Battle of New Orleans: Difference between revisions
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Mississippi River IS OVER 100NT YEARS OLD!!!!!!<!-- BLAH BLAH BLAH BLAH BLAH BLAH BLAH BLAH{| class="wikitable" border="1" |
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{{Infobox Military Conflict |
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|conflict=Battle of New Orleans |
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|partof=the [[War of 1812]] |
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|image=[[Image:Battle of New Orleans.jpg|300px]] |
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|caption=''Battle of New Orleans'' by Herbert Morton Stoops |
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|date=[[January 8]] [[1815]] |
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|place=About five miles (8 km) south of New Orleans on the grounds of [[Chalmette, Louisiana|Chalmette Plantation]] |
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|result=American victory; British troops and fleet withdraw from Louisiana |
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|combatant1=[[Image:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg|22px]] [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]] |
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|combatant2=[[Image:US flag 15 stars.svg|22px]] [[United States]] |
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[[Image:ChoctawFlag.png|22px]] [[Eastern Woodlands tribes|Eastern Woodland Indians]]<br>[[Image:Flag of Edward England.svg|22px]] [[Jean Lafitte]]'s [[pirates]] |
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|commander1=[[Alexander Cochrane|Sir Alexander Cochrane]]<br>[[Edward Pakenham|Sir Edward M. Pakenham]] †<br>[[John Keane, 1st Baron Keane|John Keane]]<br>[[John Lambert (British soldier)|John Lambert]] |
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|commander2=[[Andrew Jackson]]<br>[[William Carroll]]<br>[[John Coffee]] |
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|strength1=11,000 in expedition <br> 7,500 in attack |
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|strength2=5,000 <br> 16 guns |
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|casualties1='''December 23:'''<br>46 killed<br>167 wounded<br>64 captured<br>'''Total:''' 277<br>'''January 8:'''<br>385 killed<br>1,186 wounded<br>484 captured<br>'''Total:'''2,055<br>'''Overall:'''<br>431 killed<br>1,353 wounded<br>548 captured<br> '''Grand Total:''' 2,332 |
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|casualties2='''December 23:'''<br>24 killed<br>115 wounded<br>74 captured<br>'''Total:''' 213<br>'''January 8:'''<br>13 killed<br>58 wounded<br>30 captured <br> Total: 101<br>'''Overall:'''<br>37 killed<br>173 wounded<br>104 captured<br>'''Grand Total:''' 314 |
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}} |
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{{Campaignbox War of 1812: American South}} |
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[[Image:Lake Borgne de la Tour map 1720.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Eighteenth century map of southeast Louisiana]] |
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The '''Battle of New Orleans''' took place on [[January 8]], [[1815]], and was the final major battle of the [[War of 1812]].<ref>Also known as the "Battle of Chalmette Plantation".</ref> [[United States|American]] forces, with General [[Andrew Jackson]] in command, defeated an invading [[British Army]] intent on seizing [[New Orleans]] and America's vast western lands. The [[Treaty of Ghent]] had been signed on [[24 December]] [[1814]], but news of the peace would not reach [[New Orleans]] until February.<ref>Remini, Robert V. (1999). ''The battle of New Orleans'', New York: Penguin Books. p. 193-194: "Then in mid-February dispatches arrived from Europe announcing that the commissioners in Ghent had signed a treaty of peace with their British counterparts and that the War of 1812 had ended." "... the Senate of the United States unanimously (35-0) ratified the Treaty of Ghent on February 16, 1815. Now the war was officially over."</ref> Although the engagement was small compared to other contemporary battles such as the [[Battle of Waterloo]], it was important for the meaning applied to it by Americans in general and [[Andrew Jackson]] in particular.<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/america/ ''Empire of Liberty'', episode 20/30, "The Second War of Independence"]</ref> |
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==Prelude== |
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By [[December 12]], [[1814]] a large [[Royal Navy|British fleet]] under the command of [[Alexander Cochrane|Sir Alexander Cochrane]] and with more than 10,000 soldiers and sailors aboard, had anchored in the [[Gulf of Mexico]] east of [[Lake Pontchartrain]] and [[Lake Borgne]].<ref>Refer to the map of Louisiana.</ref> Preventing access to the lakes was an American flotilla, commanded by [[Thomas ap Catesby Jones]], consisting of five [[gunboat]]s. On [[December 14]], British sailors in [[longboat|rowing boats]], each boat armed with a small [[cannon]], captured the vastly outnumbered American gunboats in a brief but violent battle. Now free to navigate Lake Borgne, thousands of [[British Army|British]] soldiers, under the command of [[John Keane (British army officer)|General John Keane]], were rowed to Pea Island, about {{convert|30|mi|km}} east of New Orleans, where they established a [[garrison]]. |
