian conflict's middle phase: between contentious politics, militarization and regime resilience. Routledge/St. Andrews Syrian studies. London; New York: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group. pp. 140–158. ISBN 978-1-032-18502-6.
  51. ^ "Syrian opposition groups reach unity deal". USA Today. 11 November 2012. Retrieved 14 November 2012.
  52. ^ "Syrian opposition groups reach unity deal". USA Today. 11 November 2012.
  53. ^ "National Coalition for Syrian Revolutionary and Opposition Forces". Carnegie Middle East Center. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
  54. ^ Jim Muir (12 November 2012). "Syria crisis: Gulf states recognise Syria opposition". BBC. Retrieved 14 November 2012.
  55. ^ "The National Coalition of Syrian Revolutionary and Opposition Forces". Local Coordination Committees of Syria. 12 November 2012. Archived from the original on 16 November 2012. Retrieved 20 November 2012.
  56. ^ "Challenges await new interim government". The Daily Star. 14 November 2013. Retrieved 15 November 2013.
  57. ^ "Syrian rebels to choose interim defence minister". World Bulletin. 29 March 2013. Retrieved 9 September 2013.
  58. ^ Lister, Charles (31 October 2017). "Turkey's Idlib incursion and the HTS question: Understanding the long game in Syria". War on the Rocks. Retrieved 3 November 2017.
  59. ^ "Russia and Turkey Have Agreed to Create 'Safe Zones' in Syria, But Rebels Are Unimpressed". Time. Associated Press. 3 May 2017. Retrieved 3 November 2017.
  60. ^ "Defecting troops form 'Free Syrian Army', target Assad security forces". The World Tribune. Archived from the original on 27 November 2011. Retrieved 13 November 2011.
  61. ^ Blomfield, Adam (21 November 2011). "Syrian rebels strike heart of Damascus". The Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022.
  62. ^ a b c d Lister, Charles (2016). "The Free Syrian Army: A decentralized insurgent brand" (PDF). The Brookings Project on U.S. Relations with the Islamic World (26).
  63. ^ "FSA moves headquarters from Turkey to Syria". The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com. 22 September 2012. Retrieved 7 May 2024.
  64. ^ "U.S. Weaponry Is Turning Syria Into Proxy War With Russia". The New York Times. 12 October 2015. Retrieved 14 October 2015.
  65. ^ "US axes $500m scheme to train Syrian rebels, says NYT". The Guardian. 9 October 2015. Retrieved 13 October 2015.
    "Secret CIA effort in Syria faces large funding cut". The Washington Post. 10 June 2015. Retrieved 13 October 2015.
  66. ^ Nabih Bulos (22 September 2015). "US-trained Division 30 rebels 'betray US and hand weapons over to al-Qaeda's affiliate in Syria'". The Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022.
  67. ^ Mekhennet, Souad (18 August 2014). "The terrorists fighting us now? We just finished training them". The Washington Post. Retrieved 19 September 2014.
  68. ^ "Syrian Kurds Ally With Rebel Groups To Fight The Islamic State". VICE News. 12 September 2014. Retrieved 2 October 2014.
  69. ^ Alami, Mona (31 December 2015). "Can FSA get back on its feet after Russian intervention?". Al-Monitor (Institute for the Study of War). Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 27 February 2016.
  70. ^ "15 opposition brigades in Idlib, Aleppo join SDF forces". Syria: Direct. 25 September 2018. Archived from the original on 25 September 2018. Retrieved 7 May 2024.
  71. ^ "Who are Turkish-backed forces in latest Syria incursion? - Al-Monitor: The Pulse of the Middle East". Al-Monitor: The Pulse of the Middle East.
  72. ^ "Factsheet: Factions in Turkish-backed "Free Syrian Army"" (PDF). Rojava Information Center.
  73. ^ "Turkey deploys more tanks in Syria, warns Kurdish YPG".
  74. ^ Loveluck, Louisa; Sly, Liz (23 February 2017). "Turkey-backed rebels seize Islamic State's al-Bab stronghold in Syria". The Washington Post. Retrieved 23 February 2017.
  75. ^ "جيش سورية الحرة". www.facebook.com (in Arabic). Retrieved 7 May 2024.
  76. ^ Salim, Wissam (29 February 2024). "من هو سالم تركي العنتري قائد "جيش سورية الحرة"؟". The New Arab (in Arabic). Retrieved 7 May 2024.
  77. ^ "30 rebel groups merge under Interim Govt's banner, form 'The National Army'". Zaman al-Wasl. 31 December 2017.
  78. ^ a b c Kajjo, Sirwan (25 August 2016). "Who are the Turkey backed Syrian Rebels?". Voice of America. Archived from the original on 19 February 2017. Retrieved 19 February 2017.
  79. ^ Ömer Özkizilcik (1 July 2019). "A way out for Russia and Turkey from Idlib's spiral of violence". Middle East Institute.
  80. ^ Suleiman Al-Khalidi (26 May 2019). "Turkey sends weapons to Syrian rebels facing Russian-backed assault: Syrian sources". Reuters.
  81. ^ Coskun, Orhan; Sezer, Seda (19 September 2016). "Turkey-backed rebels could push further south in Syria, Erdogan says". Reuters. Archived from the original on 29 July 2017. Retrieved 2 July 2017.
  82. ^ "Which Syrian Groups Are Involved in Turkey's Syria Offensive?". VOA News. 9 October 2019.
  83. ^ "Money, hatred for the Kurds drives Turkey's Syrian fighters". Associated Press. 15 October 2019.
  84. ^ a b c Ajjoub, Orwa (26 October 2022). "HTS, Turkey, and the future of Syria's north". Middle East Institute. Retrieved 7 May 2024.
  85. ^ "Guide to the Syrian opposition". BBC News. 25 July 2012. Retrieved 13 November 2011.
  86. ^ a b "Damascus meeting calls for peaceful change in Syria". Reuters UK. 23 September 2012. Archived from the original on 3 October 2012. Retrieved 23 September 2012.
  87. ^ "National Coordination Body for Democratic Change". Carnegie Middle East Center. Retrieved 11 September 2012.
  88. ^ "Meet Syria's Opposition". Foreign Policy. 1 November 2011. Archived from the original on 9 November 2011. Retrieved 13 November 2011.
  89. ^ "Syria opposition groups fail to reach accord". Financial Times. 4 January 2012. Retrieved 16 August 2012.
  90. ^ "Syria's opposition SNC to expand, reform". Agence France-Presse. 2 September 2012. Archived from the original on 19 February 2014. Retrieved 2 September 2012.
  91. ^ Nichols, Hans; Burton, F. BRrinley (26 October 2016). "Raqqa Offensive Against ISIS to Begin Within Weeks: Ash Carter". NBC News. Retrieved 26 October 2016.
  92. ^ a b "SDC-National Coordination Committee declare "Consensus Document" for solving Syrian crisis". ANHA. 24 June 2023. Retrieved 13 May 2024.
  93. ^ "New component split from "Hay'at Tahrir al-Sham"". Syria Call. 9 February 2018. Archived from the original on 13 February 2018. Retrieved 10 February 2018.
  94. ^ Schwab, Regine (19 May 2023). "Escalate or Negotiate? Constraint and Rebel Strategic Choices Towards Rivals in the Syrian Civil War". Terrorism and Political Violence. 35 (4): 1007–1026. doi:10.1080/09546553.2021.1998007. ISSN 0954-6553.
  95. ^ a b c Alsayed, Ghaith; Mroue, Bassem (14 May 2023). "Syria's main insurgent group seeks to distance itself from past al-Qaida ties". PBS NewsHour. Retrieved 13 May 2024.
  96. ^ "HTS-backed civil authority moves against rivals in latest power grab in northwest Syria". Syria Direct. 13 December 2017. Archived from the original on 19 September 2018. Retrieved 29 December 2018.
  97. ^ Newlee, Danika (4 October 2018). "Hay'at Tahrir al-Sham (HTS)". Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS). Retrieved 13 May 2024.
  98. ^ Al-Zaraee, Nisreen; Shaar, Karam (21 June 2021). "The Economics of Hayat Tahrir al-Sham". Middle East Institute. Retrieved 13 May 2024.
  99. ^ Joscelyn, Thomas (10 February 2017). "Hay'at Tahrir al Sham leader calls for 'unity' in Syrian insurgency". Long War Journal. Archived from the original on 16 February 2017. Retrieved 11 February 2017.
  100. ^ McLoughlin, Paul (12 March 2024). "Syria Insight: HTS's litany of errors pile pressure on Idlib". The New Arab. Retrieved 13 May 2024.
  101. ^ "With wary eye, Syrian rebels welcome Islamists into their ranks". The Times of Israel. 25 October 2012.
  102. ^ "Al-Qaeda". BBC Monitoring. 30 April 2024. Retrieved 27 May 2024.
  103. ^ "Russia launches media offensive on Syria bombing". BBC News. 1 October 2015.
  104. ^ Sherlock, Ruth (2 December 2012). "Inside Jabhat al Nusra – the most extreme wing of Syria's struggle". The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022.
  105. ^ "Al Nusrah Front claims 3 more suicide attacks in Daraa". 27 November 2012. Archived from the original on 2 December 2012.
  106. ^ "Qaeda in Iraq confirms Syria's Nusra is part of network". Agence France-Presse. 9 April 2013. Archived from the original on 13 May 2013. Retrieved 9 April 2013.
  107. ^ "Al-Nusra Commits to al-Qaida, Deny Iraq Branch 'Merger'". Agence France-Presse. 10 April 2013. Retrieved 10 April 2013.
  108. ^ Abdul-Ahad, Ghaith (23 September 2012). "Syria: the foreign fighters joining the war against Bashar al-Assad". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 9 December 2012.
  109. ^ "Syria crisis: Spooked by rebel gains, Jordan doubles down on Islamic State". Christian Science Monitor. 4 May 2015. Retrieved 4 May 2015.
  110. ^ "Al Qaeda Turns to Syria, With a Plan to Challenge ISIS". The New York Times. 15 May 2016. Retrieved 25 July 2019.
  111. ^ "Free Syrian Army rebels defect to Islamist group Jabhat al-Nusra". The Guardian. London. 8 May 2013.
  112. ^ "With wary eye, Syrian rebels welcome Islamists into their ranks". 25 October 2012. Retrieved 28 January 2013.
  113. ^ Chulov, Martin (17 January 2013). "Syria crisis: al-Qaida fighters revealing their true colours, rebels say". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 26 January 2013.
  114. ^ a b "Hurras al-Din". BBC Monitoring. 12 July 2023. Retrieved 13 May 2024.
  115. ^ a b Schmitt, Eric (30 September 2019). "U.S. Sees Rising Threat in the West From Qaeda Branch in Syria". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 17 December 2022.
  116. ^ "Rewards for Justice - Reward Offer for Information on Senior Leaders of Hurras al-Din". United States Department of State. Retrieved 17 December 2022.
  117. ^ Gul Tuysuz; Raja Razek; Nick Paton Walsh (6 November 2013). "Al Qaeda-linked group strengthens hold in northern Syria". CNN. Retrieved 3 December 2013.
  118. ^ Lister, Tim (11 December 2015). "What does ISIS really want?". CNN. Retrieved 14 May 2024.
  119. ^ a b "Islamic State (IS)". BBC Monitoring. 17 April 2024. Retrieved 14 May 2024.
  120. ^ Birke, Sarah (27 December 2013). "How al-Qaeda Changed the Syrian War". New York Review of Books.
  121. ^ "Syria: Harrowing torture, summary killings in secret ISIS detention centres". Amnesty International. 19 December 2013. Retrieved 14 April 2024.
  122. ^ Allison, Christine (25 January 2017), "The Yazidis", Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Religion, doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.013.254, ISBN 978-0-19-934037-8, retrieved 14 May 2024
  123. ^ a b "ISIS Consolidates". London Review of Books. 1 August 2014. Retrieved 11 August 2014.
  124. ^ "Study Shows Islamic State's Primary Opponent in Syria Is Government Forces, IHS Markit Says". IHS Markit. 19 April 2017. Archived from the original on 22 April 2017. Retrieved 22 February 2019.
  125. ^ Karouny, Mariam (21 June 2015). "Islamic State militants plant mines and bombs in Palmyra: monitoring group". Reuters. Archived from the original on 26 June 2015. Retrieved 29 June 2015.
  126. ^ "Many Islamic State leaders trying to flee to Syria: Iraqi minister". Reuters. 30 July 2016. Retrieved 5 August 2016.
  127. ^ ‘Joint Statement Issued by Partners at the Counter-ISIL Coalition Ministerial Meeting’. United States Department of State, 3 December 2014.
