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'''''Battlefield Earth: A Saga of the Year 3000''''' is an [[United States|American]] film adaptation of the novel ''[[Battlefield Earth (novel)|Battlefield Earth]]'' by [[L. Ron Hubbard]], released [[May 12]], [[2000]]. The film stars [[John Travolta]], [[Forest Whitaker]] and [[Barry Pepper]]. It was a commercial and critical disaster and has been widely criticized as one of the [[List of films considered the worst|worst films ever made]].<ref name="duncancampbell"/><ref name="Travolta Sets Sights">{{cite web|url=http://cache-origin.eonline.com/news/article/index.jsp?uuid=51e04b9f-62f2-475c-a813-3ef6f414da49|title=Travolta Sets Sights on "Battlefield Earth 2"|accessdate=2007-03-26|last=Farache|first=Emily|date=[[2000-10-18]]|publisher=E! Online}}</ref> The film depicts an Earth that has been under the rule of the alien Psychlos for 1,000 years and tells the story of the rebellion that develops when the Psychlos attempt to use the surviving humans as [[gold mining|gold miners]].<ref name="sightsound">{{cite news|author=Staff|title=Battlefield Earth|work=[[Sight & Sound]]|publisher=[[British Film Institute]]|date=May 2000}}</ref>
'''''Battlefield Earth: A Saga of the Year 3000''''' is an [[United States|American]] film adaptation of the novel ''[[Battlefield Earth (novel)|Battlefield Earth]]'' by [[L. Ron Hubbard]], released [[May 12]], [[2000]]. The film stars [[John Travolta]], [[Forest Whitaker]] and [[Barry Pepper]]. It was a commercial and critical disaster and has been widely criticized as one of the [[List of films considered the worst|worst films ever made]].<ref name="duncancampbell"/><ref name="Travolta Sets Sights">{{cite web|url=http://www.nashvilleknifeshop.com|title=Travolta Sets Sights on "Battlefield Earth 2"|accessdate=2007-03-26|last=Farache|first=Emily|date=[[2000-10-18]]|publisher=E! Online}}</ref> The film depicts an Earth that has been under the rule of the alien Psychlos for 1,000 years and tells the story of the rebellion that develops when the Psychlos attempt to use the surviving humans as [[gold mining|gold miners]].<ref name="sightsound">{{cite news|author=Staff|title=Battlefield Earth|work=[[Sight & Sound]]|publisher=[[British Film Institute]]|date=May 2000}}</ref>


Travolta, a long-time [[Scientology|Scientologist]], had sought for many years to make a film of the novel by Hubbard, the founder of Scientology. He was unable to obtain funding from any major studio due to concerns about the film's script, prospects and connections with Scientology. The project was eventually taken on by an independent [[production company]], [[Franchise Pictures]], which specialized in rescuing stars' stalled pet projects. Travolta signed on as a co-producer and contributed millions of dollars of his own money to the production, which was largely funded by a [[Germany|German]] film distribution company. Franchise was later sued by its investors and was [[bankruptcy|bankrupted]] after it emerged that it had [[fraud]]ulently overstated the film's budget by $31&nbsp;million.<ref name="fiasco">{{cite book | title=Fiasco: A History of Hollywood's Iconic Flops| last=Parish| first=James Robert| date=2007| pages=275–291| publisher=Wiley| isbn=0470098295}}</ref>
Travolta, a long-time [[Scientology|Scientologist]], had sought for many years to make a film of the novel by Hubbard, the founder of Scientology. He was unable to obtain funding from any major studio due to concerns about the film's script, prospects and connections with Scientology. The project was eventually taken on by an independent [[production company]], [[Franchise Pictures]], which specialized in rescuing stars' stalled pet projects. Travolta signed on as a co-producer and contributed millions of dollars of his own money to the production, which was largely funded by a [[Germany|German]] film distribution company. Franchise was later sued by its investors and was [[bankruptcy|bankrupted]] after it emerged that it had [[fraud]]ulently overstated the film's budget by $31&nbsp;million.<ref name="fiasco">{{cite book | title=Fiasco: A History of Hollywood's Iconic Flops| last=Parish| first=James Robert| date=2007| pages=275–291| publisher=Wiley| isbn=0470098295}}</ref>

Revision as of 18:28, 12 May 2008

Battlefield Earth
US theatrical one-sheet
Directed byRoger Christian
Written byL. Ron Hubbard (novel)
Corey Mandell &
J.D. Shapiro (screenplay)
Produced byJonathan Krane
Elie Samaha
John Travolta
StarringJohn Travolta
Barry Pepper
Forest Whitaker
Kim Coates
Sabine Karsenti
Richard Tyson
CinematographyGiles Nuttgens
Edited byPaul Covington
Robin Russell
Music byElia Cmiral
Distributed byWarner Bros.
Release dates
May 12, 2000 (USA)
Running time
118 minutes
(theatrical cut)
119 minutes
(video version)
CountryUnited States
LanguageEnglish
Budget$75,000,000 (declared); $44,000,000 (actual)[1]
Box office$21,471,685 (USA)[2]
$8,253,978 (elsewhere)[2]

