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Feyli (tribe)

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Feyli Kurds
فه‌یلی
Feylis and their dialect
Regions with significant populations
Baghdad, Maysan, Diyala, Wasit, Sulaymaniyah, in Iraq, and provinces of Lorestan, Ilam, Kermanshah in Iran .[1][2]
 Iraq1,500,000
(7,000 refugees still in Iran)[3][4]
Languages
Feyli or Ilami[5]
(sub-dialect of Southern Kurdish[1][6][7][8])
Religion
Islam
(Shia majority, large Sunni minority)[9][10]

Feylis (Kurdish: فه‌یلی, romanized: Feylî[11][12]), also known as Feyli Kurds,[1][13][14][15][16] is a Kurdish tribe based in the borderlands between Iraq and Iran. They speak Feyli (also known as "Ilami" or "Southern Kurdish Feyli") which is classified as a sub-dialect of Southern Kurdish,[1][7] but is commonly mistaken as being identical with the separate Feyli dialect of Northern Luri.[1] Linguist Ismaïl Kamandâr Fattah argues that the Kurdish Feyli dialect and other Southern Kurdish sub-dialects are 'interrelated and largely mutually intelligible.'[17]

Feylis are recognized as ethnic Kurds in the Iraqi constitution.[18] In January 2019, Feyli Kurds received a reserved minority seat in Wasit Governorate,[19] which was won by Mazen Abdel Moneim Gomaa with 5,078 votes in the 2018 Iraqi parliamentary election.[20]

Today, the 1,500,000 Feylis live mainly in Baghdad, Maysan, Diyala, Wasit, Sulaymaniyah, in Iraq, and provinces of Lorestan, Ilam, Kermanshah in Iran.[21][22]

History

Austen Henry Layard (1887) described Feylis as the largest and the most powerful of Lur tribes inhabiting the mountains to the north of Dezful.[23]

In 1953, British historian Stephen Hemsley Longrigg wrote about the political history of Iraq and wrote:[24]

"These hardy natives of the southern Zagros, and subjects of their hereditary Wali, were familiar in Baghdad and Basra as porters of heavy loads, which occupation they monopolized. They were resident also as traders and craftsmen in the middle-Tigris and Gharraf regions, known there as Fayliya Kurds; and they dominated the border towns of Mandali and Badra and the villages near by. Of all this the last half-century has changed nothing..."

and furthermore:[24]

"North of Arabistan and almost equally independent of the Qajar dynasty lay Luristan, the province of the Lurs, who are racially and dialectically distinct from the Persians. It fell into two areas, the Greater and the Lesser. The Pusht-i Kuh, western zone of the latter and home of the Fayliya Kurds, formed its boundary with Basra and Baghdad wilayas. It had remained for three centuries under a single line of Walis. The obligations of the government were confined to a small tribute to the central Government,/ its powers unlimited within Pusht-i Kuh, its influence considerable in eastern `Iraq. Quolam Reza Khan, fourteenth of his line, was respected for his pomp and his religious observances, but hated for his morbid avarice."

Iraq

Main article: Persecution of Feyli Kurds under Saddam Hussein

Feylis predominately live in Baghdad, Kut, Khanaqin, Mandali, Badra near the Iranian border and consider themselves ethnic Kurds.[25] Feylis of Iraq have taken actively part in the Kurdish fight for independence and [26] many Feylis have risen to position of great power, including Fuad Hussein of Kurdistan Democratic Party.[27][28][3] Feylis have been involved in the Kurdistan Democratic Party since its founding in 1946 and were also actively involved in the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan since its establishment in 1975.[29] In addition, Feylis have had notable contributions to the Iraqi culture, including the acclaimed oud player, Naseer Shamma.[30]

In the mid-1970s, Iraq expelled around 40,000 Feylis who had lived for generations near Baghdad and Khanaqin, alleging that they were Iranian nationals.[31] From 1971 to 1980, more than 200,000 Feyli Kurds were banished from their homeland by the Iraqi government.[32] In 1980 Saddam Hussein offered 10`000 ID (ca. US$30`000) for Iraqi citizens who divorced their Faylee Kurds, who afterwards were deported to Iran.[33] In 2010, the Iraqi Ministry of Displacement and Migration reported that since 2003 about 100,000 Feylis have had their citizenship reinstated.[34]

On Monday 29 November 2010, an Iraqi court found Saddam Hussein's longtime foreign minister Tariq Aziz guilty of terrorizing Feylis during the Iran–Iraq War (see Kurdish rebellion of 1983 and Al-Anfal Campaign), sentencing him to 10 years in prison. Mohammed Abdul Saheb, a spokesman for Iraq's high criminal court, said: "Today a judge found Tariq Aziz guilty and sentenced him to 10 years in prison. The evidence was enough to convict him of displacing and killing Feyli Kurds. Aziz was a member of the revolutionary command council which cancelled the Iraqi nationality for many of the Feyli Kurds."[35] The spokesman also said Aziz was spared a death sentence for the crimes against humanity because he had a lesser involvement than some of his co-defendants in the atrocities against the Feyli Kurds.[36] Of the other 15 defendants in the Iraqi High Tribunal case, three Saddam Hussein loyalists were found guilty and sentenced to death. Two, including Aziz, were sentenced to 10 years in prison. The remaining 10 were acquitted, including Hussein's two half brothers, Watban Ibrahim al-Hassan and Sabbawi Ibrahim al-Hassan. The Feyli Kurd minority comes mainly from an area in northeastern Iraq that straddles the Iran–Iraq border. Saddam Hussein's regime killed, detained and deported tens of thousands of Feylis early in his 1980–1988 war with Iran, denouncing them as alien Persians and spies for the Iranians.[36]

