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Burhan Shahidi

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Burhan Shahidi
Борһан Шәһиди
Shahidi in 1950
Vice Chairman of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference
In office
12 September 1980 – 10 April 1988
ChairmanDeng Xiaoping
Deng Yingchao
In office
25 December 1954 – 5 January 1965
ChairmanZhou Enlai
Chairman of the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Regional Political Consultative Conference
In office
October 1955 – March 1964
Preceded bySaifuddin Azizi
Succeeded byWang Enmao
Chairman of the Xinjiang Provincial People's Government
In office
October 1949 – January 1955
Preceded bynew position
Succeeded bySaifuddin Azizi (Chairman of the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Regional Revolutionary Committee)
Governor of Xinjiang
In office
30 December 1948 – September 1949
Preceded byMasud Sabri
Succeeded byYulbars Khan (in exile)
Personal details
Born3 October 1894
Tetyushsky Uyezd, Kazan Governorate, Russian Empire
Died27 August 1989(1989-08-27) (aged 94)
Beijing, China
NationalityChinese
Political partyChinese Communist Party (from 1949)
CC Clique of the Kuomintang (before 1949)
SpouseRashida
Military service
AllegianceFlag of the Republic of China Republic of China
Flag of the People's Republic of China People's Republic of China
Chinese name
Simplified Chinese包尔汉·沙希迪
Traditional Chinese包爾漢·沙希迪
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinBāo'érhàn Shāxīdí
Wade–GilesPao1-erh2-han4 Sha1-hsi1-ti2
Uyghur name
Uyghurبۇرھان شەھىدى‎
Transcriptions
Latin YëziqiBurhan Shehidi
Russian name
RussianБурхан Шахиди
Tatar name
TatarБорһан Шәһиди
Borhan Şähidi

Burhan Shahidi (3 October 1894 – 27 August 1989) was a Chinese Tatar politician who occupied several high-level positions in Xinjiang, in the governments of the Republic of China and the People's Republic of China.

He held the position of Vice-Chairman of the Second, Third, Fifth, and Sixth National Committees of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC), served as Chairman of the Xinjiang Provincial People's Government, and was the founder and inaugural President of the Islamic Association of China.

Life

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Early life

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Burhan Shahidi was born in 1894 in the Russian Kazan Governorate to a Tatar family. His family was poor and he received little schooling in his early years. In 1912, after the Qing Dynasty was overthrown, he accompanied Tatar merchants to Dihua (now Ürümqi) in Xinjiang and worked as an apprentice and store-clerk.[1]

Burhan Shahidi in 1929

In 1914, he was able to apply and receive Chinese citizenship from the Republic of China on account of his family's ancestry.[2] He spoke Tatar, Uyghur, Mandarin Chinese, Russian, Turkish and some Arabic and acted as the interpreter for Yang Zengxin, the leader of Xinjiang at the time.[1] Jadid leader Ismail Gasprinski inspired Shahidi.[3]

In 1929, he was sent to Weimar Germany by Xinjiang's next leader Jin Shuren and studied political-economy in Berlin. He returned to Xinjiang in 1933 and held a number of roles in the provincial government including manager of a land development company.[4] He played a key role in the Xinjiang Nationalities Congress of 1934. At this Congress, the ethnonym Uyghur was adopted to describe the majority Turkic Muslims in the oases of the Tarim Basin.[5]

Republic of China

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In 1935, he became a member of the Xinjiang People's Anti-Imperialist Federation (Chinese: 新疆民众反帝联合会),[6] initially serving as deputy minister of the Popular Department, and subsequently as acting vice-chairman of the Federation in 1936. During this time, he met Yu Xiusong, a CCP member and the chairman of the Federation, and began to study the history of the CPC's struggles, as well as its principles and objectives.[7]

In 1937, he was dispatched by the next governor, Sheng Shicai, to the Soviet Union to serve as a consular official in the border district of Zaysan.[4] The following year, he was recalled by Sheng and imprisoned until 1944.[2][8][9] While in prison, Shahidi wrote a Uyghur-Chinese-Russian Dictionary and translated Sun Yat-sen's Three People's Principles into Uyghur.[10]

Shahidi (2nd row, 2nd from the left) at the founding of the Association for the Advancement of Han Culture in Xinjiang in 1937, chaired by the governor Sheng Shicai (1st row, 3rd from left).