  128. ^ "Airstrikes Hit ISIL Terrorists in Syria, Iraq". U.S. Department of Defense. 30 September 2015. Archived from the original on 2 October 2015. Retrieved 1 October 2015.
  129. ^ Zaman, Amberin (10 June 2014). "Syrian Kurds continue to blame Turkey for backing ISIS militants". Al-Monitor. Archived from the original on 26 April 2016.
    Wilgenburg, Wladimir van (6 August 2014). "Kurdish security chief: Turkey must end support for jihadists". Al-Monitor. Archived from the original on 1 February 2015.
  130. ^ Mann, Sebastian (21 November 2017). "IPutin claims victory over Isis in Syria during surprise visit from Assad". the Times. Retrieved 21 November 2017.
  131. ^ "Allies React With Alarm to Trump Pull-out Tweet, Kurds Fear Turkish Attack". VOA. 19 December 2018.
  132. ^ "US allies in Syria say IS group not yet defeated". France 24. 20 December 2018.
  133. ^ "ISIL defeated in final Syria victory: SDF". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 24 March 2019.
  134. ^ "US targeted ISIL leader Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi: US officials". Al Jazeera. Al Jazeera Media Network. 27 October 2019. Retrieved 27 October 2019.
  135. ^ Browne, Ryan; Mattingly, Phil (27 October 2019). Zeleny, Jeff; Liptak, Kevin; Diamond, Jeremy (eds.). "ISIS leader al-Baghdadi believed to have been killed in a US military raid, sources say". CNN. Turner Broadcasting System, Inc. Retrieved 27 October 2019.
  136. ^ "Islamic State names its new leader". BBC News Online. BBC Online. BBC. 31 October 2019. Retrieved 31 October 2019.
  137. ^ "Fighting ongoing in Syria's Hassakeh as SDF raids ISIL hideouts - Syria's War News". Al Jazeera. 30 January 2022. Retrieved 2 February 2022.
  138. ^ Pfeiffer, Sacha; Al-Lami, Mina (4 August 2023). "Where is ISIS today?". NPR. Retrieved 14 May 2024.
  139. ^ Keller, Jared (2 February 2023). "The US military is ramping up operations against ISIS in Iraq and Syria". Task & Purpose. Retrieved 14 May 2024.
  140. ^ a b Allsopp, Harriet; Wilgenburg, Wladimir van (2019). The Kurds of Northern Syria: governance, diversity and conflicts. Governing diversity. London: I. B. Tauris. ISBN 978-1-83860-445-5.
  141. ^ Zabad, Ibrahim (2019). Middle Eastern minorities: the impact of the Arab Spring (First issued in paperback ed.). London New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-4724-7441-4.
  142. ^ "Electoral Commission publish video of elections 2nd stage". ANHA. 1 December 2017. Archived from the original on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 14 May 2024.
  143. ^ "Turkey's Syria offensive explained in four maps". BBC. 14 October 2019. Retrieved 14 May 2024.
  144. ^ "Syria Kurds adopt constitution for autonomous federal region". The New Arab. 31 December 2016. Retrieved 14 May 2024.
  145. ^ "Syrian Democratic Council". Retrieved 14 May 2024.
  146. ^ Bulos, Nabih; McDonnell, Patrick J. (17 March 2016). "Kurdish-led group declares autonomous zone in northern Syria". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 19 March 2016.
  147. ^ "Inauguration of the 1st MSD office". Hawar News Agency. 1 August 2016. Archived from the original on 4 August 2016. Retrieved 3 August 2016.
  148. ^ Perry, Tom (15 August 2015). "Syrian Kurds now say they now control territory the size of Qatar and Kuwait combined". Business Insider. Archived from the original on 16 August 2015. Retrieved 22 February 2019.
  149. ^ "U.S.-backed Syrian Democratic Forces emerges as force against ISIS". Associated Press. 2 December 2015. Retrieved 4 December 2015.
  150. ^ "Syrian-Kurdish SDF successfully absorbing non-Kurdish groups, says US". Rudaw. 9 March 2016. Retrieved 19 March 2016.
  151. ^ "Report of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights on the situation of human rights in the Syrian Arab Republic" (PDF). UN Human Rights Council. 15 September 2011. Retrieved 30 June 2012.
  152. ^ Muscati, Samer (14 May 2012). "Syrian Kurds Fleeing to Iraqi Safe Haven". Human Rights Watch. Retrieved 30 June 2012.
  153. ^ Blair, Edmund; Saleh, Yasmine (4 July 2012). "Syria opposition rifts give world excuse not to act". Reuters. Archived from the original on 1 February 2016. Retrieved 9 July 2012.
  154. ^ Allott, "Jordan Kurds and Christians Fight Back against ISIS in Syria" National Review, 19 November 2015
  155. ^ Bishop, Rachel. "Female-fighters-form-fierce-Christian Militia" The Mirror, 13 December 2015
  156. ^ Ahmad, Elham; Tabler, Andrew J.; Pollock, David (21 September 2021). "Affirming U.S. Commitments Abroad: The View from Syria's Democratic Council". The Washington Institute. Retrieved 14 May 2024.
  157. ^ "Turkey's operation against Kurds in Syria risks reviving IS group". www.france24.com. 2 December 2022.
  158. ^ "Turkey-Syria offensive: Assad's army 'enters Manbij'". www.bbc.com. 14 October 2019.
  159. ^ "US forces in Syria are able to keep their fight separate, for now".
  160. ^ Paul Antonopoulos (22 January 2017). "New Syrian Arab Army Division established in preparation of new offensive". Al-Masdar News. Archived from the original on 2 February 2017. Retrieved 2 March 2017.
  161. ^ "Harakat al-Nujaba': Interview". 5 September 2018.
  162. ^ "Syrian special forces leave west Palmyra for east Aleppo". al-Masdar. 11 February 2017. Archived from the original on 2 May 2019. Retrieved 30 December 2017.
  163. ^ a b "Watch". www.facebook.com.
  164. ^ "Large number of Syrian Army reinforcements sent to Idlib". AMN – Al-Masdar News | المصدر نيوز. 16 January 2018. Archived from the original on 9 October 2021. Retrieved 16 January 2018.
  165. ^ "السويداء: "فاطميون" و"النمر" و"حزب الله" لقيادة معركة درعا" [As-Suwayda: Fatimion, Al-Nimr and Hezbollah to lead the battle of Daraa]. Almodon (in Arabic). 26 June 2018. Retrieved 11 August 2018.
  166. ^ "ريف حماة: مليشيات النظام مشغولة بالتعفيش!" [Hama countryside: the regime's militias are busy with Altafish!]. Almodon (in Arabic). 17 May 2019. Retrieved 11 August 2018.
  167. ^ "Did U.S. and Russian Troops Fight Their Bloodiest Battle Since World War I in February?". National Interest. 16 June 2018. Archived from the original on 8 June 2019. Retrieved 8 June 2019.
  168. ^ "U.S. Military Bombs Russian Tank in Video From Syria Attack on Assad Supporters". News Week. 13 February 2019. Archived from the original on 8 June 2019. Retrieved 8 June 2019.
  169. ^ a b Al-Jabassini, Abdullah (2019). From Insurgents to Soldiers: The Fifth Assault Corps in Daraa, Southern Syria. Wartime and Post-Conflict in Syria. European University Institute. ISBN 978-92-9084-767-0.
  170. ^ "The Palestinian al-Quds Brigade has a new Iran-backed militia for fighting in Aleppo". Al-Dorar al-Shamia. 20 June 2017. Archived from the original on 25 August 2017. Retrieved 28 August 2017.
  171. ^ a b List of Syrian Air Force bases
  172. ^ "Insight: Minority militias stir fears of sectarian war in Damascus". Reuters. 7 September 2012. Retrieved 25 October 2014.
  173. ^ ""فوج الجولان" و"صقور القنيطرة" صراع خلفه "جمعية البستان"؟" ["The Golan Regiment" and "Hawks of Quneitra" conflict behind the "Bustan Society"]. Almodon. 22 December 2017. Retrieved 10 May 2018.
  174. ^ Kheder Khaddour (5 November 2018). "Syria's Troublesome Militias". Carnegie. Retrieved 18 June 2019.
  175. ^ a b c Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi (2 January 2018). "Beit Jann: Myths and Reality". Syria Comment. Retrieved 11 January 2018.
  176. ^ Al-Tamimi, Aymenn Jawad. "Liwa Usud al-Hussein: A New Pro-Assad Militia in Latakia".
  177. ^ "Turkey shells Assad loyalists trying to cross into Syria's Afrin". Middle East Eye. 20 February 2018. Retrieved 19 March 2018.
  178. ^ "A Case Study of "The Syrian Resistance," a Pro-Assad Militia Force". Syria Comment. 22 September 2013. Retrieved 5 October 2014.
  179. ^ Al-Tamimi, Aymenn Jawad (10 August 2017). "Suqur al-Furat: A Pro-Assad Sha'itat Tribal Militia".
  180. ^ Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi (3 January 2016). "The Syrian National Resistance: Liwa Khaybar". Syria Comment. Retrieved 19 December 2016.
  181. ^ Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi (24 December 2016). "The Fifth Legion: A New Auxiliary Force". Syria Comment. Archived from the original on 20 February 2018. Retrieved 25 December 2016.
  182. ^ a b Aymenn Al-Tamimi (13 November 2013). "The Druze Militias of Southern Syria". Retrieved 18 November 2013.
  183. ^ Nour Samaha (28 March 2016). "The Eagles of the Whirlwind". Foreign Policy. Retrieved 31 March 2016.
  184. ^ "فيديو: الجيش النظامي السوري يعزز سيطرته على دمشق ومحيطها – فرانس 24". 22 January 2014. Archived from the original on 9 October 2017. Retrieved 6 June 2017.
  185. ^ "Another ISIS village captured as the Syrian Arab Army marches towards Raqqa". Al-Masdar News. 6 June 2016. Archived from the original on 6 June 2016. Retrieved 6 June 2017.
  186. ^ Aymenn Al-Tamimi (14 October 2016). "Labawat al-Jabal: A Druze Female Militia in Suwayda' Province". Syria Comment. Retrieved 15 October 2016.
  187. ^ "Jabhat al-Nusra and the Druze of Idlib Province". Aymen Jawad. 24 January 2015. Retrieved 9 February 2015.
  188. ^ Al-Tamimi, Aymenn Jawad. "Quwat Muqatili al-Asha'ir: Tribal Auxiliary Forces of the Military Intelligence".
  189. ^ Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi (27 July 2018). "The Suwayda' Attacks: Interview". Retrieved 4 August 2018.
  190. ^ "Treasury Sanctions Al-Nusrah Front Leaders, Militia Groups in Syria". usembassy.gov. Retrieved 11 January 2016. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  191. ^ "New militia battles Islamist rebels near Damascus". Associated Press. 8 February 2015. Archived from the original on 18 April 2016. Retrieved 8 February 2015.
  192. ^ Al-Tamimi, Aymenn Jawad. "Liwa Al-Jabal: A New Loyalist Militia Unity Initiative In Suwayda'".
  193. ^ "Quwat Dir' Al-Qalamoun: Shifting Militia Links". 17 January 2017.
  194. ^ "The Dir' al-Watan Brand: Liwa Salah al-Din al-Ayyubi". 26 February 2016.
  195. ^ a b c Phillip Smyth (12 April 2018). "Iran Is Outpacing Assad for Control of Syria's Shia Militias". Washington Institute. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
  196. ^ a b c "Pro-regime militias in Syria". Agence France-Presse. 25 September 2015. Archived from the original on 18 April 2016. Retrieved 25 September 2015.
  197. ^ Al-Tamimi, Aymenn Jawad. "Saraya al-Areen: An Alawite Militia in Latakia".
  198. ^ website), Alsouria Net (opposition (28 April 2017). "Areen 313 Brigades: The Assad Family Militia Tyrannizing Coastal Residents". The Syrian Observer.
  199. ^ Kat, Iskander (1 August 2012). "Syria rebels to target intel, as Assad hails army". The Daily Star. Retrieved 15 August 2013.
  200. ^ "Syrian MP killed publicly by FSA firing squad". Al Jazeera. 1 August 2012. Retrieved 15 August 2013.
  201. ^ Heras, Nicholas (14 July 2013). "The tribal factor in Syria's rebellion". Fair Observer. Archived from the original on 21 October 2013. Retrieved 17 February 2014.
  202. ^ Muhammad, Bishwa. "Pro-Assad militants storm houses of Kurdish activists in Hasakah". ARA News. Archived from the original on 21 October 2013. Retrieved 17 February 2014.