Battlefield Earth: A Saga of the Year 3000 is an American film adaptation of the novel Battlefield Earth by L. Ron Hubbard, released May 12, 2000. The film stars John Travolta, Forest Whitaker and Barry Pepper. It was a commercial and critical disaster and has been widely criticized as one of the worst films ever made.[3][4] The film depicts an Earth that has been under the rule of the alien Psychlos for 1,000 years and tells the story of the rebellion that develops when the Psychlos attempt to use the surviving humans as gold miners.[5]

Travolta, a long-time Scientologist, had sought for many years to make a film of the novel by Hubbard, the founder of Scientology. He was unable to obtain funding from any major studio due to concerns about the film's script, prospects and connections with Scientology. The project was eventually taken on by an independent production company, Franchise Pictures, which specialized in rescuing stars' stalled pet projects. Travolta signed on as a co-producer and contributed millions of dollars of his own money to the production, which was largely funded by a German film distribution company. Franchise was later sued by its investors and was bankrupted after it emerged that it had fraudulently overstated the film's budget by $31 million.[6]

Reviewers universally panned the film, criticizing virtually every aspect of the production. Audiences were reported to have ridiculed early screenings, and stayed away from the film after its opening weekend. This resulted in Battlefield Earth failing to recoup its costs. Travolta originally envisioned the film as the first of two adapted from the book, as the screenplay only covered the first half of the novel. However, the film's poor box office performance meant that the planned sequel was not made.[6]

Plot

In the year 3000, Earth has been ruled by the Psychlos, a brutal race of giant humanoid aliens, for 1,000 years. The remnants of humanity are either enslaved by the Psychlos and used for manual labor or survive in primitive tribes living in remote areas outside Psychlo control. Jonnie Goodboy Tyler (Barry Pepper), a member of one such tribe, leaves his home in the Rocky Mountains on a journey of exploration. He joins forces with Carlo (Kim Coates), a hunter, but both men are captured by a Psychlo raiding party and transported to a slave camp at the Psychlos' main base on Earth, a giant dome built over the ruins of Denver, Colorado.

Terl (John Travolta), the Psychlo Security Chief on Earth, has been condemned by his superiors to remain indefinitely at his post as punishment for his greed and incompetence. Aided by his deputy, Ker (Forest Whitaker), Terl devises a plan to buy his way off the planet by making a fortune using human slaves to mine gold in radioactive areas. Psychlos are unable to visit such areas due to the explosive interaction of the gas that they breathe with radionuclide particles. Terl selects Jonnie as his "foreman" for the project and gives him a Psychlo education using a rapid-learning machine. Terl gives Jonnie a party of slaves and a Psychlo flying shuttle and orders him to go out and find gold.

Inspired to revolt by the sight of a copy of the United States Declaration of Independence, which he finds in the ruins of the Denver Public Library, Jonnie plots a human uprising against the Psychlos. He obtains gold from Fort Knox to satisfy Terl's demands, instead of mining gold as ordered. Jonnie and his followers find an abandoned underground US military base with working aircraft, weapons, fuel and nuclear bombs. They use the base's flight simulators to train themselves in aerial combat.

After a week of training, the rebels launch a mass uprising against the Psychlos using Harrier jump-jets and other weapons. Carlo sacrifices himself to destroy the dome over Denver and the Psychlos inside suffocate in Earth's atmosphere, which they are unable to breathe. Jonnie captures a Psychlo teleportation device and uses it to teleport an atomic bomb to the Psychlo home world. The ensuing detonation causes the entire Psychlo atmosphere to explode, wiping out the planet. Ker and Terl survive on Earth, but face different fates: Ker sides with the victorious humans, while Terl is imprisoned as a hostage. The film ends with the humans in control of Earth but facing an uncertain future.[5]

Development

Initial deals

After Battlefield Earth was published in 1982, L. Ron Hubbard suggested that a film version of the book was in the works. He gave an interview in February 1983 to the Rocky Mountain News in which he told the reporter, "I've recently written three screenplays and some interest has been expressed in Battlefield Earth, so I suppose I'll be right back in Hollywood one of these days and probably on location in the Denver area for Battlefield Earth when they film it."[7]

Hubbard's comments suggest that he saw himself being directly involved in the film; author Stewart Lamont suggests that Hubbard may even have envisioned directing it, given his previous work on Scientology training films.[7] In October 1983, the film rights were sold by the Church of Scientology's in-house literary agency, Author Services Inc., to Salem Productions of Los Angeles. Two films were envisaged, each covering half of the book and tentatively budgeted at $15 million each.[8] William Immerman was set as the producer for the film.[9] Veteran screenwriter Abraham Polonsky and British director Ken Annakin were hired to produce a film breakdown, with production scheduled to begin in 1985.[10] In November 1984, Santa Monica public relations firm Dateline Communications announced a nationwide contest to promote the film.[9] First and second place prizes were an all-expense paid trip to the film's production location and a paid walk-on part in the film, and other announced prizes included a trip to Los Angeles for the world premiere, records, cassettes, and hardcover and paperback copies of the novel.[9] A 30-foot (10 m) high inflatable figure of the film's villain, Terl, was erected by Scientology officials on Hollywood Boulevard in 1984 in an effort to promote the production and auditions were held in Denver. However, despite the burst of publicity, the low-budget project soon collapsed.[11]