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On the morning of [[December 22]], Keane led a vanguard of 1,600 British soldiers from the island to the east bank of the [[Mississippi River]], {{convert|12|mi|km}} south of New Orleans.<ref>Remini (1999), p. 62-64</ref> Keane could have attacked the city by advancing for a few hours up the river road, which was undefended all the way to New Orleans, but he made the fateful decision to wait for the arrival of reinforcements. Early that afternoon, when news of the British position reached Major General [[Andrew Jackson]] at New Orleans, he reportedly said, "Gentlemen, the British are below, we must fight them tonight." Jackson quickly sent about 2,000 of his troops from New Orleans to a position immediately north of the British to block them from making any further advances toward the city. Jackson, because he needed time to get his artillery into position, decided to attack the British immediately. On the night of December 23, Jackson personally led a three-pronged attack on the British camp that lasted until the early morning hours of December 24. The Americans suffered a reported 24 killed, 115 wounded, and 74 missing or captured, while the British reported their losses as 46 killed, 167 wounded, and 64 missing or captured. |
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Jackson's troops quickly built an [[Earthworks (engineering)|earthworks]] and fortified it with heavy artillery.<ref>Refer to the map of the battlefield.</ref> On [[Christmas]] Day, General [[Edward Pakenham]] arrived on the battlefield and ordered a [[reconnaissance|reconnaissance-in-force]] on January 1, 1815 against the American earthworks protecting the advance to New Orleans. That evening, General Pakenham met with General Keane and Admiral Cochrane for an update on the situation, angry with the position that the army had been placed in. General Pakenham wanted to use [[Chef Menteur Pass|Chef Menteur Road]] as the invasion route but was over-ruled by Admiral Cochrane who insisted that his boats were providing everything that could be needed.<ref>Patterson, Benton Rain, p.214-215</ref> Admiral Cochrane believing that the British Army would destroy a ramshackle American army and allegedly said that if the Army would not do so his sailors would. Whatever Pakenham's thoughts on the matter, the meeting settled the method and place of the attack.<ref>Patterson, Benton Rain, p.215-216</ref> On [[December 28]], groups of British troops made probing attacks against the American earthworks. |
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When the British troops withdrew, the Americans began construction of artillery batteries to protect the earthworks, which were then christened ''Line Jackson.'' The Americans installed eight batteries, which included one 32-pound gun, three 24-pounders, one 18-pounder, three 12-pounders, three 6-pounders, and a {{convert|6|in|mm|sing=on}} howitzer. Jackson also sent a detachment of men to the west bank of the Mississippi to man two 24-pounders and two 12-pounders from the grounded warship [[USS Louisiana|''Louisiana'']]. |
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The main British army arrived on New Year's Day, and attacked the earthworks using their artillery. An exchange of artillery fire began that lasted for three hours. Several of the American guns were destroyed or knocked out, including the 32-pounder, a 24-pounder, and a 12-pounder, and some damage was done to the earthworks. The British guns ran out of ammunition, which led Pakenham to cancel the attack. Unknown at the moment to Pakenham, the Americans on the left of Line Jackson near the swamp had broken and ran from the position. Pakenham decided to wait for his entire force of over 8,000 men to assemble before launching his attack.<ref>The British regulars included the 7th, 44th, 21st, 93rd (Highland) Regiments, a 500-man "demi-battalion" of the 95th Rifles, and 14th Light Dragoons. Other troops included Native American members of the [[Hitchiti]] tribe, led by [[Kinache]], and several hundred black soldiers in two regiments from the [[British West Indies]] colonies.</ref> |
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== Battle of January 8 == |
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[[Image:Battle of New Orleans 1815.jpg|thumb|300px|right|The battlefield at Chalmette Plantation on January 8, 1815]] |
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In the early morning of [[January 8]], Pakenham ordered a two-pronged assault against Jackson's position: a small force on the west bank of the Mississippi and the main attack in three columns (along the river, along the swamp line, and in reserve) directly against the earthworks manned by the vast majority of American troops.<ref>United States forces (3,500 to 4,500 strong) were composed of [[United States Army|U.S. Army]] troops; state militiamen from [[Tennessee]], [[Kentucky]], [[Mississippi]], and [[Louisiana]]; [[United States Marine Corps|U.S. Marines]]; [[United States Navy|U.S. Navy]] sailors; [[Barataria Bay]] pirates; [[Choctaw|Choctaw Indians]]; "freemen of color" (such as Beale's Rifles), and freed [[African-American|black]] slaves (a large amount of the work building the parapet however was done by local black slaves). Major Gabriel Villeré commanded the Louisiana Militia, and Major [[Jean Baptiste Plauché]] headed the New Orleans uniformed militia companies.</ref> |
