Battle of Humin-Bolimów
| Battle of Humin-Bolimów | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of the Eastern Front during World War I | |||||||
 Eastern Front, 1915. | |||||||
| |||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||
 German Empire |
 Russian Empire | ||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||
|
Paul von Hindenburg Erich Ludendorff August von Mackensen |
Vladimir Smirnov Vasily Gurko Alexander Litvinov | ||||||
| Units involved | |||||||
|
Ninth Army |
First Army Second Army Fifth Army | ||||||
| Strength | |||||||
| 362,446 men[1] |
527,000 men[2] 1,067 machine guns 2,756 guns | ||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||
| 40,000[3] | 50,000[a] | ||||||
The Battle of Humin-Bolimów was an inconclusive battle of World War I fought between January 14 and February 28, 1915 between the Imperial German Army and Russia. The battle is considered a preliminary to the Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes.
Battle
[edit]January 16, 1915 the German 4th Infantry Division carried out several attacks on the sector of the front south of Bolimów, in the direction of Humin. After a two-hour artillery preparation (at the same time, tear gas shells were used for the first time - 2200 shots),[4] units of the Russian 55th Infantry Division were knocked out of the trenches by a bayonet attack of the four German regiments. The commander of the 2nd Army, Infantry General V. Smirnov, ordered to organize a counterattack with all the forces of the VI Army Corps, Lieutenant General Vasily Gurko (4th, 16th, 55th Infantry Divisions and a brigade of the 76th Infantry Division - a total of 42,895 men, 68 machine guns, 130 guns). However, until nightfall, the Russian troops failed to recapture the lost trenches near vil. Humin and Dołowatka.
On the night of January 17, the Russian infantry, having made several attacks, took the enemy in pincers and knocked him out of the trenches he had captured the day before. Attempts by the Germans to resume the offensive until the evening were repulsed by machine-gun and artillery fire. The German troops managed to advance only 20 m in two days of stubborn battle; two regiments lost 3 officers and 297 soldiers, in the 14th infantry regiment was killed commander, and his attack failed. The casualties of the Russian side amounted to 725 killed, 101 missing, 3,019 wounded and poisoned.[5]
For a new attack on Humin and Sucha, the commander of the German 9th Army, Colonel General August von Mackensen, concentrated the troops of the reinforced XVII Army Corps and I Reserve Corps - the 4th, 35th, 36th Infantry and 1st, 36th and 49th reserve divisions. On the left, the attack was to be supported by the 26th Infantry Division of the XIII Army Corps, on the right, forces of the group of artillery general Friedrich von Scholtz, the 11th and XX Army Corps. But in connection with the disclosure of the concentration of Russian troops south of Mlawa, Supreme Commander of All German Forces in the East Paul von Hindenburg ordered to strengthen this direction with the forces of the XX Army Corps (37th and 41st Infantry Divisions), the 1st Guards Reserve Division and the 5th Guards Infantry Brigade.[6]
By January 31, 1915, the German troops concentrated six divisions (up to 40,000 men) and 92 batteries with 596 guns, 150 of them heavy and 2 Austrian 30.5-cm mortars, in the breakthrough area. 18,000 shells filled with tear gas and chlorine were prepared.[7] Russian troops were also reinforced, but the Germans managed to create an overwhelming superiority in artillery. It should also be noted that the tactics of defensive combat on the eve of the war were not developed in any of the armies. Going on the defensive was seen only as a means to wear down the enemy and gather strength for a new offensive. Accordingly, even knowing exactly or approximately about the enemy’s offensive, the Russian command at all levels could only demand from subordinate troops “to hold their positions at all costs”, the creation of fortified zones of great depth was not practiced.[8]
At 8.30 am on January 31, heavy fire was opened on the Russian positions near Humin and Wola Szydłowska. Then attacks began, mainly against the 4th and 55th Infantry Divisions. By 16 o'clock the Germans knocked out units of the 4th, 27th and 55th infantry divisions from the trenches. At night, a counterattack was prepared by the forces of the detachment of Major General Mikhail Sokovin, but it did not bring success. Vasily Gurko was also transferred the 13th Siberian Rifle Division. The commander of the 2nd Army, V. Smirnov, reported to the commander-in-chief of the armies of the North-Western Front: “According to the reports of the chiefs of the sections, the withdrawal of the battalions of the 13th and 14th regiments is due to the intoxicating effect of gases from enemy shells, from which people suffocated and could not look”.