John Travolta converted to Scientology in 1975 and subsequently became one of the Church of Scientology's most prominent supporters. Hubbard sent him an autographed copy of Battlefield Earth when the book was first published in 1982; he reportedly hoped that Travolta would turn the book into a film "in the vein of Star Wars and Close Encounters of the Third Kind".[12] Although Travolta was interested, at the time his influence in Hollywood was at a low ebb after a series of flops. He gained renewed influence with the success of the 1994 movie Pulp Fiction, which garnered Travolta an Academy Award nomination for Best Actor and restored his influence.[13][14] He had not forgotten Hubbard's wishes to see the book on the big screen and took on the task of making Battlefield Earth into a movie.[15] Travolta described the book in interviews as "like Pulp Fiction for the year 3000" and "like Star Wars, only better".[16][17] He lobbied influential figures in Hollywood to fund the project and was reported to have recruited the aid of fellow Scientologists in promoting it.[18] According to Bill Mechanic, the former head of Twentieth Century Fox, "He had Scientologists all over me. They come up to you and they know who you are."[18] This did not impress Mechanic: "Do you think in any way, shape, or form that weirding me out is going to make me want to make this movie?"[18]

"I have a special affection for this book. Hubbard was a great writer, and I had an idea of the movie's potential, a fantasy in my mind that lasted for years."

John Travolta[19]

Travolta's involvement in Battlefield Earth was first publicized in late 1995.[20] Explaining his motivation, Travolta stated, "I have a special affection for this book. Hubbard was a great writer, and I had an idea of the movie's potential, a fantasy in my mind that lasted for years."[19] He told the New York Daily News that "Battlefield Earth is the pinnacle of using my power for something. I told my manager, 'If we can't do the things now that we want to do, what good is the power? Let's test it and try to get the things done that we believe in.' "[11] It was assumed from the start that Travolta would star in and produce the film, which would be distributed by MGM; J.D. Shapiro would write the screenplay.[21] In 1997 Travolta's long-time manager Jonathan Krane signed a two-year deal with Twentieth Century Fox under which that studio would release Battlefield Earth instead of MGM, but the deal with Fox also fell through.[6][22] James Robert Parish, author of Fiasco: A History of Hollywood's Iconic Flops, comments that both studios regarded the project as too risky on several grounds.[6] Its heavy reliance on special effects would be very expensive, pushing the budget up to as much as $100 million; Hubbard's narrative was seen as naïve and outdated; and the "Scientology factor" could work against the film, negating Travolta's star power.[6] As one studio executive put it, "On any film there are 10 variables that can kill you. On this film there was an eleventh: Scientology. It just wasn't something anyone really wanted to get involved with."[23]

Franchise Entertainment

In 1998 the project was taken over by Franchise Entertainment, a recently established company whose head Elie Samaha, a former dry cleaning mogul turned nightclub owner, specialized in rescuing stars' pet projects. Franchise sought out stars whose projects were stalled at the major studios, bringing them aboard at reduced salaries. Samaha's approach made waves in Hollywood, earning him a reputation of being able to produce star vehicles more cheaply than the larger studios.[1] His unorthodox deals raised eyebrows and the entertainment industry magazine Variety commented that they were "often so complex and variable as to leave outsiders scratching their heads".[24] As Samaha put it, "I said, 'If John wants to make this movie, what does he want to get paid?' ... Because I do not pay anybody what they make. That is not my business plan.'"[19] He learned of Battlefield Earth via Cassian Elwes, an agent at the theatrical agency William Morris, and approached Travolta.[19] A deal was soon struck and financing was arranged; Travolta significantly reduced his normal fee of $20 million, lowering the film's cost from the $100 million that had previously been forecast, and costs were reduced further by using Canadian locations and facilities.[12]

The film was set up as an independent production for Morgan Creek Productions which would in turn release the film through Warner Bros. in the U.S. under an existing distribution agreement. Travolta's company JTP Films was also involved, and Travolta invested $5 million of his own money in the production.[25][26] Warner Bros. allocated $20 million for the film's marketing and distribution.[12] Franchise retained the foreign rights, licensing the European distribution rights to the German group Intertainment AG in exchange for 47% of the production costs which were set at $75 million. The Intertainment deal later became the focus of a legal action that bankrupted Franchise.[1] Samaha forecast that the film would be a hit: "My projected numbers on Battlefield Earth are really conservative. I'm already covered internationally, and there's no way I'm going to lose if the movie does $35 million domestically. And Travolta has never had an action movie do under $35 million."[19]

"[Battlefield Earth] is going to make people in Hollywood take notice of Elie Samaha. I'm not going to be the laughing stock any more."