  203. ^ Aymenn Al-Tamimi (26 November 2016). "Kata'ib Humat al-Diyar: A Prominent Loyalist Militia in Suwayda'". Syria Comment. Retrieved 26 November 2016.
  204. ^ "Analysis: A revolution is taking place in Syria's Palestinian camps". politics.co.uk. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 11 May 2016.
  205. ^ "Syria rebels clash with army, Palestinian fighters". Agence France-Presse. 31 October 2012.
  206. ^ "Quwat al-Jalil: A Pro-Assad Palestinian Syrian Militia". 23 December 2015.
  207. ^ Racha Abi Haidar (12 February 2014). "The Deal in Yarmouk: End of the Tragedy or Empty Words?". Al Akhbar. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 14 February 2014.
  208. ^ "Palestinians in Syria Are Reluctantly Drawn Into Vortex of Uprising". The New York Times. 30 June 2012. Retrieved 5 October 2014.
  209. ^ "IAF strikes in Syria, kills rocket launchers". Ynetnews. 21 August 2015.
  210. ^ "Bombardment hits a vehicle transporting members of ISIS in Yarmouk camp". Action Group for Palestinians of Syria. 7 March 2018. Retrieved 23 March 2018.
  211. ^ Al-Thawra (14 April 2014). "Popular Struggle Front Condemns PLO Backtrack on Yarmouk". The Syrian Observer. Retrieved 29 August 2018.
  212. ^ "Syrian War Daily – 21st of March 2018". 21 March 2018. Archived from the original on 11 June 2018. Retrieved 26 March 2018.
  213. ^ "Iran mourns 7 Afghans killed fighting for Damascus ally". Daily Star Lebanon. Retrieved 7 May 2015.
  214. ^ a b "IRGC officers killed in Palmyra | FDD's Long War Journal". www.longwarjournal.org. 15 December 2016.
  215. ^ "The Zainabiyoun Brigade: A Pakistani Shiite Militia Amid the Syrian Conflict". Jamestown Foundation. Retrieved 28 July 2016.
  216. ^ Szakola, Albin. "New Syria group vows to "resist" Turkish military incursion". Archived from the original on 7 December 2018. Retrieved 24 November 2016.
  217. ^ Tomson, Chris (29 November 2016). "Syrian Army captures first village from Turkish-backed rebels on the outskirts of al-Bab". Al-Masdar News. Archived from the original on 24 December 2018. Retrieved 4 December 2016.
  218. ^ "Syrian war widens Sunni-Shia schism as foreign jihadis join fight for shrines". The Guardian. 4 June 2013. Archived from the original on 4 June 2013. Retrieved 7 June 2013.
  219. ^ "Serb Nationalist Dies in Syria as Russian Volunteer Fighter".
  220. ^ "Radical Russian Imperial Movement Expanding Global Outreach". VOA. 9 May 2020.
  221. ^ "Narodowcy z Falangi pojechali do Syrii. Spotkali się z premierem oraz przesłuchiwali więźniów".
  222. ^ "Are Greek Neo-Nazis Fighting for Assad in Syria?". October 2013.
  223. ^ "Are Greek Neo-Nazis Fighting for Assad in Syria?". 12 November 2020. Archived from the original on 12 November 2020. Retrieved 29 May 2024.
  224. ^ "The Last Battle of the 'Slavonic Corps'". Interpreter Mag (Translation of 'Fontanka'). 'Who we are fighting for – This was never understood. "When they spoke to us in Russia, they explained that we were going on a contract with the Syrian Ba'athist government, they convinced us that everything was legal and in order. Like, our government and the FSB were on board and involved in the project. When we arrived there, it turned out that we were sent as gladiators, under a contract with some Syrian or other, who may or may not have a relationship with the government… That meant that we were the private army of a local kingpin".'
  225. ^ "The last battle of the Slavic Corps". Fontanka. 14 November 2013. Retrieved 13 January 2014.
  226. ^ "Russian Private Military Companies as Licensed Tool of Terror". 24 November 2015.
  227. ^ Phillip Smyth (8 March 2016). "How Iran Is Building Its Syrian Hezbollah". The Washington Institute. Retrieved 17 September 2016.
  228. ^ Phillip Smyth (13 January 2014). "Hizballah Cavalcade: Faylak Wa'ad al-Sadiq: The Repackaging of an Iraqi "Special Group" for Syria".
  229. ^ "مقتل عنصرين من حزب الله ومرتزق من حزب البعث اللبناني في معارك درعا". أورينت نت.
  230. ^ "Five Arab Tawhid Party members killed in Syria clashes". NOW. 5 November 2013. Archived from the original on 20 November 2016. Retrieved 20 November 2016.
  231. ^ "News Update 5-11-15: Reports of Amal Movement sending fighters to Syria". Syria Direct. 11 May 2015. Retrieved 27 June 2016.
  232. ^ "بعد نفي مشاركتها بمعركة القلمون.. تساؤلات حول توريط 'حركة أمل' في المستنقع السوري!". Retrieved 28 July 2018.
  233. ^ "حركة أمل تنفي اشتراكها مع حزب الله في الحرب السورية". 5 June 2015. Retrieved 28 July 2018.
  234. ^ "Hezbollah deploying elite force to Aleppo: Iran media". NOW. 8 August 2016. Archived from the original on 29 August 2016. Retrieved 8 August 2016.
  235. ^ "Iran's Hizbullah sends more troops to help Assad storm Aleppo, fight Sunnis". World Tribune. 29 July 2012. Archived from the original on 31 March 2016. Retrieved 2 August 2012.
  236. ^ Holliday, Joseph (March 2013). "Middle East Security Report 8: The Assad Regime, From Counterinsurgency to Civil War" (PDF). Institute for the Study of War. p. 15.
  237. ^ Syrian Shiites Take Up Arms in Support of Assad's Army usnews.com
  238. ^ a b c d e Al-Tamimi, Aymenn Jawad. "Syrian Hezbollah Militias of Nubl and Zahara'".
  239. ^ Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi (23 July 2016). "Liwa al-Imam al-Mahdi: A Syrian Hezbollah Formation". Retrieved 25 July 2016.
  240. ^ "The National Ideological Resistance in Syria: A 'Syrian Hezbollah' Brand". 11 October 2014.
  241. ^ "Interview with Sayyid Hashim Muhammad Ali: Commander of the National Ideological Resistance in Syria". 15 October 2014.
  242. ^ "The Fifth Legion: A New Auxiliary Force". 24 December 2016. Archived from the original on 20 February 2018. Retrieved 24 February 2017.
  243. ^ a b c d e "The Situation in al-Fu'a and Kafariya". 18 December 2016.
  244. ^ "Syrian Civil War factions". Google News.
  245. ^ Saeed Kamali Dehghan (28 May 2012). "Syrian army being aided by Iranian forces". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 28 May 2012.
  246. ^ Daftari, Lisa (28 August 2012). "Iranian general admits 'fighting every aspect of a war' in defending Syria's Assad". Fox News Channel.
  247. ^ "State Dept. official: Iranian soldiers are fighting for Assad in Syria". The Washington Post. 21 May 2013.
  248. ^ "Al-Nusra Front claims responsibility for Hezbollah fighters' death". Middle East Monitor. 19 January 2015. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 19 January 2015.
  249. ^ "Iran: Three IRGC members killed in Syria fighting for Assad regime". Foreign Affairs Committee of the National Council of Resistance of Iran. 11 August 2013. Retrieved 12 December 2013.
  250. ^ Neriah, Jacques (29 May 2013). "Iranian forces on the Golan?". Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs. Retrieved 15 July 2013.
  251. ^ Gold, Dore (9 June 2013). "The Arab world fears the 'Safavid'". Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs. Retrieved 15 July 2013.
  252. ^ Gordon, Michael R. & Myers, Steven Lee (21 May 2013). "Iran and Hezbollah support for Syria complicates peace-talk strategy". The New York Times. Retrieved 15 July 2013.
  253. ^ "IRGC Special Forces officer's death highlights involvement in Syria – FDD's Long War Journal". October 2016. Retrieved 24 November 2016.
  254. ^ "شهادت دو رزمنده جوان زاهدانی در سوریه+ عکس" [Martyrdom of two young ascetic fighters in Syria + photo]. مشرق نیوز (in Persian). 15 April 2016. Retrieved 8 July 2022.
  255. ^ "Studies: Iranian-backed militias' loses in #Aleppo for six months". El-Dorar Al-Shamia. 9 November 2016. Archived from the original on 5 March 2017. Retrieved 11 November 2016.
  256. ^ "(IRGC) Loses more Generals in #Aleppo 's battles". El-Dorar Al-Shamia. 30 October 2016. Archived from the original on 5 March 2017. Retrieved 31 October 2016.
  257. ^ Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi (30 March 2017). "The 313 Battalion: A Syrian 'Islamic Resistance' Formation". Retrieved 9 October 2017.
  258. ^ Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi (5 October 2017). "Katibat Ali Sultan: Syrian IRGC Group". Retrieved 9 October 2017.
  259. ^ Al-Tamimi, Aymenn Jawad. "Liwa al-Mukhtar al-Thiqfi: Syrian IRGC Militia". Retrieved 28 July 2018.
  260. ^ "Iranian commandos deployed to Syria as advisers: officer". Reuters. Reuters Editorial. 4 April 2016. Retrieved 8 April 2016.
  261. ^ "Vladimir Putin confirms Russian military involvement in Syria's civil war". The Daily Telegraph. 4 September 2015. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 11 September 2015.
  262. ^ Fadel, Leith (29 August 2016). "Russian troops head to Aleppo City". Al-Masdar News. Archived from the original on 9 October 2018. Retrieved 30 August 2016.
  263. ^ "Russia turns to backwater navy for Syria missile strikes". Reuters. 9 October 2015. Archived from the original on 27 October 2015. Retrieved 9 October 2015.
  264. ^ a b c "The Three Faces of Russian Spetsnaz in Syria". War on the Rocks. 21 March 2016.
  265. ^ "Russia's special forces officer killed in Syria: Interfax". Reuters. Reuters Editorial. 24 March 2016.
  266. ^ Thomas Gibbons-Neff (29 March 2016). "How Russian special forces are shaping the fight in Syria". The Washington Post.
  267. ^ "И снова ЧВК Вагнера. Как Россия воюет в Сирии".
  268. ^ "Участник боевых действий в Сирии понес посильное наказание". 19 May 2017. p. 6 – via Kommersant.
  269. ^ Fadel, Leith (21 May 2017). "Russian forces arrive in southern Syria". Al-Masdar News. Archived from the original on 30 May 2019. Retrieved 22 May 2017.
  270. ^ Four FSB special forces officers reportedly killed in Syria, Meduza
  271. ^ "Russia underplayed losses in recapture of Syria's Palmyra". Archived from the original on 22 March 2017. Retrieved 24 February 2018.
  272. ^ "Relatives and friends of Wagner mercenaries we named earlier confirm to @ru_rbc they indeed had been killed in Syria". 12 February 2018.
  273. ^ ""Казак Владимир Логинов и член партии "Другая Россия" Кирилл Ананьев погибли в Сирии"" [Cossack Vladimir Loginov and member of the Other Russia party Kirill Ananyev died in Syria]. www.interfax.ru.
  274. ^ Kjetil Stormark (11 May 2018). "Nordmenn kjempet på russisk side i Syria" [Norwegians fought in Syria on the Russian side]. AldriMer.no (in Norwegian). Retrieved 16 May 2018.
  275. ^ a b Omar al-Jaffal (29 October 2013). "Iraqi Shiites Join Syria War". Al-Monitor. Retrieved 4 November 2013.
  276. ^ "Quwet al-Shahid Muhammed Baqir al-Sadr". Retrieved 6 January 2019.
  277. ^ "Der Syrische Bürgerkrieg – Update 06 12 2017 – Truppendienst". truppendienst.com. Retrieved 28 July 2018.
  278. ^ Smyth, Phillip (11 May 2013). "Hizballah Cavalcade: Roundup of Iraqis Killed in Syria, Part 1". Hizballah Cavalcade. Jihadology. Retrieved 22 September 2013.
  279. ^ "IRGC-controlled Iraqi militia forms 'Golan Liberation Brigade' | FDD's Long War Journal". www.longwarjournal.org. 12 March 2017.
  280. ^ "Array of pro-Syrian government forces advances in Aleppo | FDD's Long War Journal". www.longwarjournal.org. 9 December 2016.
