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Bangladesh Armed Forces
বাংলাদেশ সশস্ত্র বাহিনী
Bāṅlādēś Sôśôstrô Bāhinī
Crest of Bangladesh Armed Forces
Flag of Bangladesh Armed Forces
Mottoচির উন্নত মম শির (de facto)
("Ever High is My Head")
Founded21 November 1971; 53 years ago (1971-11-21)
Current form12 January 1972; 52 years ago (1972-01-12)
Service branches Bangladesh Army
 Bangladesh Navy
 Bangladesh Air Force
HeadquartersArmed Forces Division Headquarters, Dhaka Cantonment
Websiteafd.gov.bd - ispr.gov.bd
Leadership
Commander-in-Chief President Mohammed Shahabuddin
Minister of Defence Chief Adviser Muhammad Yunus
Principal Staff Officer Lieutenant General SM Kamrul Hassan
Personnel
Military age18 years
ConscriptionNo[1]
Reaching military
age annually		3,176,505[2]
Active personnel204,000[3][4]
Deployed personnel10,736 for United Nations peacekeeping
Expenditure
Budget6.995 billion USD (2024)
Percent of GDP1.5% (2024)
Industry
Domestic suppliers
List
Foreign suppliers China
 Russia
 Turkey
 United States
 United Kingdom
 France
 Czech Republic
Annual importsUS$754 million (2011–2020)
Related articles
History
RanksMilitary ranks of Bangladesh
Bangladesh Army during Victory Day Parade 2011

The Bangladesh Armed Forces (Bengali: বাংলাদেশ সশস্ত্র বাহিনী, romanized: Bāṅlādēś Sôśôstrô Bāhinī) are the military forces of the People's Republic of Bangladesh. They consist of the three uniformed military services: the Bangladesh Army, the Bangladesh Navy, and the Bangladesh Air Force. The Armed Forces are under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Defence of the Government of Bangladesh, and are directly administered by the Armed Forces Division of the Prime Minister's Office.[5] The President of Bangladesh serves as the Commander-in-Chief of the Bangladesh Armed Forces. Bangladesh has the third-largest defence budget in South Asia. The Bangladeshi military is the 37th strongest in the world and the third most powerful military force in South Asia.[6] Border Guard Bangladesh and Bangladesh Coast Guard are under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Home Affairs[7] during peacetime, but during wartime, they fall under the command of the Bangladesh Army and the Bangladesh Navy, respectively.

Military policy is formulated and executed by the Armed Forces Division (AFD), whereas the Ministry of Defence (MoD) does not exercise any operational or policy authority over the Armed Forces. Since independence, the AFD and MoD have been led by the Prime Minister. To coordinate military policy with foreign and intelligence policy, both the President and the Prime Minister are advised by a six-member advisory board, which consists of the three military services' Chiefs of Staff, the Principal Staff Officer of the Armed Forces Division, and military secretaries to the President and the Prime Minister. The directors-general of the NSI, the DGFI, and the BGB also serve in an advisory capacity when invited.[8][9]

Armed Forces Day is observed on 21 November and commemorates the founding of the three services of the Armed Forces, who subsequently initiated a joint military operation against the occupying Pakistani Armed Forces during the Bangladesh Liberation War.[10][11] Official functions are held across the country, including at Bangabhaban, the Armed Forces Division Headquarters at Dhaka Cantonment, all military cantonments, and at every military installation throughout Bangladesh.[12]

