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Beavers in Southern Patagonia

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Aerial view of Tierra del Fuego.
Dead trees as a result of the construction of a beaver dam.
Beaver dam in Tierra del Fuego[1]

The North American beaver (Castor canadensis) is an invasive species in Tierra del Fuego, at the southern end of Patagonia. Tierra del Fuego is a large island encompassing parts of Chile and Argentina, so that policies and actions to control the species have mainly been binational. The beavers were introduced to the area in 1946 in an effort by the Argentine government to establish a fur trade in the region.[2] Since then, the beavers have spread throughout most of Tierra del Fuego and have also been seen on the Brunswick Peninsula of mainland Chile.[3] When the fur trade failed to establish, the beavers became problematic and the two governments agreed to intervene to eradicate them.[4][5]

A June 2011 NPR report stated that the beavers have caused millions of dollars of damage.[6] According to Nature, it is the largest eradication project ever attempted.[7]

Background and history

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In 1946, the Argentinian government imported fifty beavers from Canada, which were to be released in Cami Lake with the intention of creating a commercial fur trading industry. Though a viable industry ultimately failed to establish, the introduction of beavers into the region has had far-reaching consequences.[6]

North American beavers have no natural predators in the area. In their natural range in North America, bears and wolves prey on the beavers and keep the population under control. One observer noted that anyone considering importing beavers should also import bears, those being the beavers' natural predators.[4] According to a June 2011 NPR report, 200,000 beavers were living in the area.[6] Another report put the number in excess of 100,000, and stated the level of destruction as akin to having bulldozers thrashing through the area.[8]

Tierra del Fuego National Park in Argentina is especially threatened, as the beavers are destroying long-protected trees. The animals have spread beyond Tierra del Fuego itself into the Brunswick Peninsula of Chile, and the government fears further penetration into continental South America.[6] The beavers already threaten around sixteen million hectares of indigenous forest.[7] Unlike many trees in North America, trees in South America often do not regenerate when coppiced, destroying the forest.[9]

As well as felling trees, the animals create dams that drown trees and other vegetation.[10] Flooding from beaver dams also damages roads and cattle pastures.[6] Ecologist Christopher Anderson, professor at the Universidad de Magallanes, has said, "The change in the forested portion of this biome is the largest landscape-level alteration in the Holocene – that is, approximately 10,000 years".[7]

A 2017 survey of Tierra del Fuego land managers and researchers showed significant support for eradicating beavers and restoring the landscape. The support for eradication is strongest among managers, while support for restoration is stronger among researchers.[11]

Impacts

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A beaver dam in Tierra del Fuego.

The impact of the beavers on Tierra del Fuego's forest landscape has been described as "the largest landscape-level alteration in subantarctic forests since the last ice age."[12] One factor contributing to their success as invaders is the lack of predators in Tierra del Fuego.[13] Another is the reluctance of local people to hunt beavers,[14] which has led to the beaver population growing almost exponentially. Another factor is that Tierra del Fuego provides exceptional habit for beavers, with much of the area being close to watercourses, and forested with trees and other plants that provide sources of food and shelter.[15]

Beaver damage to the environment of Tierra del Fuego has been extensive, including structural changes in habitat, including the destruction of riparian trees, hydrological changes to rivers via the creation of dams, sediment deposition and increasing retention and accumulation of nutrients and organic matter in rivers and streams.[16] The local habitats have little ability to recover from beaver damage.

Apart from causing structural changes to the landscape, an act which causes a cascade of effects along the entire ecosystem by destroying habitat and also facilitating invasions of other exotic plants and animals,[17] beavers have affected the local human population as their range expanded from the originally remote introduction site. Impacts include the flooding of roads and farmland, as well as the destruction of internet and cell service poles, and livestock fences. It is estimated that these problems cost Argentina alone $66 million a year.[18]

Policies

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North American beaver found in Chile

One attempt to address the problem was through encouraging recreational hunting of the animal, with previous protection laws repealed.[19] However, the resulting hunting effort was insufficient to be effective. The pelts are not highly valued in local markets, a reason the fur trade did not take off in the 1940s as the Argentine government had hoped. This lack of financial incentive meant that hunters had to kill purely for sport. A cultural factor is that beavers are not viewed as destructive invaders, but as likeable, peaceful, dam-building herbivores.[20]

In 2008, Chile and Argentina passed binational legislation, Resolution 157/10, that ended the policy of population control and called for complete eradication of the species from Tierra del Fuego.[21] This was passed in accordance with research conducted by scientists from nations like the United States and New Zealand that found that this method was possible but expensive, costing an estimated $33 million.[22]