  281. ^ al-Salhy, Suadad (10 April 2013). "Iraqi Shi'ite militants start to acknowledge role in Syria". Reuters. Archived from the original on 12 April 2013. Retrieved 4 December 2013.
  282. ^ a b "Array of pro-Syrian government forces advances in Aleppo – FDD's Long War Journal". 9 December 2016. Retrieved 28 July 2018.
  283. ^ a b "Assad regime bringing in new Iraqi militias". en.eldorar.com. Archived from the original on 26 August 2017. Retrieved 22 May 2017.
  284. ^ Bahaa, Jafra. "Shiite militia massacre in Nabek... Rape, killing and burning". Al Arabiya. Retrieved 13 January 2014.
  285. ^ "Hizballah cavalcade: Liwa'a Zulfiqar; Birth of a new Shia militia in Syria?". Jihadology. Retrieved 13 January 2014.
  286. ^ Kohnavard, Nafiseh (3 March 2015). "Tikrit: Iran key in fight to wrest city from IS". BBC. Beirut.
  287. ^ Al-Tamimi, Aymenn Jawad (10 June 2017). "The U.S.-Iranian confrontation on the Syria-Iraq Borders: Interview with an Iraqi Militia Official". Retrieved 28 July 2018.
  288. ^ "Is the Battle for Fallujah a Battle Against Fallujah?". Journal of Middle Eastern Politics and Policy. 1 (1). 15 June 2016. Archived from the original on 25 June 2023. Retrieved 24 July 2023.
  289. ^ a b Amir Toumaj (14 June 2017). "Qassem Soleimani allegedly spotted in Syria near the Iraqi border". Long War Journal. Retrieved 15 June 2017.
  290. ^ Mostapha Hassan (13 June 2017). "Who leads, operates Iran militias in al-Tanf?". Baghdad Post. Archived from the original on 11 July 2018. Retrieved 23 September 2017.
  291. ^ "SHI'I MILITIAS IN IRAQ AND SYRIA". rubincenter.org. Archived from the original on 29 July 2018. Retrieved 28 July 2018.
  292. ^ "Jaysh al-Mu'ammal". Jihad Intel. Retrieved 4 August 2018.
  293. ^ Richard Galpin (10 January 2012). "Russian arms shipments bolster Syria's embattled Assad". BBC News. Retrieved 4 February 2012.
  294. ^ "Russian military presence in Syria poses challenge to US-led intervention". The Guardian, 23 December 2012. Retrieved 26 February 2013.
  295. ^ "Assad: Iran is sending arms to Syria". Al Arabiya News. 16 September 2015. Retrieved 8 April 2016.
  296. ^ Fassihi, Farnaz; Bergman, Ronen (6 December 2024). "Iran Begins to Evacuate Military Officials and Personnel From Syria". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 7 December 2024. Retrieved 11 December 2024.
  297. ^ "China enters fray in Syria on Bashar al-Assad's side". The Irish Times. Retrieved 3 October 2016.
  298. ^ "It looks like Iraq has joined Assad's side in the Syrian war". Business Insider. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 16 February 2014.
  299. ^ Tom Perry; Ellen Francis (20 December 2018). "Syria's Kurds reel from U.S. move, Assad seen planning next step". Reuters. Retrieved 21 December 2018.
  300. ^ "Militäroffensive der Türkei: Deutsche Waffenexporte auf höchstem Stand seit 14 Jahren" [Turkey's military offensive: German weapons exports at the highest level since 14 years]. Frankfurter Rundschau (in German). 17 October 2019. Retrieved 21 October 2019.
  301. ^ Ammar Hamou (27 October 2019). "Civilians the only innocent party in 'Operation Peace Spring'". Syria:Direct. Archived from the original on 28 October 2019. Retrieved 28 October 2019.
  302. ^ "The Sham Legion: Syria's Moderate Islamists". Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. 15 April 2014. Retrieved 13 May 2014.
  303. ^ a b hasanmustafas (8 May 2015). "The Moderate Rebels: A Growing List of Vetted Groups Fielding BGM-71 TOW Anti-Tank Guided Missiles". Retrieved 1 September 2016.
  304. ^ "Seven dead as clashes erupt in northern Syria". The New Arab. 19 June 2022.
  305. ^ van Wilgenburg, Wladimir (27 March 2014). "Syrian Kurds, rebels find common enemy in ISIS". Al-Monitor. Archived from the original on 28 March 2014. Retrieved 16 May 2014.
  306. ^ Hassan Ridha [@sayed_ridha] (27 January 2017). "جيش الشمال بريف حلب الشمالي يعلن فك ارتباطه بحركة نور الدين الزنكي" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  307. ^ ""Joint defense alliance" in defense of the Barada valley and a rejection of the processes of displacement and violation of truces". Enab Baladi. 26 December 2016.
  308. ^ "المعارضة تستهدف مجموعة لقوات الأسد بصاروخ موجه على جبهة الساحل (فيديو)". STEP News Agency. 3 July 2019.
  309. ^ "Nour e-Din a-Zinki defects from HTS, citing unwillingness to end rebel infighting". Syria Direct. 20 July 2017.
  310. ^ "Northern Homs based rebel group joins Authenticity and Development Front". Archived from the original on 7 August 2017. Retrieved 7 August 2017.
  311. ^ "Syrian Opposition Factions in the Syrian Civil War". bellingcat. 13 August 2016.
  312. ^ a b "خلافات داخلية تفضي إلى انشقاقات في "جيش النصر" – عنب بلدي". 9 February 2018. Retrieved 24 February 2018.
  313. ^ Tomasz Rolbiecki (20 June 2018). "Saraya Darayya – A Group Motivated By Revenge". Syrian War Daily. Archived from the original on 2 May 2019. Retrieved 19 July 2018.
  314. ^ "Syrian Opposition Forms A New Military Operation To Stop Syrian Regime East Idlib – Qasion News Agency". Archived from the original on 4 February 2018. Retrieved 24 February 2018.
  315. ^ "New rebel group formed in Idlib". Al-Masdar News. 20 September 2016. Archived from the original on 9 June 2019. Retrieved 20 September 2016.
  316. ^ "Islamic State not attacking Hama Christians, activists says". Now.mmedia.me. Archived from the original on 11 November 2019. Retrieved 12 November 2019.
  317. ^ "Syria: Unlawful attacks by government forces hit civilians and medical facilities in Idlib". www.amnesty.org. 28 March 2019.
  318. ^ "Ahrar Al-Sharqya Withdraw From Euphrates Shield As They Refuse The US Forces Interfere To Rai (Video) – Qasion News Agency". Archived from the original on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 9 November 2016.
  319. ^ a b c "Syrian Civil War factions". Google Docs.
  320. ^ "Jaish al-Ahrar leaves Tahrir al-Sham alliance: statement". Zaman al-Wasl. 14 September 2017.
  321. ^ "Idleb, Hama Rebels Unite Under 'Army of Victory' Operations Room". The Syrian Observer. 5 August 2015.
  322. ^ "Syrian Observatory for Human Rights - 5 fighters killed in clashes against the regime forces in Latakia Mountains". Facebook. 10 July 2016. Retrieved 11 July 2016.
  323. ^ Fadel, Leith (28 September 2016). "Former Darayya rebels now fighting Syrian Army in northern Hama". Al-Masdar News. Archived from the original on 14 April 2019. Retrieved 28 September 2016.
  324. ^ "Sham Legion: The Brigade of Freedom is trying to trade the blood of the elements". Qasioun News Agency. 8 August 2017. Archived from the original on 12 November 2017. Retrieved 8 August 2017.
  325. ^ http://stepagency-sy.net/archives/181604/wp-admin/install.php [dead link‍]
  326. ^ "Analysis: Insurgents launch major offensive against Assad regime in Hama province – FDD's Long War Journal". FDD's Long War Journal. 24 March 2017.
  327. ^ @badly_xeroxed (18 February 2018). "Liwa al-Adiyat of the Badia Sector..." (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  328. ^ "Cerablus'taki Durumu, Suriye Türkmen Meclisi Bşk. Anlatıyor – Detay 13 – TRT Avaz". YouTube. 7 September 2016.
  329. ^ [1] Türkmen Tugayı, Türkmenlere Fırat Kalkanı'na katılın çağrısında bulundu
  330. ^ "Conflict in Syria: Live Tactical Analysis". Grey Dynamics. 7 December 2024.
  331. ^ "Coalition "forces of the South" includes eight factions and brigades ... and a preliminary step for integration". Sham News Network. 9 February 2017.
  332. ^ "A new military alliance in the Syrian south, what does it consist of?". Al-Dorar al-Shamia. 16 August 2017. Archived from the original on 20 September 2017. Retrieved 24 December 2022.
  333. ^ "Syria dissident groups still not united". Al Monitor. 5 March 2015. Archived from the original on 17 July 2015. Retrieved 5 March 2015.
  334. ^ "Syrian Rebels Plot Their Next Moves: A Time Exclusive". Time. 11 February 2012. Archived from the original on 8 July 2013.
  335. ^ abo baker (8 September 2017). "الجيش السوري الحر-الجبهة الجنوبية- الفرقة/406/مشاة" – via YouTube.
  336. ^ "Rebels in Daraa form new army to fight Syrian forces". Al-Masdar. 8 July 2018. Archived from the original on 21 November 2018. Retrieved 10 July 2018.
  337. ^ "Timeline Photos - The Syrian Rebellion Observatory - Observatoire de la rébellion Syrienne - Facebook". Facebook. Retrieved 6 April 2015.
  338. ^ "Syria dissident groups still not united". Al Monitor. 5 March 2014. Retrieved 27 March 2015.
  339. ^ "The Moderate Rebels: A Complete and Growing List of Vetted Groups". الثورة الديمقراطية، الطراز السوري Democratic Revolution, Syrian Style. 21 October 2014. Retrieved 29 December 2014.
  340. ^ "المعارضة المسلحة تصل السويداء وتسيطر على مقرات أمنية (فيديو)". Erem news. 6 December 2024.
  341. ^ Shaam.org. ""جيش سوريا الجديد " بحلة جديدة .. "مغاوير الثورة" تشكيل بدعم أمريكي لمحاربة تنظيم الدولة في حمص".
  342. ^ "Military factions announced the formation of a 'gathering of revolutionaries Mahja' Badra". SMART News Agency. 19 June 2018. [permanent dead link‍]
  343. ^ "YouTube". Retrieved 24 February 2018 – via YouTube.
  344. ^ Azizi, Bradost (6 February 2013). "Islamists Fighting Kurds in Syria Admit to Turkish Military Support". Rudaw. Archived from the original on 9 February 2013. Retrieved 10 February 2013.
  345. ^ كودي (27 August 2018). "The Imam Ali Battalion led by Waled Shagal joined the ranks of #FSA National Liberation Frontpic.twitter.com/5jFwZRWpjS". Retrieved 6 January 2019.
  346. ^ "Warring Syrian rebel groups abduct each other's members". Times of Israel. 18 May 2013. Retrieved 25 May 2013.
  347. ^ "Commander of the Victory Brigade: we will change the balance of forces in northern Aleppo". Baladi News. 1 June 2016. Archived from the original on 19 October 2017. Retrieved 6 June 2016.
  348. ^ Fadel, Leith (18 July 2016). "Jihadist rebels mourn the loss of 16 fighters as government forces advance in Aleppo City". Al-Masdar News. Retrieved 19 July 2016.
  349. ^ NUR ÖZKAN ERBAY; MUSTAFA KIRIKÇIOĞLU (13 October 2019). "Syrian Kurds look to end YPG-rule in Syria". Daily Sabah. Retrieved 28 October 2019.
  350. ^ "New statement from Hayy'at Taḥrīr al-Shām: "Katā'ib Anṣār al-Shām Joins Hayy'at Taḥrīr al-Shām"". Jihadology. 7 February 2017. Archived from the original on 8 February 2017. Retrieved 9 February 2017.
  351. ^ "Infographic: 'Fatah Halab' Military Operations Room – Coalition of 31 Rebel factions". Archicivilians. 18 June 2015. Archived from the original on 27 June 2015. Retrieved 2 July 2015.
  352. ^ Gutman, Roy; Alhamadee, Mousab (3 May 2015). "Rebel worry: How to control Islamists if Assad is pushed from northern Syria". The McClatchy Company. Archived from the original on 7 May 2015. Retrieved 4 May 2015.
  353. ^ "Factions involved in North Aleppo's Opposition/SDF Conflict". Archicivilians. 1 December 2015. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 1 December 2015.
  354. ^ "Free army factions in the south announce the formation of the 'National Front for the Liberation of Syria'". El-Dorar al-Shamia. 22 July 2017.