Elie Samaha[27]

According to Samaha, he got around the "negative factor" of the Scientology connection by the simple expedient of "yell[ing] at everyone, 'This is a science-fiction film starring John Travolta!' again and again".[23] Samaha acknowledged that "everyone thought I was crazy or mentally retarded" for taking on the project, but pitched the film as "Planet of the Apes starring John Travolta".[28] He was bullish about the film's prospects, telling The Wall Street Journal that "it is going to make people in Hollywood take notice of Elie Samaha. I'm not going to be the laughing stock any more."[27] Others in Hollywood were still skeptical; an unnamed producer was quoted by the Los Angeles Daily News as saying that "Battlefield Earth has the stench of death. It should never have been made. It's an $80 million vanity project for Travolta."[11] Travolta's theatrical agency William Morris was also said to be unenthusiastic, reportedly leading to Travolta threatening to leave them if they did not help him to set up the film. Fellow Scientologist Tom Cruise was said to have warned Warner Bros. that he thought the movie was a bad idea, although this was later denied by his spokesperson.[11]

Travolta's manager Jonathan Krane denied that the Church of Scientology was playing any part in the production: "I've never even dealt with or talked to the church on this. This is an action-adventure, science-fiction story. Period. The movie has nothing to do with Scientology."[29] Krane stated that the film had been financed "without a dollar coming from the Scientologists".[11] Some in Hollywood feared that Travolta was using his box office draw to promote Scientology teachings, and one film producer stated, "This film could encourage kids to embrace the whole strange world of Scientology."[30] Travolta stated, "I'm doing it because it's a great piece of science fiction. This is not about Hubbard. I'm very interested in Scientology, but that's personal. This is different."[30] In a separate interview Travolta commented on the perceived similarities between Battlefield Earth and Scientology: "Well, they are kind of synonymous ... L. Ron Hubbard is very famous for Scientology and Dianetics. On the other hand, he's equally as famous in the science fiction world. So for people to think that ... look, I don't want everybody to try Scientology. I don't really care if somebody thinks that. I'm not worried about it. You can't be. The truth of why I'm doing it is because it's a great piece of science fiction. I'm going to be the wickedest nine-foot alien you've ever seen in your life."[31]

Production

Travolta and his manager, Jonathan Krane, took the lead in hiring the on-set personnel. They initially approached Quentin Tarantino to direct the film. When Tarantino declined, Roger Christian, a protégé of George Lucas, was recruited as the director.[19] Christian had most recently been the second unit director on Lucas' Star Wars Episode I: The Phantom Menace.[32][33] Patrick Tatopoulos was signed to develop the production design and costumes, including the design of the alien Psychlos, and Czech-American composer Elia Cmiral was signed to provide the film's score.[29][34] Travolta and Krane also signed the cinematographer and most of the principal actors.[19] Corey Mandell, a screenwriter who had previously worked with Ridley Scott on Blade Runner, signed on to write the script for the film, which had previously gone through 10 revisions.[35] Mandell stated in an interview, "I am not a Scientologist ... I came on board because John asked me to read the book and said, 'It's not a religious book. It's a science-fiction story. There's nothing sacred about the story, nothing of the religious philosophy.' I was given this to read purely as science fiction — to see whether it was intriguing as a movie. And it was."[35]

Scene from Battlefield Earth, showing (left to right) Barry Pepper, John Travolta and Forest Whitaker in costume

The cast included Travolta, Barry Pepper, Forest Whitaker, Kim Coates, Richard Tyson, Sabine Karsenti, and Michael Byrne. Travolta's wife Kelly Preston also appeared in one scene. Travolta originally saw himself in the role of Tyler, but by the time the movie was actually made, Travolta felt he was too old to play the role, and took the role of the main villain instead.[36] Travolta's role in the film required what he described as an amazing physical transformation: "I wear a tall head apparatus with strange hair. I have amber eyes and talons for hands. It's quite remarkable ... I'm on 4-foot stilts."[37] To star in the film, Travolta turned down the movie The Shipping News and postponed production on Standing Room Only.[38]

The movie was filmed in Canada, with principal filming taking place in Montreal and several other Quebec locations during the summer and autumn of 1999.[39][40] In January 1999, Travolta flew his private Boeing 707 on a secret visit to Montreal to scout out locations for shooting.[41] The film was reported to have been the most expensive production shot in Canada up to that point.[42] It was also reported that the production costs would have been twice as high had the film been shot in the United States.[34]

In an ominous sign for the film's prospects, it was "plagued by bad buzz" before release with the media speculating about the possible influence of Scientology and commenting on the production's tight security.[11][35][43] As the film was entering post-production, the alternative newspaper Mean Magazine obtained a copy of the screenplay. Mean's staffers changed the script's title to "Dark Forces" by "Desmond Finch" and circulated it to readers at major Hollywood film production companies.[44] The comments that came back were universally unfavorable: "a thoroughly silly plotline is made all the more ludicrous by its ham-fisted dialog and ridiculously shallow characterizations", "a completely predictable story that just isn't written well enough to make up for its lack of originality".[44] One reviewer labeled the screenplay "as entertaining as watching a fly breathe".[44]