History

[edit]
Main article: Military history of Bangladesh

Eastern wing of Pakistan

[edit]
See also: East Bengal Regiment

With the partitioning of India on August 15, 1947, the territory constituting modern Bangladesh was partitioned from the province of Bengal as East Bengal, joining the newly created state of Pakistan. Ethnic and sectional discrimination prevailed in all sectors of the state. Like other government sectors, Bengalis were under-represented in the Pakistani military too. Officers of Bengali origin in the different wings of the armed forces made up just 5% of overall force by 1965.[13] West Pakistanis believed that Bengalis were not "martially inclined" unlike Pashtuns and Punjabis; the "Martial Races" notion was dismissed as ridiculous and humiliating by Bengalis.[13] Moreover, despite huge defence spending, East Pakistan received none of the benefits, such as contracts, purchasing and military support jobs. The Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 over Kashmir also highlighted the sense of military insecurity among Bengalis as only an under-strength infantry division and 15 combat aircraft without tank support were in East Pakistan to repel any Indian retaliations during the conflict.[14][15]

The East Bengal Regiment was formed on 15 February 1948 following Pakistan's independence and transition from post British rule, composed exclusively of men from the western part of the country. The first East Bengal Regiment was composed of Bengali members of the British Indian Army Pioneer Corps and Bihar Regiment of the abolished British-Indian army. Between 1948 and 1965, a total of eight battalions of EBR were raised.[16][17]

Bangladesh Liberation War

[edit]
Main article: Bangladesh Liberation War
Location of Bengali and Pakistani military units in March 1971
QF 3.7-inch mountain howitzers used by the Mukti Bahini

Following the victory of the Awami League in the 1970 elections, then-president General Yahya Khan refused to appoint its leader Sheikh Mujibur Rahman as the prime minister and launched a brutal attack named Operation Searchlight on the civilians of the then East Pakistan, using the Pakistan Army to repress political movements.[18] The number of people killed by Pakistani forces vary from a minimum of around 300,000 to a maximum of around 3 million.[19][20] Responding to Mujib's call for rebellion, many students, workers and other civilians mutinied against Pakistan and raised the Mukti Bahini, a guerrilla force. Later on, many Bengali officers and units from the Pakistan Army and East Pakistan Rifles mutinied against their West Pakistani counterparts and joined the Mukti Bahini.[21][22][23] On 17 April 1971, M. A. G Osmani took oath as the commander-in-chief of Mukti Bahini. While the war raged on, the necessity of a well-trained armed force was always felt. During the first Bangladesh Sector Commanders Conference, held from 11 to 17 July 1971, the Bangladesh Forces started its journey composed of the revolting Bengali members of the Pakistan Army and EPR.[24] In this historic conference the field command structure, sector reorganization, reinforcement, appointment of field commanders and tactics of warfare were decided upon and carried out. On 21 November 1971, the Bangladesh Forces was divided into three separate services as Bangladesh Army, Bangladesh Navy and Bangladesh Air Force.

The Bangladesh Forces received modest assistance from the Indian Government soon after the start of the war.[25] On 3 December 1971, the India-Pakistan war broke out and Indian troops entered Bangladesh allied with the Bangladesh Armed Forces.[26] On 16 December 1971, the Pakistani military surrendered to the joint Indian and Bangladesh forces.[27]

Post-independence

[edit]
See also: Military coups in Bangladesh and Chittagong Hill Tracts Conflict

The newly formed Bangladeshi armed forces incorporated some of the units and guerrillas of the Mukti Bahini.[28] Gen. Osmani, who had led the Mukti Bahini was appointed the General of the Bangladesh armed forces.[29] For many years, there was active discrimination in favour of the inductees from the Mukti Bahini against those Bengali officers who had continued service in the Pakistani armed forces or had been detained in West Pakistan.[28][30] A group of angered officers assassinated the president Sheikh Mujib on 15 August 1975 and established a regime with politician Khondaker Mostaq Ahmed as President of Bangladesh and new army chief Maj. Gen. Ziaur Rahman.[30] The military itself was subject of divisions as Mujib's assassins were overthrown by the pro-Mujib Brig. Gen. Khaled Mosharraf on 3 November, who himself was soon overthrown by a socialist group of officers under Col. Abu Taher on 7 November who returned Ziaur Rahman to power—an event now called the Sipoy-Janata Biplob (Soldiers and People's Coup).[31] Under the presidency of Ziaur Rahman, the military was reorganised to remove conflicts between rival factions and discontented cadre.[32] However, Ziaur Rahman was himself overthrown in a 1981 coup attempt,[33] and a year later, Lt. Gen. Hossain Mohammad Ershad took power from the elected government of president Abdus Sattar. The military remained the most important force in national politics under the regimes of Ziaur Rahman and later Hossain Mohammad Ershad until democracy was restored in 1991.[32]