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Preparations for the attack had foundered early, as a canal being dug by Cochrane's sailors collapsed and the dam made to divert the flow of the river into the canal failed leaving the sailors to drag the boats of Col. Thornton's west bank assault force through deep mud and left the force starting off just before daybreak 12 hours late.<ref>Patterson, Benton Rain, p.236</ref> |
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The attack began under darkness and a heavy fog, but as the British neared the main enemy line, the fog lifted, exposing them to withering artillery fire. Lt-Col. [[Thomas Mullins (British Army officer)|Thomas Mullins]], the British commander of the [[44th (East Essex) Regiment of Foot]], had forgotten the [[ladder]]s and [[fascine]]s needed to cross a canal and scale the earthworks, and confusion evolved in the dark and fog as the British tried to close the gap. Most of the senior officers were killed or wounded, and the British infantry either flung themselves to the ground, huddled in the canal, or were mown down by a combination of musket fire and [[grapeshot]] from the Americans. A handful made it to the top of the [[parapet]] but were either killed or captured. An American advance [[redoubt]] next to the river was overrun by British light infantry but without reinforcements they could neither hold the position nor storm the main American line behind. |
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The two large, main assaults on the American position were repulsed. Pakenham was fatally wounded, while on horseback, by grapeshot fired from the earthworks. General John Lambert assumed command and eventually ordered a withdrawal. |
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The only British success was on the west bank of the Mississippi River, where a 700-man detachment under the command of Colonel Thornton of the 85th light infantry<ref>Patterson, Benton Rain, p.230</ref> attacked and overwhelmed the American line. However the attack came after the loss of the main battle. Though both Jackson and Patterson reported the retreating forces had spiked their cannon leaving no guns to turn on the American's main defense line, this is contradicted by Major Mitchell's diary which makes it clear this was not so, as he states he had "Commenced cleaning enemy's guns to form a battery to enfilade their lines on the left bank"<ref>Reilly, Robin p.296</ref>. General Lambert ordered his Chief of Artillery to assess the position, who reported back that no less than 2,000 men would be needed to hold the position. General Lambert issued orders to withdraw after the defeat of their main army on the east bank, and retreated taking a few American prisoners and cannons with them.<ref>Patterson, Benton Rain, p.253</ref> |
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At the end of the day, the British had 2,037 casualties: 291 dead (including three senior generals), 1,262 wounded, and 484 captured or missing.<ref name=Remini285>Remini (1977) p. 285</ref><ref>Caffe, Kate p.279</ref><ref>Borneman, Walter H. p.291</ref><ref>Patterson, Benton Rain, p.250</ref> The Americans had 71 casualties: 13 dead, 39 wounded, and 19 missing.<ref name=Remini285/><ref>Caffe, Kate p.279</ref><ref>Patterson, Benton Rain, p.250</ref> |
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==Aftermath== |
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[[Image:BattleofNewOrleans2.jpg|thumb|right|300px|[[Andrew Jackson]] commanding American troops. Engraving by H. B. Hall after W. Momberger.]] |
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With the defeat of the British army and the death of Pakenham, Lambert decided that despite the arrival of reinforcements and a siege train for use against New Orleans, continuing the battle would be too costly. Within a week, all of the British troops had redeployed onto the ships and sailed away to [[Biloxi, Mississippi]], where the British army attacked and [[Battle of Fort Bowyer|captured Fort Bowyer]] on February 12. The British army was making preparations to attack [[Mobile, Alabama|Mobile]] when news arrived of the peace treaty. The treaty had been ratified by the British Parliament but would not be ratified by Congress and the president until mid-February. It, however, did resolve that hostilities should cease, and the British sailed home. Although the Battle of New Orleans had no influence on the terms of the Treaty of Ghent, the defeat at New Orleans did compel Britain to abide by the treaty.<ref> Remini (1999) p. 5, 195</ref> Also, since the Treaty of Ghent did not specifically mention the vast territory America had acquired with the [[Louisiana Purchase]], it only required both sides to give back those lands that had been taken from the other during the war.<ref>Text of the Treaty of Ghent: [http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/diplomacy/britain/ghent.htm]</ref> |