Battlefield Earth was released on May 12, 2000, three days after the 50th anniversary of the publication of Hubbard's book Dianetics: The Modern Science of Mental Health, a date celebrated by Scientologists worldwide as a major Scientology holiday.[45] Its premiere was held on May 10, 2000 at Mann's Chinese Theater on Hollywood Boulevard in Los Angeles.[46]

Box office and merchandising

John Travolta signing copies of the book Battlefield Earth during a promotional tour in 2000

Released on 3,307 screens, Battlefield Earth grossed $21,471,685 in the United States and a total of $29,725,663 worldwide, falling well short of its $75 million production budget and $20 million in estimated marketing costs.[2] Financially, it is regarded as one of the most expensive flops in film history,[47] and a box office bomb.[48][49]

The film's exceptionally bad reviews and poor word-of-mouth led to a precipitous falling-off in its grosses. Having earned $11,548,898 from 3,307 screens on its opening weekend, its take collapsed by 67 percent to $3,924,921 the following weekend, giving an average take of $1,158 per screen.[47] The film made 95 percent of its entire domestic gross in the first two weekends and flatlined thereafter, with earnings dropping a further 75 percent by the end of its third week to $1 million.[12]

The following week, facing earnings of just $205,745, Warner Bros. attempted to cut its losses by slashing the number of screens at which the film was being shown. The number was reduced from 2,587 to 641.[50] By its sixth weekend on release, the film was showing on 95 screens and had made $18,993 in a week – less than $200 per screen.[51] International earnings were equally dire. The film finished with a gross of $21.4 million in the US and just $8.2 million from the rest of the world.[12]

A limited range of merchandising was produced for the film, including posters, a soundtrack CD by Elia Cmiral recorded by the Seattle Symphony, and a re-released version of the novel with a new cover based on the film's poster.[52][53] Trendmasters also produced a range of action figures of the main characters (Jonnie as Prisoner, Jonnie in Learning Chair, Terl, Ker, Carlo, and one of the Forest Warriors), including an 11-inch figure of Travolta as Terl voicing lines from the film such as "Exterminate all man-animals at will!", "You wouldn't last one day at the academy", "Man is an endangered species", "That's the first intelligent thing you've said yet!", "I'm a Psychlo of my word.", "I give the orders, do you understand?", and "Rat-brain!" along with various laser gun sound effects for the Psychlo blaster in his hand. There was also a toy version of one of the Psychlo ships (the cockpit allowing either a human or Psychlo figure to fit) as well as the M-2 Thunder Battletank, a vehicle not seen in the movie.

A special edition DVD was released in 2001, including two additional scenes which added two minutes to the film's running time.[54] The DVD includes commentary tracks with director Roger Christian and production, costume and creature designer Patrick Tatopoulos, as well as special features including John Travolta's alien makeup test.[55][54] Jeff Berkwits of SCI FI WEEKLY wrote that "... the Battlefield Earth Special Edition DVD is packed with information, offering an enlightening glimpse into the creative process behind this imperfect but entertaining picture".[54] Randy Salas of the Star Tribune described it as the "Best DVD for a bad movie."[55] A review of the DVD release in the Los Angeles Times was more critical: "A dated visual style, patched-together special effects and ludicrous dialogue combine in a film that is a wholly miserable experience."[56]

Critical reception

Entertainment Weekly spoof poster for Battlefield Earth quoting the film's bad reviews[57]

Critically, the movie was seen as a disaster and reviews were nearly unanimously bad. It received a "rotten" rating of three percent on the review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, based on 115 reviews.[58] On Metacritic, the film had an average score of 9 out of 100, based on 33 reviews.[59] Film critic Roger Ebert gave the film the rating of half a star out of four and described it as "something historic, a film that for decades to come will be the punch line of jokes about bad movies".[60] Ebert commented in his book Your Movie Sucks: "Some movies run off the rails. This one is like the train crash in The Fugitive."[61] Leonard Maltin rated the film a "BOMB" in his book Leonard Maltin's Movie Guide, writing: "Clumsy plot, misplaced satire, unbelievable coincidences and a leaden pace trample Travolta's weird but amusing performance."[62] David Bleiler gave the film one star out of four in the TLA Video & DVD Guide, writing: "This is disjointed, tedious and every bit as bad as its reputation."[63] Jon Stewart put it even more succinctly on The Daily Show when he described the movie as "a cross between Star Wars and the smell of ass".[64]

Rita Kempley of The Washington Post commented: "A million monkeys with a million crayons would be hard-pressed in a million years to create anything as cretinous as Battlefield Earth."[65] Elvis Mitchell of The New York Times wrote: "It may be a bit early to make such judgments, but Battlefield Earth may well turn out to be the worst movie of this century" and called it "Plan Nine From Outer Space for a new generation".[66][3] The British film critic Jonathan Ross offered a particularly unsparing critique: "Everything about Battlefield Earth sucks. Everything. The over-the-top music, the unbelievable sets, the terrible dialogue, the hammy acting, the lousy special effects, the beginning, the middle and especially the end."[67]