  355. ^ "#Syria, Homs – Div Liwa Rijal Allah joins Harakat Tahrir Homs". 9 April 2016. Retrieved 24 February 2018.
  356. ^ "The Moderate Rebels: A Growing List of Vetted Groups Fielding BGM-71 TOW Anti-Tank Guided Missiles". 8 May 2015. Retrieved 24 February 2018.
  357. ^ Cody Roche (5 December 2017). "The Trotskyist León Sedov Brigade in the Syrian Revolution". Medium. Archived from the original on 15 April 2019. Retrieved 8 August 2018.
  358. ^ Salvia, Mattia (24 July 2018). "Revolutionaries for Hire". The Baffler. Retrieved 31 October 2018.
  359. ^ a b "Territorial Control Map - Wadi Barada Pocket" (PDF). Omran Dirasat. 4 January 2016.
  360. ^ "Al Nusrah Front and Ansar al Khilafah seize town near Aleppo, execute Syrian soldiers - FDD's Long War Journal". www.longwarjournal.org. 27 July 2013.
  361. ^ "Hezbollah and the SAA Capture Most of Wadi Barada". Al-Masdar News. 21 November 2014. Archived from the original on 4 August 2018. Retrieved 27 December 2016.
  362. ^ "Hours after imposing American sanctions on a Turkish-backed faction | National Army factions integrate into the unified leadership room "Azm" • the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights". 28 July 2021.
  363. ^ "بيان تشكيل المجلس العسكري لمدينة أخترين و ريفها". YouTube. 3 September 2016.
  364. ^ [2] Tal Rifaat formation of a Unified Military Council and Political office are formed
  365. ^ "Syria's new national security force pledges loyalty to Turkey". 25 January 2017. Archived from the original on 26 January 2017. Retrieved 15 May 2017.
  366. ^ "Hundreds of police trained by Turkey start work in northern Syria". Reuters. 24 January 2017.
  367. ^ Bahira al-Zarier; Justin Clark; Mohammad Abdulssattar Ibrahim; Ammar Hamou (14 May 2018). "Hidden explosives stunt movement, frighten Afrin residents two months into pro-Turkish rule". SYRIA:direct. Retrieved 16 August 2018.
  368. ^ "Grey Wolves take on black flag in Syria". Intelligence Online. 2 December 2015.
  369. ^ "Greek Defense Ministry confirms Russian Su-24M bomber was downed in Syrian airspace". TASS. 2 December 2015.
  370. ^ Sherlock, Ruth (3 August 2012). "Muslim Brotherhood establishes militia inside Syria". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 21 February 2014.
  371. ^ "Military wing of Hamas training Syrian rebels". The Jerusalem Post. 5 April 2013.
  372. ^ "Assad: Syria Has 'No Relation at All' with Hamas". Palestine Chronicle. 19 April 2015.
  373. ^ "Terrorist confesses to Hamas's involvement in terror activities in Syria". Syrian Arab News Agency. 2 October 2015.
  374. ^ "Hamas to restore Syria ties after 10 years of dispute, sources say". Reuters. 21 June 2022. Retrieved 30 September 2024.
  375. ^ "INSIGHT: Iraq's Tensions Heightened by Syria Conflict". Middle East Voices (VOA). 29 November 2012.
  376. ^ "Free Iraqi Army inspired by Syria war". The Daily Star (Lebanon). 10 November 2012.
  377. ^ "Iraqis locked in rival sectarian narratives". BBC News. 21 November 2012.
  378. ^ Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi (25 January 2019). "Jaysh al-Islam in Gaza: Exclusive Interview". Retrieved 13 February 2019.
  379. ^ "SBarış Pınarı Harekatı". Timeturk.com.
  380. ^ "Suriye sınırına askeri sevkiyat". Timeturk.com.
  381. ^ TSK El Bab'a 57. Komando Taburu'nu göndermeye hazırlanıyor tgrthaber.com.tr
  382. ^ "Son dakika: Hendek avcısı PÖH'ler ve JÖH'ler emir bekliyor!". Milliyet (in Turkish). 31 January 2018. Retrieved 31 January 2018.
  383. ^ Gazetesi, Aydınlık (2 December 2018). "İntikal başladı! Afrin merkezde onlar da çatışmaya girecek! – Aydınlık".
  384. ^ sabah, daily (1 March 2017). "Turkey deploys elite commando units in Syria". Daily Sabah.
  385. ^ Özel Harekat böyle uğurlandı www.hurriyet.com.tr
  386. ^ "Intelligence agency MİT playing active role in Turkey's Afrin operation". Hürriyet Daily News. 21 January 2018. Retrieved 30 January 2018.
  387. ^ Fehim Tastekin (26 January 2018). "Erdogan's plans for Afrin might not sit well with Syria". al-Monitor. Archived from the original on 28 January 2018. Retrieved 29 January 2018.
  388. ^ "Obama Authorizes Airstrikes to Defend Syrian Rebels If Attacked". Bloomberg. 3 August 2015.
  389. ^ a b "US, UK and France launch Syria strikes targeting Assad's chemical weapons". CNN. 14 April 2018.
  390. ^ a b Schmitt, Eric (21 June 2012). "C.I.A. Said to Aid in Steering Arms to Syrian Opposition". The New York Times.
  391. ^ Risen, James; Mazzetti, Mark; Schmidt, Michael S. (5 December 2012). "U.S. approved arms for Libya rebels fell into Jihadis' hands". The New York Times. Retrieved 2 August 2013.
  392. ^ "C.I.A. Said to Aid in Steering Arms to Syrian Opposition". The New York Times. 21 June 2012. The weapons, including automatic rifles, rocket-propelled grenades, ammunition and some antitank weapons, are being funneled mostly across the Turkish border by way of a shadowy network of intermediaries including Syria's Muslim Brotherhood and paid for by Turkey
  393. ^ El Deeb, Sarah (20 June 2013). "Rivalries complicate arms pipeline to Syria rebels". San Jose Mercury News. Archived from the original on 3 October 2013. Retrieved 24 August 2013.
  394. ^ "Victory for Assad looks increasingly likely as world loses interest in Syria". The Guardian. 31 August 2017. Returning from a summit in the Saudi capital last week, opposition leaders say they were told directly by the foreign minister, Adel al-Jubeir, that Riyadh was disengaging.
  395. ^ "Hollande confirms French delivery of arms to Syrian rebels". eNCA. 21 August 2014. Archived from the original on 27 March 2019. Retrieved 25 January 2015.
  396. ^ "Iran tests the US in southeastern Syria – FDD's Long War Journal". longwarjournal.org. 3 June 2017. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
  397. ^ Hosenball, Mark (1 August 2012). "Exclusive: Obama authorizes secret U.S. support for rebels". Reuters. Archived from the original on 2 August 2012. Retrieved 2 August 2013.
  398. ^ Londono, Ernesto & Miller, Greg (12 September 2013). "U.S. weapons reaching Syrian rebels". The Washington Post. Retrieved 13 September 2013.
  399. ^ "Trump ends covert CIA program to arm anti-Assad rebels in Syria, a move sought by Moscow". The Washington Post. 19 July 2017.
  400. ^ "Britain withdraws last of troops training Syrian rebels as world powers distance themselves from opposition". The Daily Telegraph. 2 September 2017. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022.
  401. ^ "The Red Line and the Rat Line". London Review of Books. 17 April 2014. "A highly classified annex to the report, not made public [as described by one source, said that] the CIA, with the support of MI6, was responsible for getting arms from Gaddafi's arsenals into Syria...A spokesperson for Petraeus denied the operation ever took place.
  402. ^ "Jordan ponders a change of course on Syria". The National. 5 February 2017.
  403. ^ "The Southern Front". Stanford University. Retrieved 12 August 2017.
  404. ^ Sherlock, Ruth (25 November 2011). "Libya's new rulers offer weapons to Syrian rebels". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 25 May 2014.
  405. ^ "Israel secretly armed and funded 12 Syrian rebel groups, report says". Haaretz. Retrieved 9 January 2021.
  406. ^ Gross, Judah Ari. "IDF chief finally acknowledges that Israel supplied weapons to Syrian rebels". www.timesofisrael.com. Retrieved 9 January 2021.
  407. ^ "Canada sent millions to Syrian rebels". Toronto Sun. 31 August 2013. Retrieved 19 February 2019.
  408. ^ a b "Germany helping Syria rebels with spy ship intel: paper". Reuters. 19 August 2012. Retrieved 19 February 2019.
  409. ^ Caleb Weiss (18 January 2018). "New Uighur jihadist group emerges in Syria". Long War Journal. Retrieved 19 January 2018.
  410. ^ "Ajnad Kavkaz – From Chechnya To Syria". Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 1 September 2016.
  411. ^ "Abu Bakr Shishani Now Fighting Alongside Ajnad al-Kavkaz In Latakia". 9 February 2016. Archived from the original on 27 February 2016. Retrieved 1 September 2016.
  412. ^ Jama'at Ansar al-Haq's Separation from Hurras al-Din: Translation and Analysis aymennjawad.org
  413. ^ "More Detailed Information & Interview With Newly-Formed Tatar Group Junud Al-Makhdi Whose Amir Trained In North Caucasus With Khattab". 3 July 2016. Archived from the original on 6 September 2016. Retrieved 1 September 2016.
  414. ^ "Foreign jihadists advertise role in Latakia fighting – The Long War Journal". 11 July 2016. Retrieved 1 September 2016.
  415. ^ Saeed Jawdat (21 May 2017). "With the exception of its leader ... Ajafalh Brigades (Abu Amara) announces its entry for (edit Sham)". All4Syria.
  416. ^ Mudiq, Qalaat Al (18 August 2018). "#Syria: Abu Amara Special Task Brigade announces the killing of Ahmed Habib, an officer of Military Intelligence in #Masyaf (W. #Hama).pic.twitter.com/urQ39HBUjl". Retrieved 6 January 2019.
  417. ^ Weiss, Caleb (23 April 2015). "Turkistan Islamic Party in Syria involved in new Idlib offensive". Long War Journal.
  418. ^ "UN: Islamic Jihad Union operates in Syria". Long War Journal. 31 July 2019.
  419. ^ "ضمانات أمريكية لتركيا بالتوقف عن تسليح أكراد سوريا". جريدة الدستور الاردنية.
  420. ^ Al-Tamimi, Aymenn Jawad. "The Factions of North Latakia". Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
  421. ^ Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi (6 August 2019). "Kurdish Rebels in Northwest Syria: Interview with Harakat Salah al-Din al-Kurdi". Retrieved 12 August 2019.
  422. ^ "Turkey sends in jets as Syria's agony spills over every border". The Guardian. 26 July 2015.
  423. ^ "Turkey forces clash with Tahrir al-Sham in Syria". Al Jazeera. 8 October 2017.
  424. ^ "Turkey designates Syria's Tahrir al-Sham as terrorist group ahead of Idlib regime assault". Al-Araby Al-Jadeed. 31 August 2018.
  425. ^ "Turkey's Erdogan Has Grand Plans for al Qaeda's Syrian Spin-Off". The Daily Beast. 8 October 2018.
  426. ^ Khalaf, Roula (17 May 2013). "How Qatar seized control of the Syrian revolution". FT Magazine.
  427. ^ Sengupta, Kim (12 May 2015). "Turkey and Saudi Arabia alarm the West by backing Islamist extremists the Americans had bombed in Syria". The Independent.
  428. ^ Porter, Gareth (23 May 2015). "Obama's failure on Saudi-Qatari aid to al-Qaeda affiliate". Middle East Eye.
  429. ^ Thibault Spirlet (4 June 2024). "Ukraine sent special forces to Syria to attack Russians there, revealing a new front to the war". www.businessinsider.com. Retrieved 10 December 2024.
  430. ^ "Did Ukraine special forces strike Russia forces at a Syrian airbase?". www.newarab.com. 1 August 2024. Retrieved 10 December 2024.
  431. ^ Seth, Harp (14 February 2017). "The Anarchists vs. the Islamic State". Rolling Stone Magazine. Retrieved 29 January 2018.
  432. ^ "Women from Kobane form a battalion to support Afrin". ANF News. 9 February 2018. Retrieved 11 February 2018.
  433. ^ Wladimir van Wilgenburg (11 December 2013). "The Kurdish PUK's Syria Policy". Carnegie Middle East Center. Retrieved 21 March 2017.
  434. ^ "Part of 1st military regiment of Special Forces in al-Tabqa – ANHA – Ajansa Nûçeyan a Hawar". hawarnews.com. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
  435. ^ "Syrian Democratic Forces Update". Retrieved 28 July 2018.