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Americans believed that a vastly powerful British fleet and army had sailed for New Orleans (Jackson himself thought 25,000 troops were coming), and most expected the worst. The news of victory, one man recalled, "came upon the country like a clap of thunder in the clear azure vault of the firmament, and traveled with electromagnetic velocity, throughout the confines of the land."<ref>Ward, p. 4-5</ref> The battle boosted the reputation of Andrew Jackson and helped to propel him to the White House. The anniversary of the battle was celebrated for many years. |
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A federal park was established in 1907 to preserve the battlefield; today it features a monument and is part of [[Jean Lafitte National Historical Park and Preserve]]. |
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"The 8th of January" became a traditional American [[fiddle]] tune the melody of which was used by [[Jimmie Driftwood]] to write the song "[[The Battle of New Orleans]]", which in a lighthearted tone details the battle from the perspective of an American volunteer fighting alongside Andrew Jackson. The version by [[Johnny Horton]] topped the Billboard Hot 100 in 1959. |
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==See also== |
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*[[Jackson's Military Road]] |
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*[[Chalmette National Cemetery]] |
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*[[Our Lady of Prompt Succor]] |
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*[[The Battle of New Orleans]] (1959 song) |
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*[[List of conflicts in the United States]] |
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==Notes== |
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{{reflist|2}} |
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==References== |
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{{Reflist}} |
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* Borneman, Walter H. 1812 The War that forged a nation ISBN 0-06-053112-6 |
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*{{cite book |last=Brooks |first=Charles B |title=The Siege of New Orleans |year=1961 |publisher=University of Washington Press |location=Seattle |oclc=425116 }} |
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*{{cite book |last=Brown |first=Wilburt S |title=The Amphibious Campaign for West Florida and Louisiana, 1814-1815 |year=1969 |publisher=University of Alabama Press |location= |isbn=0817351000 }} |
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*{{cite book |last=Cooper |first=John Spencer |title=Rough Notes of Seven Campaigns in Portugal, Spain, France and America During the Years 1809-1815 |origyear=1869 |year=1996 |publisher=Spellmount |location=Staplehurst |isbn=1873376650 }} |
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*{{cite book |last=Forrest |first=Charles Ramus |title=The Battle of New Orleans: a British view; the journal of Major C.R. Forrest; Asst. QM General, 34th. Regiment of Foot |year=1961 |publisher=Hauser Press |location=New Orleans |oclc=1253280 }} |
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*{{cite book |last=Gleig |first=George Robert |authorlink=George Robert Gleig |title=The Campaigns of the British Army at Washington and New Orleans, 1814-1815 |year=1827 |publisher=J. Murray |location=London |isbn=066545385X }} |
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*{{cite book |last=Hickey |first=Donald R |title=The War of 1812 : a forgotten conflict |year=1989 |publisher=Univ. of Illinois Press |location=Urbana |isbn=0252016130 }} |
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*{{cite book |last=James |first=William |authorlink=William James (naval historian) |title=A full and correct account of the military occurrences of the late war between Great Britain and the United States of America; with an appendix, and plates |year=1818 |publisher=Printed for the author and distributed by Black et al |location=London |isbn=0665357435 |oclc=2226903 }} |
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*{{cite book |last=Latour |first=Arsène Lacarrière |title=Historical Memoir of the War in West Florida and Louisiana in 1814-15, with an Atlas |origyear=1816 |year=1999 |publisher=University Press of Florida |location=Gainesville |isbn=0813016754 |oclc=40119875 }} |
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*{{cite journal |last=Maass |first=Alfred R |year=1994 |title=Brownsville's steamboat Enterprize and Pittsburgh's supply of general Jackson's army |journal=Pittsburgh History |volume=77 |pages=22–29 |issn=1069-4706 }} |
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*Caffrey, Kate The Twilight's Last Gleaming ISBN 0-8128-1920-9 Stein and Day |
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* Owsley, Frank. ''Struggle for the Gulf borderlands: the Creek War and the battle of New Orleans 1812-1815''. (1981) ISBN 0817310622 |