Modern period

[edit]
See also: Bangladesh UN Peacekeeping Force
Bangladeshi peacekeepers in Darfur, Sudan

Having relied primarily on India and the Soviet Union for military aid, Bangladesh has also developed military ties with the People's Republic of China and the United States. The Bangladesh Army has been actively involved in United Nations Peace Support Operations (UNPSO). During the first Gulf War in 1991, the Bangladesh Army sent a 2,193 member team to monitor peace in Saudi Arabia and Kuwait. The Bangladesh Army also participated in peace keeping activities in Namibia, Cambodia, Somalia, Uganda, Rwanda, Mozambique, former Yugoslavia, Liberia, Haiti, Tajikistan, Western Sahara, Sierra Leone, Kosovo, Georgia, East Timor, Congo, Côte d'Ivoire and Ethiopia. As of October 2008, Bangladesh remained the second largest contributor with 9,800 troops in the UN Peacekeeping forces.

Until a peace accord was signed in 1997, the Bangladeshi military engaged in counterinsurgency operations in the Chittagong Hill Tracts fighting the Shanti Bahini separatist group. In 2001, Bangladeshi military units engaged in clashes with the Indian Border Security Force (BSF) along the northern border.[34]

Several projects and schemes aiming to expand and modernize the Bangladeshi armed forces were launched by the government of former Prime Minister Begum Khaleda Zia.

Forces Goal 2030 was launched by the government of Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina to secure new equipment for the Bangladeshi military.

Bangladesh-Myanmar border

[edit]

Standoffs have occasionally occurred at the Bangladesh-Myanmar border, including in 1991 and 2008. Most of the standoffs took place, when Myanmar attempted to force Rohingyas into Bangladesh. In 2008, the two countries deployed warships after Myanmar attempted to explore a disputed Bay of Bengal seabed for oil and gas. The dispute was resolved at an international tribunal in 2012. Bangladesh and Myanmar have also conducted counter-insurgency operations on the border.

Medals and decorations

[edit]
Main article: Military awards and decorations of Bangladesh

The following are the various gallantry, service and war medals of the Bangladesh Armed Forces.[35][self-published source?][36][self-published source?][37][self-published source?][38][39][self-published source?]

Gallantry awards

[edit]
  • Bir Sreshtho-(Bengali: বীরশ্রেষ্ঠ; literally, "The Most Valiant Hero"), the highest gallantry award
  • Bir Uttom- (Bengali: বীর উত্তম; literally, "Better among Braves"), the second highest gallantry award
  • Bir Bikrom- (Bengali: বীর বিক্রম; literally, "Valiant hero"), the third highest gallantry award
  • Bir Protik- (Bengali: বীর প্রতীক; literally, "Symbol of Bravery or Idol of Courage"), the fourth highest gallantry award

Service medals

[edit]
  • Order of Military Merit
  • Jestha Padak I (10 years service)
  • Jestha Padak II (20 years service)
  • Jestha Padak III (30 years service)

Current deployments

[edit]
Map of Bangladeshi Military UN Peacekeeping Force

Bangladesh has consistently made large contributions to United Nations peacekeeping operations. As of May 2007, Bangladesh had major deployments in Democratic Republic of Congo, Liberia, Lebanon, Sudan, Timor-Leste and Côte d'Ivoire.[40] With 10,736 troops deployed, it ranks first in personnel contributions to UN peacekeeping.[41] The government declined to participate in Iraq on a request from the United States. The deployment to Liberia began in October 2003 and has remained at a level of about 3,200 who are participating in peacekeeping, charitable activities and infrastructure development.