The Hollywood Reporter summarized the film as being "a flat-out mess, by golly, with massive narrative sinkholes, leading to moments of outstanding disbelief in the muddled writing and shockingly chaotic mise en scène that's accompanied by ear-pummeling sound and bombastic music".[68] In her book Celebrity Tantrums!: The Official Dirt, Lisa Brandt called the film a "Scientology stinkburger".[69] The film is profiled in Better Living Through Bad Movies by Scott Clevenger and Sheri Zollinger, who comment: "So what new truths have we gleaned from Battlefield Earth? First, we have learned that spirituality is a fine thing, but it's probably best to avoid joining denominations that make action movies."[70]

Critics noted Battlefield Earth's overuse of odd camera angles and luridly tinted scenes.

Particular points that critics held up for censure included its overuse of angled camera shots (which, according to the director himself in different reports, are used in all but one frame of the film or even in every single frame), derivative special effects, and unbelievable plotting.[71][72][73] The Rhode Island Providence Journal highlighted the film's unusual color scheme: "Battlefield Earth's primary colors are blue and gray, adding to the misery. Whenever we glimpse sunlight, the screen goes all stale yellow, as though someone had urinated on the print. This, by the way, is not such a bad idea."[74]

The film was reported to have been greeted with widespread derision in preview screenings for the public and critics. An audience of Los Angeles entertainment journalists, critics and others greeted the film with guffaws and hoots at a screening in Century City, while other viewers in Washington, D.C. and Baltimore responded with derisive laughter or simply walked out.[27] At a post-launch publicity event, Travolta, on asking assembled journalists if they had enjoyed it, received no reply.[27] He later asserted that other film-makers had enjoyed the movie: "When I felt better about everything was when George Lucas and Quentin Tarantino and a lot of people that I felt knew what they were doing, saw it and thought it was a great piece of science fiction."[75]

Responding to the criticism, the film's producer Elie Samaha complained: "[The] critics were waiting for us to ... chop our heads off. Everybody hated Scientology for some reason. I didn't know people were so prejudiced." He argued that despite the film's poor performance it would cover its costs in due course: "Maybe [in] the second cycle with Internet, and HBO, and DVD, you always make your money ... so I'm not going to lose sleep over one movie that did not perform for us."[76]

Bob Graham of the San Francisco Chronicle wrote that the film "effectively presented" the "wary, uncomprehending relationship" between the humans and the Psychlos.[77] A review at JoBlo's Movie Reviews was also positive, and Berge Garabedian wrote, "Despite starting off like a bad Star Trek episode, this film eventually graduates to a higher level with great special effects, some really slick bad-ass aliens, an intriguing premise and a good flow of loud, campy fun."[78] Luke Thompson of New Times LA wrote: "Think Independence Day without the ponderous build-up or self-importance. Imagine how much more enjoyable the other blockbuster-of-the-moment, Gladiator, might have been if Joaquin Phoenix had addressed every one of his rivals as 'Rat brain.'"[79] Sean Axmaker of the Seattle Post-Intelligencer wrote positively of the interaction between Travolta and Whitaker in the film, comparing them to Abbot and Costello.[80] Axmaker wrote that they provide "... much-needed comic relief in an otherwise humorless paean to freedom".[80] Axmaker also wrote positively of the production design used in the film, commenting that the director had created "a world of crumbling dead cities and empty malls turned into human hunting grounds..."[80]

Battlefield Earth frequently appears on worst film lists and hit #14 on Rotten Tomatoes' "100 Worst Of The Worst Movies" list.[81] The Arizona Republic listed it as the worst film of 2000, and called it a "monumentally bad sci-fi flick".[82] Richard Roeper placed the film at number five on his list of "40 movies that linger in the back chambers of my memory vault like a plate of cheese left behind a radiator in a fleabag hotel".[83] Roeper commented, "The real danger of Scientology is that John Travolta may someday make another movie based on the writings of L. Ron Hubbard."[83] In 2001 the film received the "Worst Picture" award from the Dallas-Fort Worth Film Critics Association.[84]

The movie swept the 2000 Golden Raspberry Awards and received seven "Razzies", including Worst Movie of the Year, Worst Actor (Travolta), Worst Supporting Actor (Pepper), Worst Supporting Actress (Preston), Worst Director (Christian), Worst Screenplay (Mandel and Shapiro) and Worst Screen Couple (Travolta and "anyone sharing the screen with him").[85][84] This tied for the highest number of Razzies "won" by a single film at that time, with Showgirls achieving seven "wins" in 1995.[85] Battlefield Earth was later awarded an eighth Razzie for "Worst Drama of our First 25 Years".[86]