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* Patterson, Benton Rains ''The Generals, Andrew Jackson, Sir Edward Pakenham, and the road to New Orleans''. 2008 ISBN 0-8147-6717-6 |
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* Pickles, Tim ''New Orleans 1815''; Osprey Campaign Series, #28. Osprey Publishing, 1993. |
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* Reilly, Robin (1974), ''The British at the gates - the New Orleans campaign in the War of 1812'', New York: Putnam |
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* Remini, Robert V. (1977), ''Andrew Jackson and the course of American empire, 1767-1821'' |
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* {{cite book |last=Rowland |first=Eron |title=Andrew Jackson's Campaign against the British, or, the Mississippi Territory in the War of 1812, concerning the Military Operations of the Americans, Creek Indians, British, and Spanish, 1813-1815 |origyear=1926 |year=1971 |publisher=Books for Libraries Press |location=Freeport, NY |isbn=0836956370 }} |
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* Smith, Sir Harry "Various Anecdotes and Events of my Life - The Autobiography of Lt. Gen. Sir Harry Smith, covering the period 1787 to 1860" First published in 2 volumes, edited by G.C. Moore, London (1901) |
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* Stanley, George F.G. "The War of 1812 - Land Operations" . MacMillan & National Museum of Canada (1983) |
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* Surtees, W. "Twenty-Five Years in the Rifle Brigade" (1833) Reprint by Greenhill Books |
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* Ward, John William . ''Andrew Jackson, Symbol for an Age.'' 1962. |
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{{Listen|filename=Hunters of Kentucky.ogg|title=Hunters of Kentucky|description=Jackson and his men were glorified in this song written after the battle.|format=[[Ogg]]}} |
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==External links== |
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*[http://hometown.aol.com/ninety3rd/myths.html Battle of New Orleans: Myths and Legends] - detailed account by military historians |
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*[http://perso.wanadoo.fr/histoire-militaire/cartes/nouvelleorleans.htm Map] |
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*[http://lsm.crt.state.la.us/cabildo/cab6.htm The Battle of New Orleans] — summary account by the Louisiana State Museum, with photographs |
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*[http://www.hnoc.org/BNO/bnopathindex.htm Battle of New Orleans Pathfinder] - research collection by [[The Historic New Orleans Collection]] |
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*[http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/America/United_States/Louisiana/_Texts/GAYHLA/5/10*.html History of Louisiana, Vol. 5, Chapter 10] — detailed account by [[Charles Gayarré]] |
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*[http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/America/United_States/Louisiana/New_Orleans/_Texts/KENHNO/6*.html The Battle of New Orleans] — detailed account by John Smith Kendall |
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*[http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/America/United_States/Louisiana/New_Orleans/_Texts/KINPAP/11*.html The Glorious Eighth of January] — colorful account by [[Grace King]] |
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* [http://www.usgennet.org/usa/topic/preservation/epochs/vol5/pg102.htm The Battle of New Orleans] — account by [[Theodore Roosevelt]] |
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*[http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/America/United_States/Louisiana/_Texts/LHQ/2/2/War_of_1812*.html Siege of Fort St. Philip] — eyewitness accounts, as published in the Louisiana Historical Quarterly |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:New Orleans}} |
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[[Category:Conflicts in 1815]] |
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[[Category:Battles of the War of 1812]] |
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[[Category:History of Louisiana]] |
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[[Category:St. Bernard Parish, Louisiana]] |
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[[Category:Andrew Jackson]] |
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[[Category:History of New Orleans, Louisiana]] |
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[[de:Schlacht von New Orleans]] |
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[[es:Batalla de Nueva Orleans]] |
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[[fr:Bataille de La Nouvelle-Orléans]] |
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[[nl:Slag bij New Orleans]] |
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[[ja:ニューオーリンズの戦い]] |
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[[pl:Bitwa pod Nowym Orleanem]] |
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Revision as of 17:28, 27 October 2008
Mississippi River IS OVER 100NT YEARS OLD!!!!!!