Training

[edit]

Officers are trained and educated for three years at the Bangladesh Military Academy, Bhatiary, Bangladesh Naval Academy at Patenga, both located in Chittagong and Bangladesh Air Force Academy located in Jessore. For advance training during their career, officers are sent to Bangladesh Defence Services Command and Staff College at Mirpur, while senior officers attend the National Defense University for Armed Forces War Course. Many attend the Military Institute of Science and Technology while serving. Officers of the Army Medical Corps are recruited after graduation from both military or civil medical colleges. They undergo basic military training at Bangladesh Military Academy followed by professional training in medical corps centre and Armed Forces Medical Institute. Recently cadets of Armed Forces Medical College also started joining the services directly.[42]

Ranks

[edit]
Main article: Military ranks of Bangladesh

Bangladeshi military ranks, essentially corresponds to those used by the armed forces of the commonwealth nations.

The rank insignia for commissioned officers for the Armed forces respectively.

Rank group General / flag officers Senior officers Junior officers
 Bangladesh Army[43]
জেনারেল
Jēnārēl 		লেফটেন্যান্ট জেনারেল
Lēphṭēnānṭ jēnārēl 		মেজর জেনারেল
Mējar jēnārēl 		ব্রিগেডিয়ার জেনারেল
Brigēḍiẏār jēnārēl 		কর্নেল
Karnēl 		লেফটেন্যান্ট কর্নেল
Lēphṭēnānṭ karnēl 		মেজর
Mējar 		ক্যাপ্টেন
Kaepṭēn 		লেফটেন্যান্ট
Lēphṭēnānṭ 		সেকেন্ড লেফটেন্যান্ট
Sēkēnḍ lēphṭēnānṭ
 Bangladesh Navy[44]
এ্যাডমিরাল
Aeḍmirāl 		ভাইস এ্যাডমিরাল
Bhā'is aeḍamirāl 		রিয়ার এ্যাডমিরাল
Riẏār aeḍamirāl 		কমোডোর
Kômōḍōr 		ক্যাপ্টেন
Kaepṭēn 		কমান্ডার
Kômānḍār 		লেফটেন্যান্ট কমান্ডার
Lēphṭēnānṭ kômānḍār 		লেফটেন্যান্ট
Lēphṭēnānṭ 		সাব-লেফটেন্যান্ট
Sāb-lēphṭēnānṭ 		এ্যাক্টিং সাব-লেফটেন্যান্ট
Ēyākṭiṁ sāb-lēphṭēn'yānṭ 		মিডশিপম্যান
Miḍśipmaen
 Bangladesh Air Force[45]
এয়ার চিফ মার্শাল
Ēẏār chiph mārśāl 		এয়ার মার্শাল
Ēẏār mārśāl 		এয়ার ভাইস মার্শাল
Ēẏār bhā'is mārśāl 		এয়ার কমোডোর
Ēẏār kômōḍōr 		গ্রুপ ক্যাপ্টেন
Grup kaepṭēn 		উইং কমান্ডার
U'iṁ kômānḍār 		স্কোয়াড্রন লীডার
Skōẏāḍran līḍār 		ফ্লাইট লেফটেন্যান্ট
Phlā'iṭ lēphṭēnānṭ 		ফ্লাইং অফিসার
Phlā'iṁ ôphisār 		পাইলট অফিসার
Pā'ilôṭ Ôphisār
Rank group General / flag officers Senior officers Junior officers

Organization

[edit]

Regular forces

[edit]

Para-military forces

[edit]

Civil forces and reserves

[edit]

Specialized forces

[edit]