As Travolta did not attend to collect his trophies, an action figure of Terl, his character, accepted them in his place. Travolta responded a week later to the awards: "I didn't even know there were such awards. I have people around me whose job it is to not tell me about such things. They're obviously doing their job. ... Not every film can be a critical and box office success. It would have been awful only if Battlefield Earth was neither. That's not the case. It is edging toward the $100m mark which means it has found an audience even if it didn't impress critics. I'd rather my films connect with audiences than with critics because it gives you more longevity as a performer."[87] He later insisted that he still felt "really good about it. Here I was taking big chances, breaking a new genre."[12]

Pepper said that he regretted not having been invited to the Razzies and blamed the movie's failure on "a weak script and poor production values".[88] J.D. Shapiro, the writer of the film's screenplay, did attend in person to receive his trophy; he commented that Travolta had called the script "the Schindler's List of science fiction".[12] The film's producer, Elie Samaha, declared that he welcomed the "free publicity", as "the more the critics hit Battlefield Earth, the more DVDs it sells. It is the kind of film that makes a movie legend and we feel we have enough staying power to last long after the critics have quieted down."[89]

Controversies

Scientology

In 1999, Author Services Inc. said that it was "donating its share of the profits from the film to charitable organizations that direct drug education and drug rehabilitation programs around the world".[90] It was reported that the merchandising revenues would be passed on to the Scientology-linked "social betterment" groups Narconon and Applied Scholastics, with movie-related sales of the book funding the marketing of Hubbard's fiction books and the L. Ron Hubbard Writers of the Future contest.[28] The size of the revenue deal was not disclosed by the parties; Trendmasters, the makers of the Battlefield Earth range of toys, stated that its deal was strictly with Franchise Pictures, which declined to comment, and Warner Bros. stated that its role was limited to distribution and had nothing to do with the associated merchandising deals.[19]

In February 2000, Church of Scientology spokesman Mike Rinder told Tribune Media Services that any spinoff deals based on Hubbard's novel would benefit Author Services Inc., but another church spokesman Aron Mason stated, "The church has no financial interest in Battlefield Earth. Author Services is not part of the Church of Scientology. They are a literary agency without any connection to the church."[91] Stacey Brooks, at the time president of the Lisa McPherson Trust stated, "There's no way that this movie would be happening without Scientology's backing ... This is one example of how Scientology insinuates itself in various aspects of the culture."[91] Mark Bunker characterized the film as a recruitment tactic for the Church of Scientology, stating, "It's designed to introduce L. Ron Hubbard to a whole new generation of kids. It's there to plant a favorable seed in children's minds."[92] Bunker criticized the promotional methods of the film – instead of granting interviews about the film to the press, John Travolta went on a book tour and signed copies of L. Ron Hubbard's novel.[92] Bunker stated, "When Michael Caine goes around to promote The Cider House Rules, he doesn't tour bookstores and sign copies of John Irving's novel ... Through the movie tie-in with the book, kids will send in the card to get their free poster, and eventually be introduced to Dianetics."[92] Scientologist Nancy O'Meara, at the time treasurer of the Foundation for Religious Freedom, a front group for Scientology, responded to Bunker's statement: "Gimme a break ... That's like saying people are going to go see Gladiator and then suddenly find themselves wanting to explore Christianity."[92]

Before the film was released, rumors and allegations began to circulate that Battlefield Earth contained subliminal messages promoting Scientology.[3][93] Former Scientologist Lawrence Wollersheim, in a press release issued by his group Fight Against Coercive Tactics Network, said that the Church of Scientology "has placed highly advanced subliminal messages in the Battlefield Earth film master to surreptitiously recruit new members from the movie audience and to get the audience to develop a revulsion for psychiatry and current mental health organizations and practices".[94][43] Other critics said that the film "is a veiled attempt to gain converts and influence," and that writers were gagged from making connections between Scientology and the film with threats of lawsuits.[95][96] Warner Bros. dismissed the claims as "silly nonsense", the Church of Scientology denounced them as "hogwash" and the media reacted with skepticism; as the British journalist Duncan Campbell put it, "the only subliminal voice I could detect came about 10 minutes into this 121-minute film and it seemed to be saying Leeeaaave thisssss cinemmmaaa nooow".[3] When asked about the similarities between the film and Scientology beliefs in intergalactic travel and aliens, church spokesman Aron Mason stated, "That's a pretty crude parallel ... You'd have to make some serious leaps of logic to make that comparison."[91] John Travolta also stated that the film was not inspired by Scientology tenets.[97]

Fraud

Following the failure of Battlefield Earth and other films independently produced by Franchise Pictures, The Wall Street Journal reported that the FBI was probing "the question of whether some independent motion picture companies have vastly inflated the budget of films in an effort to scam investors".[98] In December 2000 the German-based Intertainment AG filed a lawsuit alleging that Franchise Pictures had fraudulently inflated budgets in films including Battlefield Earth, which Intertainment had helped to finance.[99] Intertainment had agreed to pay 47% of the production costs of several films in exchange for European distribution rights, but ended up paying for between 60–90% of the costs instead. The company alleged that Franchise had defrauded it to the tune of over $75 million by systematically submitting "grossly fraudulent and inflated budgets".[100]