  436. ^ United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. "Refworld – Kurdish Strategy Towards Ethnically-Mixed Areas in the Syrian Conflict". Refworld.
  437. ^ "3,000 Arab fighters to be deployed under SDF banner for Raqqa battle". Rudaw. 2 February 2017.
  438. ^ "South Hasakah/North Deir Ezzor situation on April 28, 2016". agathocledesyracuse.com. 28 April 2016. Archived from the original on 31 May 2016.
    Szakola, Albin. "New rebel force battling ISIS in northeast Syria". Archived from the original on 27 May 2016. Retrieved 19 June 2016.
  439. ^ "South Hasakah/North Deir Ezzor situation on April 28, 2016". agathocledesyracuse.com. 28 April 2016. Archived from the original on 31 May 2016.
  440. ^ Szakola, Albin. "New rebel force battling ISIS in northeast Syria". Archived from the original on 27 May 2016. Retrieved 19 June 2016.
  441. ^ مارديني, بهية (26 March 2017). "قوات النخبة السورية تدخل مدينة الكرامة معقل داعش". Elaph. Elaph Publishing.
  442. ^ "Kurds Front: we will resist to the last gasp". Hawar News Agency. 24 October 2016. Archived from the original on 25 October 2016. Retrieved 17 February 2017.
  443. ^ "بيان إلى الرأي العام". Archived from the original on 17 February 2017. Retrieved 17 February 2017.
  444. ^ "تشكيل أول كتيبة عسكرية لنساء مناطق الشهباء" (in Arabic). Hawar News Agency. Archived from the original on 27 August 2016. Retrieved 1 September 2016.
  445. ^ "SDF announces the launch of 'Great Battle' for Raqqa". ANF News.
  446. ^ "15 opposition brigades in Idlib, Aleppo join SDF forces". Syria Direct. 18 November 2015. Archived from the original on 25 September 2018. Retrieved 7 June 2017.
  447. ^ "SDF marching on Raqqa is mix of ethnicities, religions, genders". Rudaw. 7 November 2016.
  448. ^ name=liberation>"Arab fighters: ready to fight until the liberation of all over Syria". Hawar News Agency. 18 December 2015. Archived from the original on 9 October 2017. Retrieved 28 June 2017.
  449. ^ "Jaysh al-Thuwar: Our operations against Daesh terror continues". Hawar News Agency. Archived from the original on 1 December 2016. Retrieved 8 June 2017.
  450. ^ "Great War for the liberation of Raqqa begins". Hawar News Agency. Archived from the original on 9 June 2017. Retrieved 8 June 2017.
  451. ^ "Revolutionary Shield declares readiness to respond to the attacks of the Turkish occupation". Firat News Agency. 27 January 2018.
  452. ^ "Democratic Brigade North: Turkey impede our progress in coordination with Daesh". Hawar News Agency. 8 September 2016. Archived from the original on 9 October 2017. Retrieved 24 June 2017.
  453. ^ "Shahba forces". RUMAF. 1 December 2016.
  454. ^ Antonopoulos, Paul (20 October 2016). "Video: Thuwar Raqqa announce a women's battalion to fight ISIS". al-Masdar News. Archived from the original on 17 September 2017. Retrieved 28 June 2017.
  455. ^ "#Syria-Raqqa suspicious factions with the PYD". 7 September 2016.
  456. ^ "Would Assad regime Go into on the battle of #Raqqa ?". El-Dorar Al-Shamia. 20 February 2017. Retrieved 13 March 2017.[permanent dead link‍]
  457. ^ "Wrath of Euphrates fighters head for al-Sokeri". Hawar News Agency. 20 November 2016. Archived from the original on 12 May 2017. Retrieved 16 October 2021.
  458. ^ "Fighters from all al-Raqqa clans participate in the liberation camiagn". Hawar News Agency. Archived from the original on 2 April 2017. Retrieved 2 April 2017.
  459. ^ "Syrian Civil War factions". Google Docs.
  460. ^ "Who is taking part in Ghadab al-Firat campaign?". Hawar News Agency. Archived from the original on 9 November 2016. Retrieved 24 November 2016.
  461. ^ John Davison (16 August 2017). "Arab fighters struggle to assert role in Raqqa assault". Reuters.
  462. ^ "Fursan al-Jazîra Brigades join SDF ranks". Hawar News Agency. Archived from the original on 16 August 2017. Retrieved 6 August 2017.
  463. ^ @Syria_Rebel_Obs (6 November 2016). "EXCLUSIVE SRO – Former leader of the main #Tabqa #FSA factions, Liwa Owais al-Qarni, entered Northern Federation days ago" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  464. ^ "بعد تبنيه خارطة "روج آفا".. حسام العواك يعلن استقالته من "قسد" – شبكة بلدي الإعلامية". Archived from the original on 31 March 2019. Retrieved 24 February 2018.
  465. ^ "Hundreds of Syrian rebels join the pro-Kurdish SDF alliance". ARA News. Archived from the original on 19 October 2017. Retrieved 4 December 2016.
  466. ^ "Ajansa Nûçeyan a Firatê". ANF. 13 October 2016. Archived from the original on 22 December 2016. Retrieved 4 December 2016.
  467. ^ "What platoons are participating in freeing Raqqa campaign?". Hawar News Agency. Archived from the original on 13 August 2016. Retrieved 17 April 2017.
  468. ^ "The Dawn of Freedom Brigades: Analysis and Interview". Syria Comment. 2 October 2014. Retrieved 6 October 2014.
  469. ^ "The Factions of Kobani (Ayn al-Arab)". Syria Comment. 21 November 2014. Retrieved 25 November 2014.
  470. ^ "Former Euphrates Shield group joined SDF". YPG. 4 September 2017. Archived from the original on 10 September 2017. Retrieved 9 September 2017.
  471. ^ MFS Media Center (7 July 2019). "بيان تأسيس المجلس العسكري السرياني الاشوري ، إتحاد MFS و MNK". Retrieved 10 July 2019 – via YouTube.
  472. ^ "Süryani Askeri Meclisi Sözcüsü: Güçlerimiz halkının büyük desteği ile kuruldu - Hawarnews Türkçe Sayfası". www.hawarnews.com.
  473. ^ "Bethnahrin Women Protection Forces Founded against ISIS". Retrieved 19 June 2016.
  474. ^ "Assyrian Female Fighters Joined Battlefronts Against ISIS in Northeastern Syria". Retrieved 19 June 2016.
  475. ^ "The revolutionaries of Bethnahrin: cooperation between Christians and Kurds – Links International Journal of Socialist Renewal". Retrieved 19 June 2016.
  476. ^ SyriacMilitaryMFS (29 October 2018). "#Syriac Military Council, MFS also is sending special forces as reinforcements with the SDF amid ongoing hard battle against ISIS in the various fronts in the Deir ez Zor region for the total liberation of the area and safety of the population with @coalition & @CENTCOM.pic.twitter.com/qbQlPVeZnZ". Retrieved 6 January 2019.
  477. ^ Agence France-Presse (29 June 2017). "Rosaries and rifles: Syria Christians take on IS in Raqa". al-Monitor. Retrieved 2 July 2017.
  478. ^ "SDF creates female Arab battalion in eastern Syria to fight patriarchy and ISIS". ARA News. 11 July 2017. Archived from the original on 13 July 2017. Retrieved 11 July 2017.
  479. ^ "Members of Jazira Young Women's Union join resistance in Ain Issa". ANF News. 11 January 2021. Retrieved 14 January 2021.
  480. ^ "Young women join the SDF to defend their land". ANF News. 24 December 2020. Retrieved 14 January 2021.
  481. ^ "First YCR battalion formed in Efrîn". ANF News.
  482. ^ "400 Sheitat tribesmen joined U.S.-backed alliance to fight ISIS: sources". Syria News. 7 January 2016. Retrieved 10 February 2016.
  483. ^ "Kurdish-led SDF attracts more Arab fighters in Syria's Deir ez-Zor amid growing anti-ISIS campaign". ARA News. 24 June 2016. Archived from the original on 14 December 2017. Retrieved 11 April 2017.
  484. ^ "Objectives of New SDF-Led militias in the city of Afrin". Al-Dorar al-Shamia. 15 August 2017. Archived from the original on 23 October 2018. Retrieved 16 August 2017.
  485. ^ "بعد "لواء ثوار إدلب" "قسد" تشكل "لواء تحرير إدلب وعفرين" ...!!". shaam.org.
  486. ^ "A leader in the 'Idlib revolutionaries' to Kurd Street network: the problems of tenderness behind Turkey .. The arrival of the Arab delegation to Kobani is to support border guards". Kurd Street. 2 June 2018.
  487. ^ Wladimir van Wilgenburg (22 August 2018). "YPG rejects involvement in attacks by mysterious groups in Afrin". Kurdistan 24. Retrieved 29 August 2018.
  488. ^ "Afrin Liberation Forces carried out 2 operations in Afrin – ANHA – Ajansa Nûçeyan a Hawar". hawarnews.com. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
  489. ^ "The Battle for Syria's Al-Hasakah Province – Combating Terrorism Center at West Point". 24 October 2013. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015.
  490. ^ "The Ajeel tribe in Raqqa announces its support for the SDF, sends hundreds of fighters to join SDF ranks, and denies allegations that it is opposed to the SDF". Hawar News Agency. 31 March 2017. Archived from the original on 26 April 2017. Retrieved 26 May 2017.
  491. ^ Heras, Nicholas (24 October 2013). "The battle for Syria's al-Hasakah province". Combating Terrorism Center. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 17 February 2014.
  492. ^ "Join the banner of liberalization of the Euphrates to the Military Council in Aleppo Manbej". ARA News. 2 October 2016. Archived from the original on 4 October 2016.
  493. ^ "Inspired by Kurdish units, al-Bab Military Council creates all-female battalion". ARA News. 1 November 2016. Archived from the original on 5 November 2016. Retrieved 24 November 2016.
  494. ^ "ANF – Ajansa Nûçeyan a Firatê". Retrieved 1 September 2016.
  495. ^ "Next phase of SDF Raqqa operation sees alliance with Deir ez-Zur Military Council". Rudaw. 17 February 2017.
  496. ^ a b Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi (28 September 2018). "Hajin in Deir az-Zor: Interview". Retrieved 20 February 2019.
  497. ^ Hassan, Mohammed (9 September 2023). "Deir ez-Zor torn between Arab tribes' struggle for independence and the SDF's efforts to subdue them". Middle East Institute. Archived from the original on 10 September 2023.
  498. ^ ÇAKSU, ERSİN (11 October 2019). "Not a single house captured by the enemy in Serekaniye". ANF News. Retrieved 11 October 2019.
  499. ^ "Russia Propositions SDF in Ayn Issa". ASHARQ AL-AWSAT. 8 December 2020. Retrieved 25 December 2020.
  500. ^ "Tal Abyad Military Council: It is our duty to protect our people if Turkey violates the agreement". Hawar News. 7 October 2019. Retrieved 11 December 2019.
  501. ^ "Qamishlo bid farewell to its four martyrs". ANF News. 12 October 2019. Retrieved 11 December 2019.
  502. ^ "SDF fighter Ismail Hisên laid to rest". ANF News. 9 December 2019. Retrieved 11 December 2019.
  503. ^ "Six SDF martyrs laid to rest in Heseke". ANF News. 15 November 2019. Retrieved 11 December 2019.
  504. ^ "Emotional farewell ceremony for 8 SDF martyrs in Şedadê". ANF News. 28 November 2019. Retrieved 11 December 2019.
  505. ^ "300 fighters join to al-Shadadi Military Council after declaring general alarm by clans' notables". Hawar News. 13 October 2019. Retrieved 11 December 2019.
  506. ^ Glioti, Andrea (7 May 2013). "Kurdish group gaining autonomy in northern Syria". Al-Monitor. Archived from the original on 21 November 2013. Retrieved 12 August 2013.
  507. ^ "Second HAT course members graduate". Hawar News Agency. Archived from the original on 6 March 2017. Retrieved 6 March 2017.
  508. ^ Force-OIR (Iraq/Syria), Special Ops Joint Task (15 October 2018). "A Manbij Military Council Quick Reaction Force member role plays as a casualty treated during a medical skills assessment in #Manbij, #Syria. The #MMC-QRF works with @Coalition advisors to enhance their medical skills. @shervanderwish @cjtfoirpic.twitter.com/fJ4Ijjo5xY". Retrieved 6 January 2019.
  509. ^ "Anti-IS coalition trains policemen for Syria's Raqqa". Middle East Eye.