Methods

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Some park rangers use steel traps that snap down on the animal's head and instantly kill it. Private individuals receive rewards for trapping beavers, although – as of 2011 – success had been elusive.[6] That same year, government officials announced plans to bring in professional trappers, using dogs, helicopters and boats to move in rolling fronts.[7] Ongoing efforts have been subjected to scientific study.[23] As of 2011 the emphasis in the Tierra del Fuego National Park was on control, not on eradication, as killing of invasives was disfavoured for animal welfare reasons.[24]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "#46 Beavers in Tierra del Fuego | Atlas Vivo de Chile".
  2. ^ Anderson, C.B. (2009). "Do introduced North American beavers Castor canadensis engineer differently in southern South America? An overview with implications for restoration". Mammal Review. 39 (1): 33–52. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2907.2008.00136.x. hdl:11336/133992.
  3. ^ Huertas-Herrera, A; Lecinas, MV (2020). "Mapping the status of the North American beaver invasion in the Tierra del Fuego archipelago". PLOS ONE. 15 (4): e0232057. Bibcode:2020PLoSO..1532057H. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0232057. PMC 7182182. PMID 32330157.
  4. ^ a b Gotkine, Elliott (2 May 2005). "Argentina's great beaver plague". Tierra del Fuego, Argentina: BBC News. Archived from the original on 12 September 2012. Retrieved 25 April 2013.
  5. ^ "American Beaver Eradication in the Southern tip of South America: main challenges of an ambitious project". Aliens: The Invasive Species Bulletin (29). Invasive Species Specialist Group of IUCN: 9. 2010. ISSN 1173-5988.
  6. ^ a b c d e f Forero, Juan (24 June 2011). "Imported Beavers Gnaw Away At Argentina's Forest". NPR. Retrieved 7 July 2011.
  7. ^ a b c d Choi, C. (2008). "Tierra del Fuego: The beavers must die". Nature. 453 (7198): 968. doi:10.1038/453968a. PMID 18563116.
  8. ^ Mok, Kimberley (19 June 2008). "Plans to 'Totally Eradicate' Tierra del Fuego's Invasive Beavers". Natural Sciences. Retrieved 24 April 2013.
  9. ^ Campbell, Ruairidh. "Philopatry and territoriality in the Eurasian beaver". Wildlife Conservation Research Unit. Archived from the original on 21 September 2013. Retrieved 25 April 2013.
  10. ^ "Beavers in Tierra del Fuego". Living Atlas of Chile. January 13, 2013. Retrieved February 18, 2014. Short documentary about the beavers and the damage they cause in Tierra del Fuego Province, Chile.
  11. ^ Anderson, Christopher B.; Roulier, Catherine; Pizarro, J. Cristóbal (2017). "Perspectivas de actores clave respecto del acuerdo binacional entre Argentina y Chile sobre la erradicación del castor norteamericano y la restauración de los ecosistemas afectados" [Perspectives of key stakeholders on the bi-national agreement between Argentina and Chile concerning the eradication of North American beavers and the restoration of affected ecosystems]. Bosque (in Spanish). 38 (3): 555–562. doi:10.4067/S0717-92002017000300013. hdl:11336/63553. Retrieved January 23, 2018.
  12. ^ Anderson, C.B. (2009). "Do introduced North American beavers Castor canadensis engineer differently in southern South America? An overview with implications for restoration". Mammal Review. 39 (1): 33–52. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2907.2008.00136.x. hdl:11336/133992.
  13. ^ Anderson, CB; Griffith, CR; Rosemond, AD (2006). ") The effects of invasive North American beavers on riparian plant communities in Cape Horn, Chile. Do exotic beavers engineer differently in subantarctic ecosystems?". Biological Conservation. 128 (4): 467–474. Bibcode:2006BCons.128..467A. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2005.10.011.
  14. ^ Anderson, C.B. (2009). "Do introduced North American beavers Castor canadensis engineer differently in southern South America? An overview with implications for restoration". Mammal Review. 39 (1): 33–52. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2907.2008.00136.x. hdl:11336/133992.
  15. ^ Huertas-Herrera, A; Lecinas, MV (2020). "Mapping the status of the North American beaver invasion in the Tierra del Fuego archipelago". PLOS ONE. 15 (4): e0232057. Bibcode:2020PLoSO..1532057H. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0232057. PMC 7182182. PMID 32330157.
  16. ^ Anderson, CB; Rosemond, AD (2007). "Ecosystem engineering by invasive exotic beavers reduces in-stream diversity and enhances ecosystem function in Cape Horn Chile". Oecologia. 154 (1): 141–153. Bibcode:2007Oecol.154..141A. doi:10.1007/s00442-007-0757-4. PMID 17587063. S2CID 7789288.
  17. ^ Badano, EI; Villarroal, E; Bustamante, RO (2007). "Ecosystem engineering facilitates invasions by exotic plants in high-Andean ecosystems". Journal of Ecology. 95 (4): 682–688. Bibcode:2007JEcol..95..682B. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2745.2007.01262.x.
  18. ^ Parkes, JP; Campbell, KJ. "Control of North American Beavers in Tierra del Fuego: Feasibility of Eradication and Alternative Management Options" (PDF). Island Conservation. Retrieved April 22, 2021.
  19. ^ Pisani, Silvia (21 September 1998). "La batalla contra el invencible castor". La Nacion. Retrieved April 23, 2021.
  20. ^ Jusim, P; Goijman, AP; Escobar, J (2020). "First test for eradication of beavers (Castor canadensis) in Tierra del Fuego, Argentina". Biological Invasions. 22 (12): 3609–3619. Bibcode:2020BiInv..22.3609J. doi:10.1007/s10530-020-02344-z. S2CID 221283726.
  21. ^ "Resolución 157/10 – Acuerdo Argentina y Chile sobre Restauración de Ecosistemas Australes". Argentina Ambiental. Boletín Oficial. 27 October 2016. Retrieved April 23, 2021.
  22. ^ Gilliland, HC (25 July 2019). "Invasive Beavers are destroying Tierra del Fuego". nationalgeographic.com. National Geographic. Archived from the original on March 1, 2021. Retrieved April 23, 2021.
  23. ^ Parkes, J.P.; Paulson, J.; Donlan, C.J.; Campbell, K. (March 2008). "Control of North American Beavers in Tierra del Fuego: Feasibility of Eradication and Alternative Management Options" (PDF). Comité Binacional para la Estrategia de Erradicación de Castor es de Patagonia Austral/Landcare Research New Zealand Ltd. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-12-25. Retrieved 26 April 2013.
  24. ^ Forero, Juan (June 19, 2011). "Beavers devouring Argentine forests, but some cringe at eradication plan". Bangor Daily News. The Washington Post. Retrieved April 26, 2013.
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