He was released by Wu Zhongxin, the Chinese Nationalist official who replaced Sheng Shicai. In 1946, Shahidi became the vice-chairman of a provincial coalition government formed between the Chinese Nationalists and the revolutionaries who had founded the Second East Turkestan Republic (Second ETR) in the "Three Districts".[11] He was considered a political moderate between the Nationalist Chinese and Second ETR members of the coalition.[12]

In 1947, Shahidi was transferred to Nanjing and became an official in the central government under Chiang Kai-shek.[2] Later that year, he led a Xinjiang performance troupe to Taiwan and toured Keelung, Taipei, Taichung, and Kaoshiung.[2] The tour came shortly after the February 28 Incident, which left many islanders hostile to mainlanders. Shahidi gave speeches that appealed to national unity.[2]

In 1948, he returned to Xinjiang and became the president of the Xinjiang Academy, the precursor to the Xinjiang University. He favored Chinese nationalism and disagreed with Turkic nationalist positions of Muhammad Amin Bughra.[2] In January 1949, he replaced Masud Sabri as the chairman of Xinjiang Provincial Government.[13] Sabri was anti-Soviet and opposed the Soviet-backed Ehmetjan Qasim (Akhmedjan Kasimov), who was the vice-chairman of the provincial government.[14] He helped stabilize the province's finances, which was ravaged by the spread of inflation throughout Nationalist China, by restoring the local currency.[15] Anti-Soviet sentiment was espoused by Isa Yusuf Alptekin while Pro Soviet sentiment was espoused by Shahidi. The Soviets were angered by Isa.[16]

In September of that year, he negotiated with Deng Liqun, the Chinese Communist representative sent by Mao Zedong to the province during the waning days of the Chinese Civil War. On 26 September, Shahidi joined Nationalist general Tao Zhiyue in announcing the surrender of the province to the People's Liberation Army, paving the way for the "peaceful liberation" of Xinjiang.[2] A week later, the People's Republic of China (PRC) was founded in Beijing.[17]

People's Republic of China

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Gathering of Chinese Communist leaders in Beijing in June 1950. From left Zhu De, Liu Shaoqi, Saifuddin Azizi, Mao Zedong, Burhan Shahidi, Zhou Enlai, Deng Liqun and Delin (Sibo translator of Saifuddin).

On 17 December 1949, the Xinjiang Provincial People's Government was established, and Shahidi became the chairman.[2] Saifuddin Azizi was the deputy chairman. He was introduced to the Chinese Communist Party by Wang Zhen and Xu Liqing at the end of the year.[18][19] In December, he joined the Northwest Military and Political Committee, assumed the role of Chairman of the Xinjiang Provincial People's Government, and became President of the Xinjiang Academy. He chaired the First Committee of the Whole of the Xinjiang Provincial People's Government, which ratified the “Current Policy of Governance of the Xinjiang Provincial People's Government Committee.”[20] In 1952, he headed the preparatory committee to create the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region (XUAR).[2]

Shahidi (right) with Xi Zhongxun (middle) and Saifuddin Azizi (left) in July 1952, after successfully quelling the Ospan Batyr insurgency.

Shahidi was a co-founder and the first chairman of the Islamic Association of China. In this capacity, he became an able diplomat in the PRC's outreach to the Islamic world.[21] In February 1956, he led a cultural and religious delegation on a tour of Egypt, Sudan, Ethiopia, Syria and Lebanon.[2] As a direct result of his diplomatic work, Egypt under President Gamal Abdel Nasser in May 1956 became the first country in Middle East to recognize the PRC and sever ties with the Republic of China on Taiwan.[22] It was the first country to recognize Beijing in six years and the recognition broke the diplomatic blockade imposed by the West.[22] In July, he returned to the region leading China's hajj mission to Saudi Arabia, where he met King Saud and visited King Hussein of Jordan, though neither country had diplomatic relations with the PRC.[22] On the same trip, he also met with President Nazim al-Kudsi of Syria and Amir Muhammad al-Badr of North Yemen.[23] Both countries switched their recognition to the PRC in 1956.[22]

On 4 November 1956, Shahidi and Hu Yaobang, Guo Moruo helped lead a massive public rally and parade in Beijing with over 400,000 people in Tiananmen Square to support Egypt and denounce Anglo-French imperialism in the Suez Crisis.[24] In the spring of 1959, he led a delegation to Iraq to support Prime Minister Abd al-Karim Qasim who had overthrown the Iraqi monarchy the previous year and founded a pro-socialist republic.[25][26][27] He assumed the presidency of Xinjiang University in October 1960.[28]