  510. ^ O. I. R. Spokesman. "Raqqah Internal Security Force troops help one other adjust protective vests & fit helmets during the 2nd week of Quick Reaction Force training. The 3K-strong RISF are responsible for securing Raqqah, Tabqah & surrounding areas from any ISIS resurgence #defeatDaeshpic.twitter.com/xL2YyPDx0E". Retrieved 24 February 2018 – via Twitter.
  511. ^ "Internal Security Forces in Deir ez-Zor graduated new course – ANHA – Ajansa Nûçeyan a Hawar". hawarnews.com. Retrieved 18 March 2019.
  512. ^ "Die Welt: Die Christen in Syrien ziehen in die Schlacht". Die Welt (in German). 23 October 2013. Retrieved 18 November 2013.
  513. ^ Rudaw (6 April 2015). "Rojava defense force draws thousands of recruits". Rudaw. Retrieved 22 June 2015.
  514. ^ "Third batch of Special Forces consisting of 60 fighters graduate in the Self Defence Forces of Rojava, Efrîn canton.@Liveuamappic.twitter.com/OXxQuMrT4x". Rojava News. 23 May 2017 – via Twitter.
  515. ^ "Rojava Dispatch Six: Innovations, the Formation of the Hêza Parastina Cewherî (HPC)". Modern Slavery. Archived from the original on 18 August 2017. Retrieved 8 December 2015.
  516. ^ "Coalition and SDF are training a 30,000-strong Syrian border force". The Defense Post. 13 January 2018. Retrieved 24 February 2018.
  517. ^ Baldor, Lolita C. (22 December 2017). "US Ups Border Training In Syria To Prevent IS Resurgence". Associated Press. Archived from the original on 14 January 2018. Retrieved 13 January 2018.
  518. ^ "Two Spaniards arrested on return from fighting ISIS in Syria". EL PAÍS. 7 July 2015. Retrieved 19 January 2016.
  519. ^ Demir, Arzu (28 January 2015). "Preparations for international brigade in Rojava". Firat News Agency. Archived from the original on 11 February 2015. Retrieved 11 February 2015.
  520. ^ "MLKP fighter: We will be at the front until Sinjar is liberated". Firat News Agency. 29 December 2014. Archived from the original on 28 January 2015. Retrieved 11 February 2015.
  521. ^ "Alper Çakas Enternasyonalist Özgürlük Taburu kuruldu" (in Turkish). Hawar News Agency. 29 October 2015. Archived from the original on 14 June 2016. Retrieved 25 May 2016.
  522. ^ a b "The Communist volunteers fighting the Turkish invasion of Syria". Morning Star. 31 October 2019. Retrieved 1 November 2019.
  523. ^ "Anarquistas en Rojava". Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 22 July 2016.
  524. ^ "Anarquistas ecologistas en Rojava" (in Turkish). Archived from the original on 14 August 2017. Retrieved 22 July 2016.
  525. ^ "EÖC - Emek ve Özgürlük Cephesi / Avrupa İnisiyatifi". EÖC - EMEK VE ÖZGÜRLÜK CEPHESİ/AVRUPA İNİSİYATİFİ (in Turkish). Archived from the original on 28 July 2017. Retrieved 28 July 2017.
  526. ^ "Emek ve Özgürlük Cephesi/Avrupa İnisiyatifi". Official Facebook page of EÖC. Retrieved 28 July 2017.
  527. ^ "BÖG savaşçısı Eylem Ataş Minbic'te şehit düştü". Etkin Haber Ajansı. 28 June 2016. Archived from the original on 9 October 2017. Retrieved 30 June 2016.
  528. ^ Rodríguez, Jorge A. (7 July 2015). "Detenidos dos comunistas españoles que lucharon contra el Estado Islámico". El País.
  529. ^ sabah, daily (29 May 2017). "Greek anarchists vow to implement warfare methods they learned from PYD terrorists in Syria". Daily Sabah.
  530. ^ Moore, Jack (25 July 2017). "FIRST LGBT UNIT CREATED TO FIGHT ISIS IN SYRIA. ITS NAME? THE QUEER INSURRECTION". Newsweek. Retrieved 25 July 2017.
  531. ^ Kentish, Ben (25 July 2017). "'The Queer Insurrection': Coalition forces fighting Isis in Syria form first LGBT unit". The Independent. Retrieved 25 July 2017.
  532. ^ Puxton, Matteo (16 May 2018). "Syrie - Brigade Michael Israel: des volontaires antifascistes contre l'armée turque". France-Soir. Retrieved 24 May 2021.
  533. ^ "Collective Announced in Rojava: Tekoşîna Anarşîst". AMW English. 10 January 2019. Archived from the original on 15 January 2019. Retrieved 19 March 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  534. ^ Anarşîst, Tekoşîna (11 January 2019). "We have been active in the final push against ISIS. TA has been attaching to a local YPG unit and doing rotations with them to the front. Tomorrow another group of our hevals will again go to DeirZor. We wish them the best of luck! Serkeftin!pic.twitter.com/BaClx5PpgQ". Retrieved 18 March 2019.
  535. ^ "Depuis la Syrie, le soutien de la "brigade Krasucki" aux salariés d'Air France". Libération.
  536. ^ "Badass Dutch Biker Gang Fighting ISIS in Iraq". Intelligencer. 14 October 2014.
  537. ^ "HBDH announces revolutionaries who lost their lives in Afrin". ANF News. 10 May 2018. Retrieved 17 February 2019.
  538. ^ "Martyr Mam Hejar is the slogan of unity for Kurdish people". YPG Rojava. 26 February 2017. Archived from the original on 10 October 2020. Retrieved 16 March 2017.
  539. ^ "Did Kurdistan's Counter-Terrorist Group assault the Tabqa Dam in Syria? – SOFREP". 23 March 2017.
  540. ^ "First unit of Peshmerga enters Kobane". ARA News. 29 October 2014. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016.
  541. ^ Vijay Prashad. "Siege of Kobane". Frontline.
  542. ^ "SDF, Iraqis Defend Syrian Border Town from IS". Voice of America. 29 June 2018.
  543. ^ Irish, John (13 November 2013). "Syrian Kurdish leader claims military gains against Islamists". Reuters. Archived from the original on 14 November 2013. Retrieved 13 November 2013.
  544. ^ "France will keep delivering arms to Kurdish Syrian rebels to fight Islamic State group". Fox News Channel. Archived from the original on 19 October 2014.
  545. ^ "US to arm Syrian Kurds, rebel groups fighting IS – Al-Monitor: the Pulse of the Middle East". Al-Monitor. Archived from the original on 22 June 2016. Retrieved 28 June 2016.
  546. ^ "Rusya YPG'ye silah indirdi". Sabah. 30 November 2015.
  547. ^ "Russia resumes dropping ammunition to PYD". Yeni Safak. 2 December 2015. Archived from the original on 4 February 2016. Retrieved 9 December 2015.
  548. ^ "Saudi Arabia, UAE send troops to support Kurds in Syria". Middle East Monitor. 22 November 2018. the forces will be stationed with US-led coalition troops and will support its tasks with ... heavy and light weapons.
  549. ^ a b "U.S. Seeks Arab Force and Funding for Syria". The Wall Street Journal. 16 April 2018. Saudi Arabia and the U.A.E. helped pay the stipends for the Syrian fighters the U.S. is supporting
  550. ^ "Saudi Arabia in talks with YPG to form new force". Daily Sabah. 30 May 2018.
  551. ^ "Soldati italiani in Siria? Arriva la smentita, ma..." (in Italian). Retrieved 11 June 2018.
  552. ^ Coleman, Luke (5 March 2015). "Assad: We Armed Kurds Before International Coalition". basnews.com. Archived from the original on 3 April 2015.
  553. ^ "Syrian President Bashar al-Assad accused of arming Kurdish separatists for attacks against Turkish government". The Independent. Archived from the original on 12 August 2012.
  554. ^ "Assad regime says it will continue to provide weaponry, money to Kurds". DailySabah. 20 April 2015.
  555. ^ "Syria regime, Kurds join to fight IS in Hasakeh". Yahoo News. 20 July 2015. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 28 June 2016.
  556. ^ "Esad yönetimi ve Kürtler birbirine nasıl bakıyor?". BBC Türkçe. 31 October 2014. Retrieved 16 January 2016.
  557. ^ "Rojava: PYD-Führer für Bündnis mit Assad". 19 August 2015. Retrieved 19 June 2016.
  558. ^ "Airstrikes 'Successful' Against ISIS Targets in Syria, US Military Says". American Broadcasting Company.
  559. ^ "US special forces carry out secret ground raid against Isil in Syria, 'killing at least 25 jihadists'". The Daily Telegraph. 2017. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022.
  560. ^ "A breakdown of some of the gear U.S. Special Operations forces are using in Syria". The Washington Post. 25 April 2016.
  561. ^ a b John Sjoholm (8 February 2017). "Trump's Middle Eastern War, A Bay of Pigs in the making". Lima Charlie. Retrieved 8 March 2017.
  562. ^ Barnes, Julian E. (18 February 2015). "B-1 Pilots Describe Bombing Campaign Against ISIS in Kobani". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 18 February 2015.
  563. ^ Wladimir van Wilgenburg (11 April 2017). "US Air Force: 40% of strikes on Syria's Manbij carried out by drones". ARA News. Archived from the original on 12 April 2017. Retrieved 11 April 2017.
  564. ^ Oriana Pawlyk (18 May 2017). "US F/A-18E Shoots Down Syrian Su-22 in Air-to-Air Kill". Military.com. Retrieved 19 June 2017.
  565. ^ Dan Lamothe; Thomas Gibbons-Neff (8 March 2017). "Marines have arrived in Syria to fire artillery in the fight for Raqqa". The Washington Post. Retrieved 8 March 2017.
  566. ^ "More US special forces for Raqqa than Manbij: monitor". NOW. Archived from the original on 9 November 2016. Retrieved 8 November 2016.
  567. ^ "The 75th Ranger Regiment hits the ground in Syria for Raqqa offensive". SOFREP. 6 March 2017.
  568. ^ "UK launches first Syria air strikes". BBC News.
  569. ^ "First RAF Typhoon use of Brimstone missile destroys ISIS boat in Syria". The Defense Post. 22 February 2019.
  570. ^ "British SAS soldier killed by IS in Syria named as Sergeant Matt Tonroe". Sky News.
  571. ^ "France launches new wave of air strikes on IS group targets in Syria's Raqqa". France 24. 22 August 2016.
  572. ^ "French army on the front line of 'final battle' against IS group". France 24. 10 February 2019. Retrieved 16 February 2019.
  573. ^ "France admits special forces are advising Syrian rebels – France – Radio France Internationale". 9 June 2016. Retrieved 10 June 2016.
  574. ^ "Netherlands to Extend Airstrikes Against Islamic State Into Syria". The Wall Street Journal. 29 January 2016.
  575. ^ "Militaire bijdrage Nederland in Irak en Oost-Syrië". Netherlands Ministry of Defence. 20 October 2020.
  576. ^ "You are being redirected..." nrttv.com. Archived from the original on 8 February 2018. Retrieved 26 June 2017.
  577. ^ "Jordan hits ISIL targets in southern Syria". Al Jazeera. 5 February 2017.
  578. ^ "Saudi Arabia, UAE send troops to support Kurds in Syria". Middle East Monitor. 22 November 2018.
  579. ^ "The UAE has it in for the Muslim Brotherhood". Al-Araby Al-Jadeed. 22 February 2017. Along with their American counterparts, Emirati special forces are said to be training elements of the opposition. They constitute a kind of Arab guarantee among the Syrian Democratic Forces – an umbrella group dominated by the Kurds of the PYD, on whom the US are relying to fight IS on the ground.
  580. ^ "UAE, Kurds Standing against US, Turkey in Syria". Farsnews. 22 February 2017. Archived from the original on 31 March 2019. Retrieved 16 April 2018.
  581. ^ "The U.S. bombing of Syria implicates many of Trump's business interests". Vox. 16 April 2018.
  582. ^ Omar Sattar (11 May 2018). "Iraqi air force targets IS sites in Syria ahead of elections". Al-Monitor.
  583. ^ "ISIS mission: Canadian air strikes in Syria expected in 'short order'". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. 2 April 2015.
  584. ^ "Denmark tells U.N. it has trained radar on Syria". Reuters. 18 January 2016.
  585. ^ "Denmark to expand military mission against Islamic State into Syria". Reuters. 4 March 2016.
  586. ^ "Belgium's Anti-ISIS Airstrikes Expand From Iraq Into Syria". The New York Times. 13 May 2016.