From 5 o'clock on February 1, Russian troops launched a counterattack, which, despite the introduction of the 59th Infantry and 13th Siberian Rifle Divisions into battle, was unsuccessful. From 9 o'clock the Germans opened heavy artillery and mortar fire of great destructive force, destroyed the advanced trenches and from 16 o'clock resumed the offensive, attacking the left flank of the 98th Yuryevsky Infantry Regiment. By nightfall, most of the Germans's attacks were repulsed, and new regiments brought into battle stopped his advance. The casualties of the two German corps exceeded 5,200 men, they captured 6,232 Russian prisoners, 7 machine guns, and most importantly - the key points of the first Russian line.[9]
On February 3, the Germans attacked the flank of the sector's Major General P. Zakharov. The 3rd Siberian Rifle Division was sent to reinforce Gurko’s group (he himself fell ill and returned to the corps only on February 6 under the threat of dismissal), and the neighboring 1st Army of Cavalry General Alexander Litvinov organized a distracting offensive by the forces of the 1st Siberian corps, reinforced by the 14th Siberian Rifle Division and the 3rd Turkestan Rifle Brigade.
By the night of February 4, the position of the Russian VI Army Corps was partially restored, the village of Wola Szydłowska was occupied, but the main strongholds could not be recaptured from the Germans. In the morning, the Germans again went on the offensive, pushing back the 13th Siberian Rifle Division that had arrived. The German 93rd Reserve Infantry Regiment battalion-by-battalion reinforced the brigade of the 4th Infantry Division and dealt a decisive blow to the Siberians. The 4th Siberian Rifle Division of the II Siberian Army Corps and the combined division of Major General N. Karepov from the IV Army Corps were thrown into battle, but they only managed to stop the onslaught of the Germans. The 93rd German Reserve Infantry Regiment lost 36 killed, 152 wounded and 11 missing and captured 1,556 Russian prisoners.[10]
The actions of the units of the 1st Army on January 21-February 4 were more successful. All corps were involved in the offensive; as a result, at Borzymów and Witkowice, the Germans was pushed back, four machine guns were captured from him (6th Siberian Rifle Regiment). An unexpected blow from the northern flank, which ended in a heavy defeat of the German reserve regiment of Lieutenant Colonel V. Keller, forced the Germans to stop attacks on the 2nd Army, but the 14th Siberian Rifle Division sent to Humin was met by a powerful counterattack of reserves, could not cross the Bzura and suffered large losses. The commander of the 21st Turkestan Rifle Regiment was killed. The 8th German Landwehr Regiment during this counterattack lost seven killed and 14 wounded and captured 325 Russian prisoners.[11]
Outcome
[edit]By the end of January, fighting at Dołowatka, Humin, Wola Szydłowska, Bolimov and Borzymów drew in almost all formations of the 1st and 2nd Russian armies. A calmer situation was on the front of the 5th Army, from which separate regiments were also taken to reinforce the attacks on the positions occupied by the Germans. Nevertheless, the build-up of forces on a narrow sector of the front only increased losses without leading to a change in the position of the troops. Directly at Humin, Borzymów and Wola Szydłowska Russian troops lost 7,911 killed, 12,248 missing, 20,614 wounded. The commanders of the 18th Siberian Rifle Regiment and the 21st Turkestan Rifle Regiment, Major General S. Moskvin and Colonel A. Selyadtsev, were killed. The German army directly at Humin, Borzymów and Wola Szydłowska according to German data, lost about 40,000 men.[3]
The Supreme Commander of All German Forces in the East considers the task of the 9th Army completed, while defining the goal of the battle as pinning down the Russian troops before the decisive offensive in East Prussia. The German troops managed to move forward an insignificant distance, gain a foothold in key strongholds, and chain significant Russian forces to themselves. Over 7,000 prisoners were taken. Arrived February 7 to the front, Emperor Wilhelm II congratulated the troops on their victory and handed out awards.