Military districts

[edit]
  • Savar Area Command
  • Ghatail Area Command,Tangail
  • Bogra Area Command
  • Rangpur Area Command
  • Comilla Area Command
  • Chittagong Area Command
  • Ramu Area Command
  • Jessore Area Command
  • Sylhet Area Command
  • Barisal Area Command
  • Army Training and Doctrine Command
  • Army Logistics Area

Dhaka Cantonment

  • HQ All Military Lands
  • HQ Cantonment Boards
  • HQ's of Bangladesh Army
  • Armed Forces Division (AFD)
  • 46 Independent Infantry Brigade
  • 24 Independent Engineers Brigade
  • 18 Engineers Brigade
  • 6 Air Defence Brigade
  • 14 Army Signal Brigade
  • HQ, President's Guard Regiment
  • Inter Services Selection Board (ISSB)
  • HQ's Armed Forces Medical and Nursing Corps (AFMNC)
  • Central Officer's Record Office (CORO)
  • HQ's Armed Forces Recruiting Centre (AFRC)
  • HQ's Cantonment Public Schools
  • HQ's Armed Forces Library
  • Armed Forces Institute of Pathology (AFIP)
  • National Armed Forces Cemetery

Educational and training institutes

[edit]

Training institutes of Bangladesh Air Force

[edit]

Training Institutes of Bangladesh Navy

[edit]
  • Bangladesh Naval Academy (BNA), Chittagong.
  • BNS Shaheed Moazzem, Kaptai, Rangamati Hill District, Chittagong. (For Sailor's Advanced Training)
  • BNS ISA KHAN, Chittagong (Home of 13 Different Training Schools)
  • BNS TITUMIR, Khulna (Home of New Entry Training School (NETS) and School of Logistics and Management (SOLAM))
  • School of Maritime Warfare & Tactics, Chittagong Port.

Army Cantonments

[edit]

Cantonments are where Bangladesh Army personnel work, train, and live.[49]

Air Force bases

[edit]
  • BAF Base Bangabandhu (Dhaka)
  • BAF Base Sheikh Hasina (Cox's Bazar)
  • BAF Base Khademul Bashar (Dhaka)
  • BAF Base Matiur Rahman (Jessore)
  • BAF Base Paharkanchanpur (Tangail)
  • BAF Base Zahurul Haq (Chittagong)
[edit]

Future modernisation plans

[edit]
Main article: Forces Goal 2030

Bangladesh has made a long term modernisation plan for its Armed Forces named Forces Goal 2030.[51] The plan includes the modernization and expansion of all equipment and infrastructures and providing enhanced training.[51]