In February 1962, he served as the director of the Institute of Ethnic Studies at the Chinese Academy of Sciences. In April, he assumed the role of vice-president of the Asian-African Society of China.[29] Following the Yi–Ta incident in Xinjiang in June-July, he was instructed to return to Xinjiang to aid the CCP Xinjiang Autonomous Region in managing the incident's repercussions.[30]

Shahidi supervised Chinese Muslim participation in the hajj until the Cultural Revolution, when he was accused of being a collaborator and a foreigner, and imprisoned for eight years.[22] In January 1980, he assumed the presidency of the China Turkic Language Research Society (Chinese: 中国突厥语研究会); in March, he was rehabilitated and reinstated as a CCP member; in April, he was appointed honorary president of the Islamic Association of China; in August, he was elected honorary president of the China Ethnic Ancient Texts and Writings Research Society (Chinese: 中国民族古文字研究会);[31] and in September, he was co-opted as a vice-chairman of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC),[32] and then served as a vice-chairman of the second, third, fifth, sixth and seventh Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference National Committee.[33] His memoir, Fifty Years in Xinjiang (Chinese: 《新疆五十年》) was published in 1984.[34]

In 1985, to support the return of the critically endangered Père David's deer to China, Shahidi helped found and chair the China Milu Foundation,[35] now known as the China Biodiversity Conservation and Green Development Foundation.[36][37][38]

He died on 27 August 1989 in Beijing and is buried in the foothills of the Tian Shan in Xinjiang.[39]