But the disappointment of the military leaders was also great. “The attacks of the 9th Army east of Rawka brought excellent tactical success, but there was no breakthrough, however, achieved. For the first time used chemical projectiles did not lead to the expected effect. Captured Russians complained of lacrimation, headache, but were not put out of action” the commander of the 1st reserve corps, Lieutenant General C. von Morgen, was stated.[12]
The fighting, without the previous activity and bitterness, continued along the entire front from the mouth of the Bzura to Pilica until the end of February. The German troops failed to break through the Russian positions.
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Sanitaetsbericht ueber das Deutsche Heer, bd. III, Berlin, 1938, Tafel 11
- ^ С. Нелипович, Русский фронт первой мировой войны, потери сторон, 1915, 2022, p. 41
- ^ a b c Oleynikov 2023, p. 49.
- ^ Kindel W. Pommersches Feldartillerie-Regiment Nr. 17 Berlin 1923 p.41
- ^ С. Нелипович, 1915, 2022, p. 48
- ^ Der Weltkrieg 1914 bis 1918 Bd. VII.,1932, p.164-165
- ^ Постников Н.Д. Убитые на Равке, Москва,2016, p. 80,191
- ^ С. Нелипович, 1915, 2022, p. 48
- ^ Dunckler Н., Eifermann Н. Das Infanterie-Regiment von Kluck (6. Pomm.) Nr. 49 im Weltkriege 1914-1918. Liegnitz, 1927. p. 47. 52: Franz. Geschichte des Koeniglich Preussischen 8. Westpreussischen Infanterie-Regiments Nr. 175. 1897-1920. Manuskript. O.O.. 1956. p. 167, 171-172, 175: Giese E Geschichte des Reserve-lnfanterie-Regiments 227 im Weltkriege 1914/18. Berlin. 1931. p. 122. 127, 129; Kriegsgeschichte des Reserve-Infanterie-Regiment 225. (Kriegstagebuch). Goerlitz. 1928. p. 51. 55: Kriegsgeschichte des Koeniglich Preussischen Infanterie-Regiments von Borcke (4. Pomm.) Nr. 21. Zeulenroda. 1930. p. 164: Mees F., Wittig E. Mit Tschako und Stahlhelm: Kriegsgeschichte des Ostpreussisches Reserve-Jaeger-Bataillon Nr. 1. Oldenburg: Berlin. 1929. p. 77. 79-83: Meinhold G. Das Infanterie-Regiment von der Goltz (7. Pomm.) Nr. 54 im Weltkriege. Oldenburg. 1928. S. 214: Muelinctnn P. Geschichte des 4. Westpreussischen Infanterie-Regiments Nr. 140. Berlin, 1930 p. 51; Das Reserve-lnfanterie-Regiment Nr. 3. Oldenburg. 1926. p. 65. 189: Rohkohl W. Das Reserve-Infanterie-Regiment 226. Oldenburg: Berlin. 1923. Bd. 1. p. 57-58: Rothe A. Das Reserve-lnfanterie-Regiment Nr. 61 im Weltkriege. Berlin. 1929. p. 91: Seydel A. Das Grenadier-Regiment Koenig Friedrich 1. (4. Ostpreussisches) Nr. 5 im Weltkriege. Oldenburg; Berlin. 1926. p. 116. 434—445; Selle H., Gruendel If. Das 6. Westpreussische Infanterie-Regiment Nr. 149 im Weltkriege. Berlin. 1929. p. 91: SteuerJ. Das Infanterie-Regiment Generalfeldmarschall von Mackcesen (3. Westpreussisches) Nr. 129 im Weltkriege. Oldenburg; Berlin, 1925. p. 99-100. 303: Wartensleben A. G. Graf von. Das Infanterie-Regiment GrafSchwcrin (3. Pomm.)Nr. 14 im Weltkriege 1914-1918. Oldenburg: Berlin. 1926. p. 48: Wennrich S. M. Das Reserve-Jaeger-Bataillon Nr. 21 im Weltkriege. Zeulenroda. 1935. p. 76. 85. 87-88
- ^ Sievers A. R.I.P. 93, Wilster,1934, p. 53,58
- ^ Das Landwehr-Infanterie-Regiment 8 im Weltkrieg 1914/1918, Berlin,1936, p. d9,d13
- ^ Morgen C. von Meiner Truppen Heldenkaempfe Berlin 1921 p. 48
Notes
[edit]Additional Reading
[edit]- Oleynikov, Аlexei (2023). Германский натиск на Восток 1915 [The German push to the East 1915] (in Russian). ISBN 978-5-4484-4327-5.