  587. ^ Coorey, Phillip. "Australia to take 12,000 refugees, boost aid and bomb Syria". Australian Financial Review. Retrieved 10 September 2015.
  588. ^ "Australia to end air strikes in Iraq and Syria, bring Super Hornets home". Reuters. 21 December 2017.
  589. ^ "Activists and a rebel commander say Kurdish fighters have launched an attack in northern Syria under the cover of Russian airstrikes to try and capture a military air base held by insurgents". US News. 10 February 2016.
  590. ^ "Russia cooperates with PYD against ISIL". Today's Zaman. 9 October 2015. Archived from the original on 29 October 2015.
  591. ^ "Russian support for PKK's Syrian arm PYD". Anadolu Agency.
  592. ^ "Kurds attack Turkish-backed Syrian opposition forces with Russian help". i24 News. 28 November 2015.
  593. ^ "YPG advances near Turkey's border". Rudaw Media Network. 28 November 2015. Archived from the original on 8 December 2015.
  594. ^ Wood, L. Todd (8 February 2016). "Russia supporting Kurdish groups in Syria to Turkey's detriment". The Washington Times.
  595. ^ Joško Barić (29 April 2018). "Syrian War Daily – 29th of April 2018". Syrian War Daily. Archived from the original on 1 July 2018. Retrieved 30 April 2018.
  596. ^ Leith Fadel (7 July 2015). "Syrian Armed Forces and Hezbollah Close-in on Al-Zabadani". Al-Masdar News. Archived from the original on 9 July 2015. Retrieved 16 July 2015.
  597. ^ "منشقون عن "جند الأقصى" يشكلون "أنصار التوحيد" بإدلب". baladi-news.com.[permanent dead link‍]
  598. ^ Lister, Charles [@Charles_Lister] (8 July 2021). "#HTS's aggressive pursuit of unchallenged authority in NW #Syria took another step today, with the forcible dissolution of Junud al-Sham. It's [sic] leader, Murad Margoshvili (Muslim al-Shishani) is a revered Chechen jihad veteran & former sub-commander for #Saudi "Emir Khattab."" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  599. ^ Joscelyn, Thomas (7 August 2016). "Jihadists and other rebels claim to have broken through siege of Aleppo". Long War Journal.
  600. ^ "Jihadists in Syria's Idlib Form New 'Operations Room' | Voice of America - English". voanews.com. 15 June 2020.
  601. ^ "Clashes broke out between Tahrir Al-Sham and "Stand Firm" factions west of Idlib city". Call Syria. 23 June 2020. Archived from the original on 24 August 2020. Retrieved 21 November 2020.
  602. ^ "Tarkhan's Jamaat (Katiba İbad ar-Rahman) Fighting In Hama Alongside Muslim Shishani". 29 January 2018. Archived from the original on 4 February 2018. Retrieved 24 February 2018.
  603. ^ Thomas Joscelyn (7 August 2016). "Jihadists and other rebels claim to have broken through siege of Aleppo". The Long War Journal. Retrieved 7 August 2016.
  604. ^ "Bataille d'Idlib: les snipers albanais des djihadistes d'Hayat Tahrir al-Cham". FranceSoir (in French). Retrieved 20 December 2022.
  605. ^ "Caucasus Emirate in Syria fighting in Aleppo – The Long War Journal". 17 May 2016. Retrieved 19 June 2016.
  606. ^ a b Paraszczuk, Joanna; Anvar, Barno (23 September 2015). "Taliban-Aligned Uzbek Suicide Bomber Attacks Shi'ite Village In Syria". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty. Retrieved 23 September 2015.
  607. ^ AFP (18 January 2013). "Raging clashes pit Syrian Kurds against jihadists". NOW. Archived from the original on 27 September 2013. Retrieved 15 July 2013.
  608. ^ Caleb Weiss (12 June 2019). "Foreign jihadists involved in Hama fighting". Long War Journal. Retrieved 15 June 2019.
  609. ^ "Pakistan Taliban set up camps in Syria, join anti-Assad war". Reuters. Archived from the original on 14 July 2013.
  610. ^ O'Bagy, Elizabeth (September 2012). "Jihad in Syria" (PDF). Institute for the Study Of War. Retrieved 4 November 2013.
  611. ^ Lund, Aron (15 October 2012). "Holy Warriors". Foreign Policy. Archived from the original on 18 October 2012. Retrieved 4 November 2013.
  612. ^ Baker, Aryn & Aysha, Rami (23 April 2013). "Lebanon's Most Wanted Sunni Terrorist Blows Himself Up in Syria". Ya Libnan. Retrieved 8 June 2013.
  613. ^ a b Aron Lund (27 January 2014). "The Other Syrian Peace Process". Carnegie Endowment for Peace. Retrieved 14 October 2014.
  614. ^ "Rebels fighting against al-Assad rule fragmented, disorganized in Syria" (PDF). Hürriyet Daily News. 2 September 2012. Retrieved 10 September 2012.
  615. ^ "The Rebel Brigades deny the control of the "Kurdistan" on the "Al Yaroubiya" crossing in Hasakah". El-Dorar al-Shamia. 26 October 2013.
  616. ^ "(Graphic +18) Group of jihadists killed in Golan Heights after attacking Tal Taranjeh". Al-Masdar News. 15 September 2016. Archived from the original on 2 August 2017. Retrieved 15 September 2016.
  617. ^ "What We Learned While Embedded With Kurdish Forces Clearing the Islamic State From Hasakah". VICE News. 19 August 2015. Archived from the original on 20 August 2015. Retrieved 20 August 2015.
  618. ^ a b BBC Monitoring (11 October 2018). "Explainer: IS redraws boundaries of its local Syrian 'branches'". BBC. Retrieved 16 November 2018.
  619. ^ "Abdel Basset Sarout on ISIS and Revolution: Translation of Interview Excerpts". 6 May 2016.
  620. ^ Assad Al Mohammad (November 2019). "The Islamic State's effort to co-opt Tanzim Hurras ad-Din" (PDF). Program on Extremism: The George Washington University.
  621. ^ Zen Adra (14 August 2016). "ISIS reportedly attacked U.S. base in northern Syria". al-Masdar News. Archived from the original on 4 July 2018. Retrieved 14 August 2016.
  622. ^ Joanna Paraszczuk (7 August 2016). "Notes from Manbij - A poem". From Chechnya to Syria. Archived from the original on 13 January 2017. Retrieved 12 January 2017.
  623. ^ "IS members arrested in Kuwait, warrants issued for others – Suspects accused of funding, promoting, fighting with radical group". Kuwait Times. 17 September 2014. Archived from the original on 11 April 2019. Retrieved 4 January 2017.
  624. ^ Amy Chew. "Three Malaysian ISIS jihadists killed in Raqqa airstrike". Channel NewsAsia. Archived from the original on 17 January 2017. Retrieved 6 April 2023.
  625. ^ @DanieleRaineri (1 January 2017). "Abu Muhammad al Adnani named the..." (Tweet). Retrieved 9 February 2017 – via Twitter.
  626. ^ a b "By "Caliphate Cubs and the costume of Self-Defense", "Islamic State" carry out Tal Abyad military operations". SOHR. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 8 March 2016.
  627. ^ "ROJAVA UPDATE 190: AS "CEASEFIRE" TAKES EFFECT ACROSS SYRIA, ISLAMIC STATE LAUNCH MASSIVE ATTACK AGAINST THE KURDS". Peter Clifford Online. Retrieved 7 March 2016.
  628. ^ a b Joanna Paraszczuk (9 April 2019). "Badr in Palmyra, May 2015: Fighter account reveals IS's military strategy and tactics". From Chechnya to Syria. Archived from the original on 25 April 2019. Retrieved 25 April 2019.
  629. ^ Alessandria Masi (3 March 2015). "Inside 'The Caliphate Army': ISIS's Special Forces Military Unit Of Foreign Fighters". International Business Times. Retrieved 31 December 2016.
  630. ^ Haytham Mustafa (31 December 2016). "Islamic State replaces Syrian officials by foreign jihadists in Raqqa". ARA News. Archived from the original on 1 January 2017. Retrieved 31 December 2016.
  631. ^ Dilber Issa (12 June 2017). "Top ISIS military official killed by SDF fire in Raqqa city". ARA News. Archived from the original on 17 June 2017. Retrieved 16 June 2017.
  632. ^ "Dissident assured on IS' collapse, mass fleeing situations". Hawar News Agency. 17 June 1017.
  633. ^ "Far from Raqqa and Fallujah, Syria rebels open new front against ISIL in the south". The National. 29 May 2016.
  634. ^ "Jabhat al-Nusra, IS clash in Daraa". Al Monitor. 16 December 2014. Archived from the original on 20 December 2014. Retrieved 20 December 2014.
  635. ^ "Al-Nusra overtakes Hazm in Aleppo countryside". Al Monitor. 3 March 2015. Archived from the original on 6 March 2015. Retrieved 3 March 2015.
  636. ^ "ISIS and Syria's Southern Front". Middle East Institute. Retrieved 18 April 2015.
  637. ^ "Islamic State raises flags over towns in Daraa after fierce battles". Middle East Eye.
  638. ^ ""جيش الجهاد".. هل هو خلايا نائمة لـ"داعش" في درعا والقنيطرة؟". Retrieved 9 May 2015.
  639. ^ "Dokumacılar grubu nedir?". medya365.com. 23 July 2015. Archived from the original on 24 July 2015.
  640. ^ "Suruç'u Kana Bulayan Bombacının da Emniyette Kaydı Varmış!". Haberler.com. 23 July 2015.
  641. ^ "Search for the dead begins in Idlib after Islamic State-linked brigade leaves for Raqqa". Syria Direct. 22 February 2017.
  642. ^ Weiss, Michael; Hassan, Hassan (29 March 2016). ISIS: Inside the Army of Terror (Updated ed.). Simon and Schuster. ISBN 9781682450208 – via Google Books.
  643. ^ "إعلام عبري: دخول بري "إسرائيلي" مع دبابات إلى القنيطرة السورية". factjo.com. 8 December 2024. Retrieved 8 December 2024.
  644. ^ "IDF Temporarily Seizes Control of Syrian Side of Mount Hermon As Regime Falls". Crown Heights. Retrieved 8 December 2024.
  645. ^ Fabian, Emanuel (10 December 2024). "350 strikes, targeting most arms stockpiles in Syria: IDF airs clip of its bombing spree". The Times of Israel. Retrieved 10 December 2024.
  646. ^ "Top Cuban general, key forces in Syria to aid Assad, Russia, sources say". Fox News Channel. 14 October 2015.
  647. ^ "Cuba denies it has sent troops to Syria to help Assad". Reuters. 18 October 2018.
  648. ^ "Belarus denies US allegations on selling arms to Syria". Breaking News Network. Archived from the original on 2 February 2014. Retrieved 5 December 2013.
  649. ^ Rajan, V.G. Julie (2015). Al Qaeda's Global Crisis. Routledge.
  650. ^ Hussain, Ghaffar. "After the Arab Spring: Algeria's standing in a new world". The Commentator. Archived from the original on 2 July 2016. Retrieved 5 December 2013.
  651. ^ "Syrian Kurds, rebels find common enemy in ISIS". Al Monitor. 27 March 2014. Archived from the original on 28 March 2014. Retrieved 27 March 2014.
  652. ^ "PYD Leader Skeptical of Kurdish Agreement With Syrian Opposition". Rudaw.net. 9 March 2013. Retrieved 4 November 2013.
  653. ^ "Canadian Armed Forces cease airstrike operations in Iraq and Syria". Government of Canada. 17 February 2016. Archived from the original on 14 March 2016. Retrieved 18 February 2016.
  654. ^ "Turkey shells Kurdish positions in Syria for 2nd day". 14 February 2016. Retrieved 1 September 2016.
  655. ^ "Turkish forces shell Syrian air base captured by Kurds". Reuters. Archived from the original on 14 February 2016. Retrieved 1 September 2016.
  656. ^ "Russian and Turkish jets 'carry out joint raid on ISIL'". www.aljazeera.com.
  657. ^ Graham-Harrison, Emma (15 November 2016). "Aleppo airstrikes restart as Russia announces major Syria offensive". The Guardian.
  658. ^ "Syrian Kurds use Russian and US support to make rapid advances". Middle East Eye.
  659. ^ Serbia to Help Russian Aid Operation in Syria – Balkan Insight. Retrieved 17 March 2018.
[edit]
Retrieved from "https://wiki.riteme.site/w/index.php?title=Armed_factions_in_the_Syrian_civil_war&oldid=1265029265"