See also

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References

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Citations

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  1. ^ a b (Chinese) "新疆风云人物 数朝元老包尔汉" Archived 23 August 2018 at the Wayback Machine 1 November 2010
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j (Chinese) "包尔汉率新疆省政府起义始末" 《青年参考》 2009-09-01 Archived 29 November 2010 at the Wayback Machine
  3. ^ James A. Millward (2007). Eurasian Crossroads: A History of Xinjiang. Columbia University Press. p. 174. ISBN 978-0-231-13924-3.
  4. ^ a b 当代中国著名民族学家百人小传. 民族经济学文库 (in Chinese). 中央民族大学出版社. 2006. p. 8. ISBN 978-7-81056-979-8. Retrieved 3 January 2025.
  5. ^ Gladney 2004: 217
  6. ^ 新疆与祖国关系史论 (in Chinese). 新疆人民出版社. 2008. p. 215. ISBN 978-7-228-12092-5. Retrieved 3 January 2025.
  7. ^ 开国元勋: 共和国首屆政要纪实 (in Chinese). 当代中国出版社. 2002. p. 1575. ISBN 978-7-80092-867-3. Retrieved 3 January 2025.
  8. ^ 中国社会科学院. 近代史硏究所 (1978). 民国人物传. 中华民国史资料丛稿 (in Chinese). 中华书局. p. 68. ISBN 978-7-101-02394-7. Retrieved 3 January 2025.
  9. ^ 新中国第一代: 省(市, 区)委书记, 省(市, 区)长卷 (in Chinese). 湖南人民出版社. 1999. p. 453. ISBN 978-7-5438-2135-4. Retrieved 3 January 2025.
  10. ^ 中国人民政治协商会议. 新疆维吾尔自治区委员会. 文史资料研究委员会 (1985). 新疆文史资料选辑 (in Chinese). 新疆人民出版社. p. 73. Retrieved 3 January 2025.
  11. ^ Benson 1990: 63, 70
  12. ^ Benson 1990: 63
  13. ^ Benson 1990: 155
  14. ^ Howard L. Boorman (1967). Howard L. Boorman; Richard C. Howard (eds.). Biographical Dictionary of Republican China, Volume 1. Columbia University Press. p. 4. ISBN 978-0-231-08955-5. Retrieved 6 June 2011.
  15. ^ Starr 2004: 85
  16. ^ Jeremy Brown; Paul Pickowicz (2007). Dilemmas of Victory: The Early Years of the People's Republic of China. Harvard University Press. pp. 188–. ISBN 978-0-674-02616-2.
  17. ^ 《统一战线人物志》编写组 (2007). 统一战线人物志 (in Chinese). 华文出版社. p. 363. ISBN 978-7-5075-1930-3. Retrieved 3 January 2025.
  18. ^ 中国人民革命军事博物馆 (2004). 軍事史林 (in Chinese). 军事史林杂志社. p. 35. Retrieved 3 January 2025.
  19. ^ 中国共产党与新疆民族问题 (in Chinese). 新疆人民出版社. 2004. p. 43. ISBN 978-7-228-09185-0. Retrieved 3 January 2025.
  20. ^ 新疆维吾尔自治区地方志编纂委员会 (2001). 新疆通志: 共产党志. 第十四卷. 新疆维吾尔自治区地方志丛书 (in Chinese). 新疆人民出版社. p. 395. ISBN 978-7-228-06380-2. Retrieved 3 January 2025.
  21. ^ Shichor 1979: 19, 20 & 59
  22. ^ a b c d e Gladney 1999: 138
  23. ^ Shichor 1979: 44-45
  24. ^ 《中华人民共和国日史》 编委会 (2003). 中华人民共和国日史 (in Chinese). 四川人民出版社. p. 352. Retrieved 3 January 2025.
  25. ^ 中华人民共和国外交大事记 (in Chinese). 世界知识出版社. 1997. p. 99. ISBN 978-7-5012-1493-8. Retrieved 3 January 2025.
  26. ^ (Chinese with photographs) Chinainsights.com Archived 11 November 2016 at the Wayback Machine Last Accessed 13 November 2010
  27. ^ Shichor 1979: 87
  28. ^ 中国西北少数民族通史 (in Chinese). 民族出版社. 2009. p. 511. ISBN 978-7-105-09929-0. Retrieved 3 January 2025.
  29. ^ 曲折与发展: 1962-1965. 中华人民共和国实录 (in Chinese). 吉林人民出版社. 1994. p. 678. Retrieved 3 January 2025.
  30. ^ 新疆维吾尔自治区地方志编纂委员会 (2001). 新疆通志: 共产党志. 第十四卷. 新疆维吾尔自治区地方志丛书 (in Chinese). 新疆人民出版社. p. 454. ISBN 978-7-228-06380-2. Retrieved 3 January 2025.
  31. ^ Fang, Y.; 中国社会科学院. 民族学与人类学研究所; 民族出版社; 中国社会科学出版社 (1999). 中国民族硏究年鉴 (in Chinese). 中央民族出版社. p. 136. Retrieved 3 January 2025.
  32. ^ 中国共产党历史大辞典 (in Chinese). 中国国际广播出版社. 1991. p. 591. ISBN 978-7-80035-874-6. Retrieved 3 January 2025.
  33. ^ 中国共产党组织史资料汇编: 领异机构沿革和成员名录(1大至14大) (in Chinese). 中共中央党校出版社. 1995. Retrieved 3 January 2025.
  34. ^ 文献与综述：中华学人文革论文集（一） (in Chinese). Remembering Publishing, LLC. 2020. p. 244. Retrieved 3 January 2025.
  35. ^ 北京博物馆学会 (1989). 北京博物馆年鉴 (in Chinese). 北京燕山出版社. p. 614. Retrieved 3 January 2025.
  36. ^ About CBCGDF, China Biodiversity Conservation and Green Development Foundation Accessed 25 April 2013
  37. ^ 中国环境科学学会: 当代中国环境科技社团 (in Chinese). 中國環境科學出版社. 1992. p. 344. ISBN 978-7-80093-120-8. Retrieved 3 January 2025.
  38. ^ 中国民间组织30年: 走向公民社会, 1978-2008. 改革开放研究丛书 (in Chinese). 社会科学文献出版社. 2008. p. 157. ISBN 978-7-5097-0384-7. Retrieved 3 January 2025.
  39. ^ "包尔汉". 中国共产党新闻网--人民网 (in Chinese). 26 February 2013. Retrieved 3 January 2025.

Sources

[edit]
[edit]
Political offices
Preceded by
none
 Co-Vice Chairman of the Xinjiang Provincial Coalition Government (along with Ehmetjan Qasim)
1946–1947 		Succeeded by
Abdul Kerim Han Maksum
Preceded by Chairman of the Xinjiang Provincial Coalition Government
Jan.–Dec. 1949 		Succeeded by
none
New title Chairman of the Xinjiang Provincial People's Government
Dec. 1949 – 1955 		Next:
Saifuddin Azizi
as Chairman of the XUAR People's Committee
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