Бои на Бзуре и Равке (ноябрь 1914 – январь 1915 года). Перлюстрированные письма, воспоминания, фронтовые корреспонденции / сост., перевод, автор коммент. и предисловия Н.Д. Постников. – М.: ИИУ МГОУ, 2018 – 238 с.
Постников Н.Д. Битва на Равке (январь 1915 г.): управление войсками командованием VI-го армейского корпуса в условиях оборонительного боя // Ключевские чтения – 2014. Россия и русский мир перед лицом глобальных угроз: Материалы Всероссийской научной конференции: Сборник научных трудов. М.: «Спутник +», 2015. С. 217–222.
Постников Н.Д. «Великая битва на Равке» в январе 1915 года: взгляд с немецкой стороны // Международная жизнь. Специальный выпуск. История без купюр. Великая война. Начало. 2014. С. 144–159.
Постников Н.Д. Воспоминания русских офицеров и фронтовые письма о сражении под Волей Шидловской и Гуминым 18–23 января 1915 года как исторический источник // Первая мировая война и историческая память. Материалы Декабрьских научных чтений, состоявшихся 18 декабря 2014 г. М., 2015. С. 293–307.
Постников Н.Д. Забытые станицы Великой войны: Равка, сражение за Гумин и Волю Шидловскую (январь 1915 г.) // Россия в годы Первой мировой войны, 1914–1918: материалы Междунар. науч. конф. (Москва, 30 сентября – 3 октября 2014 г.). /отв. ред.: А.Н. Артизов, А.К. Левыкин, Ю.А. Петров; Ин-т рос. истории Рос. акад. наук; Гос. ист. музей; Федеральное арх. агентство; Рос. ист. о-во. – М.: [ИРИ РАН], 2014. 712 с.: ил., 16 л. ил. С. 667–671.
Постников Н.Д. Первая газовая атака на русско-германском фронте в январе 1915 года // Преподавание истории в школе. 2017. No.3. С. 27–31.
Постников Н.Д. Последний бой Юрьевского полка // Великая война: сто лет. М., СПб.: Нестор-История. 2014. С. 87–108. https://histrf.ru/uploads/media/default/0001/07/2dacf59d881aec5bee5f84d2f5b462c412e5e2f0.pdf
Постников Н.Д. «Те, кто был в эти дни под Гуминым, вряд ли забудет их». Русские офицеры 97-го Лифляндского и 98-го Юрьевского полков о сражении 18–31 января 1915 г. // Исторический архив. 2014. No.3. С. 40–62.
Постников Н.Д. Убитые на Равке М.: ИИУ МГОУ, 2016. - 286 с.
Постников Н.Д. Убитые на Равке. 2-е изд., испр. и доп. М.: ИИУ МГОУ, 2018. – 296 с.
Постников Н.Д. «Куда ни взгляни всюду носится призрак смерти». Бои на Бзуре и Равке в фронтовых письмах (декабрь 1914-январь 1915) // Международная жизнь. No.8. Август. 2015. С. 167–185.
Постников Н.Д. Фронтовые письма как исторический источник Первой мировой войны. На примере боев на реке Равке в январе 1915 г. // Преподавание истории в школе. 2016. No.5. С. 25–30.
Постников Н.Д. «Этот бой напоминал Бородинское сражение». Бои на Равке в письмах с фронта (декабрь 1914 – январь 1915) // Вестник Московского государственного областного университета. Серия «История и политические науки». 2014. No.4. С. 8-19.https://vestnik-mgou.ru/Articles/View/7737
Kaliński, Stanisław Ataki gazowe w bitwie pozycyjnej 9 Armii Niemieckiej nad Rawką i Bzurą 1914–1915. Przemyśl. 2010.
- Duffy, Michael (2005-12-22). "The Battle of Bolimov, 1915". First World War.com. Archived from the original on 3 September 2006. Retrieved 2006-08-15.
- Smith, Gordon (December 2000). "Military Campaigns of World War 1—Russia". Naval-History.net. Archived from the original on 2006-08-13. Retrieved 2006-08-15.