[edit]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "South Asia :: Bangladesh — The World Factbook". un.org. CIA. Archived from the original on 30 July 2021. Retrieved 24 January 2021.
  2. ^ "Manpower Reaching Military Age Annually (2020)". Global Fire Power (GFP). Retrieved 19 June 2020.
  3. ^ প্রতিবেদক, নিজস্ব (8 June 2017). সশস্ত্রবাহিনীর মোট সদস্য সংখ্যা দুই লাখ চার হাজার ৫৯৬ জন [The total number of members of the armed forces is 2 lakh 4 thousand 596 people]. Bangladesh Pratidin (in Bengali). Retrieved 12 June 2024. আইনমন্ত্রী আনিসুল হক বলেছেন, সশস্ত্র বাহিনীর মোট সদস্য সংখ্যা বর্তমানে দুই লাখ চার হাজার ৫৯৬ জন। এর মধ্যে ১ লাখ ৬২ হাজার ১২৫ জন সেনাবাহিনী। ২৫ হাজার ৮১ জন নৌবাহিনীর এবং ১৭ হাজার ৩৯০ জন বিমান বাহিনীর সদস্য। [Law Minister Anisul Haque said that the total number of members of the armed forces is currently two lakh four thousand 596. Among them 1 lakh 62 thousand 125 soldiers. 25 thousand 81 members of Navy and 17 thousand 390 members of Air Force.]
  4. ^ "সশস্ত্র বাহিনীর সদস্য সংখ্যা ২ লাখ ৪ হাজার ৫৯৬ জন". The Daily Sangram (in Bengali). 8 June 2017. Archived from the original on 30 December 2019. Retrieved 22 August 2024.
  5. ^ "About AFD". Armed Forces Division. Archived from the original on 30 August 2019. Retrieved 31 December 2021.
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  10. ^ "Govt will continue efforts to modernise armed forces: PM". Bangladesh Sangbad Sangstha. 20 November 2002. Archived from the original on 28 September 2007.
  11. ^ "Armed Forces Day today". The Daily Star (Bangladesh). 21 November 2015. Archived from the original on 3 October 2017. Retrieved 3 October 2017.
  12. ^ "Significance of Armed Forces Day". The Daily Star (Bangladesh). 22 November 2009. Archived from the original on 3 October 2017. Retrieved 3 October 2017.
  13. ^ a b Heitzman, James; Worden, Robert, eds. (1989). "Pakistan Era". Bangladesh: A Country Study. Washington, D.C.: Federal Research Division, Library of Congress. p. 207. Archived from the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 23 March 2020.
  14. ^ "Demons of December — Road from East Pakistan to Bangladesh". Archived from the original on 9 June 2011. Retrieved 23 March 2020.
  15. ^ Jahan, Rounaq (1972). Pakistan: Failure in National Integration. Columbia University Press. pp. 166–167. ISBN 0-231-03625-6.
  16. ^ "Maj Abdul Gani". The Daily Star (Bangladesh). 11 November 2014. Archived from the original on 5 October 2016. Retrieved 6 October 2016.
  17. ^ "The 1965 War: A view from the east". Rediff.com. Archived from the original on 28 May 2017. Retrieved 13 December 2017.
  18. ^ Bose, Sarmila (8 October 2005). "Anatomy of Violence: Analysis of Civil War in East Pakistan in 1971". Economic and Political Weekly. Archived from the original on 1 March 2007.
  19. ^ Matthew White's Death Tolls for the Major Wars and Atrocities of the Twentieth Century Archived 9 June 2007 at the Wayback Machine
  20. ^ Virtual Bangladesh : History : The Bangali Genocide, 1971 Archived 23 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine
  21. ^ Heitzman, James; Worden, Robert, eds. (1989). "Zia's regime". Bangladesh: A Country Study. Washington, D.C.: Federal Research Division, Library of Congress. pp. 37–40. Archived from the original on 22 June 2011. Retrieved 23 March 2020.
  22. ^ Ahmed, Helal Uddin (2012). "Mukti Bahini". In Islam, Sirajul; Jamal, Ahmed A. (eds.). Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Second ed.). Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. Archived from the original on 3 July 2015. Retrieved 23 March 2020.
  23. ^ Uddin, Syed Mohd. Saleh (2012). "Bangladesh Air Force". In Islam, Sirajul; Jamal, Ahmed A. (eds.). Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Second ed.). Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. Archived from the original on 28 December 2020. Retrieved 23 March 2020.
  24. ^ "Bangladesh War of Independence". www.bengalrenaissance.com. Archived from the original on 26 December 2017. Retrieved 3 October 2017.
  25. ^ "Unfinished agenda of the Liberation War". The Daily Star (Bangladesh). 26 March 2016. Archived from the original on 3 October 2017. Retrieved 3 October 2017.