The case was heard before a jury in a Los Angeles federal courtroom in May-June 2004. The court heard testimony from Intertainment that according to Franchise's bank records the real cost of Battlefield Earth was only $44 million, not the $75 million declared by Franchise. The remaining $31 million had been fraudulent "padding". Intertainment's head Barry Baeres told the court that he had only funded Battlefield Earth because it was packaged as a slate that included two more commercially attractive films, the Wesley Snipes vehicle The Art of War and the Bruce Willis comedy The Whole Nine Yards.[1] Baeres testified that "Mr. Samaha said, 'If you want the other two pictures, you have to take Battlefield Earth - it's called packaging'". Baeres commented: "We would have been quite happy if he had killed [Battlefield Earth]".[101]

Intertainment won the case and was awarded $121.7 million in damages, bankrupting Franchise Pictures. Samaha himself was declared by the court to be personally liable for $77 million in damages.[6][102] However, the jury rejected Intertainment's claims under the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations (RICO) statute, which would have trebled the damages if Franchise had been convicted on that charge.[103]

The failure of the film was also reported to have led in 2002 to Travolta firing his manager Jonathan Krane, who had set up the deal with Franchise in the first place.[104]

Followups and sequels

Battlefield Earth is significantly shorter than its source novel, covering only the first 436 pages of the 1,050-page book.[105] A sequel covering the remainder of the book was originally planned at the outset.[105][39] When asked during promotion of the film if there would be a Battlefield Earth 2, Travolta responded, "Sure".[106] Travolta asserted that the first film would become a cult classic, stating that there were already fan websites dedicated to the film.[106] Corey Mandell, the scriptwriter for the first film, was commissioned to deliver the script for the sequel and Travolta, Pepper and producer Krane were all signed up to the sequel in their contracts for the first film.[105] Christian and Whitaker were approached to reprise their respective roles, and the producers planned for a 2002 release date so as not to compete with George Lucas' Star Wars Episode II: Attack of the Clones.[107][105]

According to James Robert Parish's Fiasco: A History of Hollywood's Iconic Flops, the disastrous performance of Battlefield Earth and the collapse of its financial backers made it very unlikely that a live-action sequel will be made.[6] In a 2001 interview, Travolta stated that a sequel was not planned: "Ultimately the movie did $100 million when you count box office, DVD sales, video and pay per view ... But I don't know what kind of number it would have to do to justify filming the second part of the book. And I don't want to push any buttons in the press and stir anybody up about it now."[108]

Author Services announced in 2001 that Pine Com International, a Tokyo-based animation studio, would produce 13 one-hour animated television segments based on the book and rendered in an anime style.[109] The plans appear to have fallen through and, according to Parish, "little has been heard of the series since".[6]

Parodies

South Park parodied the film at the 2000 MTV Movie Awards.[110][111] The MTV short was the first time South Park had satirized Scientology, in a piece entitled: "The Gauntlet". Although the short was primarily a Gladiator parody, with the characters fighting Russell Crowe in the Roman Colosseum, it included "John Travolta and the Church of Scientology" arriving in a spaceship to defeat Crowe and attempt to recruit the boys into Scientology. Travolta, along with his fellow Scientologists, was depicted as a Psychlo, as he appeared in the film.[111]

A commentary for the film was released by RiffTrax on January 28, 2007.[112] The RiffTrax includes comedic audio commentary from Mystery Science Theater 3000 veterans Michael J. Nelson, Kevin Murphy, and Bill Corbett.[112]

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  102. ^ Shprintz, Janet (2004-06-21). "Attempt to Collect". Variety. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  103. ^ Shprintz, Janet (2004-06-17). "Samaha Slammed". Variety. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  104. ^ Staff (2002-04-02). "Krane Gives John No Lift". Daily Mirror. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  105. ^ a b c d Kit, Zorianna (2000-01-06). "'Earth' Is Bound For 2nd Chapter". Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 2008-01-20. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  106. ^ a b Staff (2000-10-19). "Earth under threat again as Travolta hints at sci-fi sequel". The Guardian. Guardian News and Media Limited. Retrieved 2008-02-02. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  107. ^ Staff (2000-01-08). "'Earth' Gets Sequel Before First Release". The Journal Gazette. p. 1D. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  108. ^ Pearlman, Cindy (2001-06-15). "We're safe: Travolta promises no 'Battlefield' sequel". Post-Tribune. p. A2. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  109. ^ Staff. "Battlefield Earth Soon To Become An Animated TV Series". Battlefieldearth.com. Author Services Inc. Retrieved 2008-01-20.
  110. ^ Ortega, Tony (2001-09-27). "Sympathy For The Devil: Tory Bezazian was a veteran Scientologist who loved going after church critics. Until she met the darkest detractor of all". New Times Los Angeles. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (help)
  111. ^ a b South Park (2000-06-08). "Battlefield Earth Spoof - "The Gauntlet"". MTV Movie Awards. MTV, Comedy Central. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (help)
  112. ^ a b Michael J. Nelson (2007-01-28). "Battlefield Earth". The RiffTrax Store. RiffTrax. Retrieved 2008-01-21. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)

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