  26. ^ "The Tangail Landings: A signal for victory". The Daily Star (Bangladesh). 26 March 2015. Archived from the original on 4 October 2017. Retrieved 3 October 2017.
  27. ^ "Witnessing the surrender". The Daily Star (Bangladesh). 16 December 2012. Archived from the original on 4 October 2017. Retrieved 3 October 2017.
  28. ^ a b Heitzman, James; Worden, Robert, eds. (1989). "Postindependence Period". Bangladesh: A Country Study. Washington, D.C.: Federal Research Division, Library of Congress. p. 211. Archived from the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 23 March 2020.
  29. ^ Khan, Muazzam Hussain (2012). "Osmany, General Mohammad Ataul Ghani". In Islam, Sirajul; Jamal, Ahmed A. (eds.). Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Second ed.). Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. Archived from the original on 17 June 2021. Retrieved 23 March 2020.
  30. ^ a b Heitzman, James; Worden, Robert, eds. (1989). "Mujib coup". Bangladesh: A Country Study. Washington, D.C.: Federal Research Division, Library of Congress. pp. 32–36. Archived from the original on 22 June 2011. Retrieved 23 March 2020.
  31. ^ Islam, Syed Serajul (May 1984). "The State in Bangladesh under Zia (1975–81)". Asian Survey. 24 (5). University of California Press: 556–573. doi:10.2307/2644413. JSTOR 2644413.
  32. ^ a b Heitzman, James; Worden, Robert, eds. (1989). "Restoration of Military Rule". Bangladesh: A Country Study. Washington, D.C.: Federal Research Division, Library of Congress. pp. 36–37. Archived from the original on 22 June 2011. Retrieved 23 March 2020.
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  34. ^ "India-Bangladesh border conflict". BBC News. 18 April 2001. Archived from the original on 20 October 2014. Retrieved 23 March 2020.
  35. ^ "ODM of Bangladesh: Ribbon Chart". Medals of the World. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 15 December 2015.
  36. ^ "Text List of Ribbons". Medals of the World. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 15 December 2015.
  37. ^ "Orders, Decorations and Medals of Bangladesh". Jean-Paul LeBlanc. Archived from the original on 30 July 2014.
  38. ^ "Medals". Archived from the original on 1 July 2014. Retrieved 14 July 2014. Army Medal Lists: Official
  39. ^ "Asian Medals: Bangladesh". Militaria. Archived from the original on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 15 December 2015.
  40. ^ UN Mission's Summary detailed by Country Archived 27 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine, Monthly Summary of Contributors of Military and Civilian Police Personnel, Department of Peacekeeping Operations, United Nations, 31 May 2007
  41. ^ Ranking of Military and Police Contributions to UN Operations Archived 27 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine, Monthly Summary of Contributors of Military and Civilian Police Personnel, Department of Peacekeeping Operations, United Nations, 31 May 2007
  42. ^ "National Defence College". Bangladesharmy.org. Archived from the original on 29 September 2007. Retrieved 21 May 2013.
  43. ^ "Ranks & insignia". joinbangladesharmy.army.mil.bd. Retrieved 11 October 2020.
  44. ^ Bangladesh Navy. "Rank of Navy & Equivalent Rank". navy.mil.bd. Retrieved 27 May 2021.
  45. ^ "Officer's Ranks". joinbangladeshairforce.mil.bd. Archived from the original on 19 February 2020. Retrieved 11 October 2020.
  46. ^ "Armoured Corps Center & School". www.army.mil.bd. Bangladesh Army. Archived from the original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 14 July 2014.
  47. ^ Singh, Ravi Shekhar Narain (2005). Asian Strategic and Military Perspective. New Delhi: Lancer Publishers. p. 25. ISBN 817062245X.
  48. ^ "BSMR aviation and aerospace university bill passed". The Daily Star (Bangladesh). Archived from the original on 1 March 2019. Retrieved 1 March 2019.
  49. ^ "Cantonment Locations". www.joinbangladesharmy.mil.bd. Bangladesh Army. Archived from the original on 18 June 2015. Retrieved 14 July 2014.
  50. ^ "Bangladesh Navy Bases". Bangladesh Navy. Archived from the original on 27 May 2019.
  51. ^ a b "Forces Goal 2030 to be implemented in four phases: PM". New Age. 28 February 2013. Archived from the original on 15 March 2014. Retrieved 15 March 2014.
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