In October 2011, the National Conference for Feyli Kurds held a conference in the Iraqi capital Baghdad which was attended by the Iraqi Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki. Al-Maliki said in a speech "the Feyli Kurds have been targets for harming, similar to other Iraqi communities". He also called "for the unity of Feyli Kurds under a common tent, uniting them and organizing their activities, together with other Iraqi communities". He ended his speech by saying "we shall support the rights of the Feyli Kurds, beginning with the restoration of their official documents and their presence in their homeland and ending with the paying back the funds that were confiscated from them (during the former regime)". The Iraqi Prime Minister also recognized "that over 22,000 Feyli Kurds had been deported from Iraq by the former regime, calling for the restoration of their rights".[37]

Iran

Feylis in Iran live predominantly in Ilam Province and parts of Lorestan, and have from the beginning of the 19th century moved westwards. Their connection to the trade routes between Iran and Iraq made them play an important role in Baghdad's commerce. Furthermore, the Exodus of Iran's Jews in 1948 to Israel which included Jewish merchants allowed Feylis to fill the economic gap.[3]

Feyli Kurdish boy in traditional clothes

Notable Feyli Kurds

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e "Kermanshah vii. languages and dialects". Iranica Online. Archived from the original on 17 May 2019. Retrieved 24 May 2019.
  2. ^ "Khanaqin: We may be Shiites, but it's a big "Yes" for Kurdistan independence". Rûdaw. 21 June 2017. Archived from the original on 25 September 2018. Retrieved 24 May 2019.
  3. ^ a b c "Iraq – Faili Kurds". Minority Rights. 6 November 2017. Archived from the original on 18 May 2019. Retrieved 25 May 2019.
  4. ^ Vivian Tan (28 May 2008). "Feili Kurds in Iran seek way out of identity impasse". UNCHR. Retrieved 25 May 2019.
  5. ^ Erik Anonby. "Atlas of the Languages of Iran A working classification". Retrieved 25 May 2019.
  6. ^ "Kurdish, Southern". Ethnologue. Archived from the original on 4 July 2017. Retrieved 24 May 2019.
  7. ^ a b Mohammad Aliakbari, Mojtaba Gheitasi, Erik Anonby (September 2014). "On Language Distribution in Ilam Province, Iran". Iranian Studies. 48 (6): 835–850. doi:10.1080/00210862.2014.913423. S2CID 162337795. Retrieved 25 May 2019.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  8. ^ Saiwan Kamber (2015). Kurdish proverbs and sayings : Feylî dialect, English translation. Books on Demand. ISBN 978-91-7569-823-6.
  9. ^ Göran Larsson, David Thurfjell (2013). "Shia-muslimer i Sverige – en kortfattad översikt" (PDF). SST – Nämnden för Statligt Stöd till Trossamfund. 3. Stockholm: 8. Retrieved 24 May 2019.
  10. ^ براثا, وكالة انباء (29 May 2020). "من هم الكورد الفيليون .. ؟1". وكالة أنباء براثا.
  11. ^ "Komelley Kurdî Feylî le Melbourne ahengî 13 bederî Newroz sazdeken". SBS Your Language (in Kurdish). Retrieved 21 December 2019.
  12. ^ "״عه‌بدولڕه‌زاق فه‌یلی نموونه‌ی دیپلۆماتكارێكی به‌سه‌لیقه‌ و سه‌ركه‌وتوو״ – Knwe.org" (in Kurdish). Retrieved 21 December 2019.
  13. ^ David McDowall (14 May 2004). A Modern History of the Kurds. p. 330. ISBN 978-1-85043-416-0.
  14. ^ "Iraq: Information on the Kurdish Feyli (Faily/Falli) families, including their main area of residence and their relationship with other Kurdish groups and the Iraqi regime". Canada: Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada. 1 October 1996. Archived from the original on 11 May 2019. Retrieved 24 May 2019.
  15. ^ "The Faili Kurds of Iraq: Thirty Years Without Nationality". ReliefWeb. 2 April 2010. Archived from the original on 22 February 2017. Retrieved 22 February 2017.
  16. ^ "Text of the Draft Iraqi Constitution". The New York Times. Associated Press. 28 August 2005. Archived from the original on 8 April 2019. Retrieved 24 May 2019.
  17. ^ Les dialectes kurdes méridionaux: étude linguistique et dialectologique. Vol. 37. Liège: Acta Iranica. 2000. ISBN 978-90-429-0918-2.
  18. ^ "Iraq's Constitution of 2005" (PDF). Retrieved 25 May 2019.
  19. ^ "Seat in Parliament reserved for Feyli Kurds in Iraq". Al Shahid Witness. 23 January 2019. Archived from the original on 14 February 2019. Retrieved 25 May 2019.
  20. ^ "IHEC Results – Wassit" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 May 2018. Retrieved 26 May 2018.
  21. ^ "Kermanshah vii. languages and dialects". Iranica Online. Archived from the original on 17 May 2019. Retrieved 24 May 2019.
  22. ^ "Khanaqin: We may be Shiites, but it's a big "Yes" for Kurdistan independence". Rûdaw. 21 June 2017. Archived from the original on 25 September 2018. Retrieved 24 May 2019.
  23. ^ Layard, Austen Henry (2011) [1887]. Early Adventures in Persia, Susiana, and Babylonia: Including a Residence Among the Bakhtiyari and Other Wild Tribes Before the Discovery of Nineveh (reprint) (2nd ed.). Camberidge University Press. p. 307. ISBN 978-1-108-04343-4.
  24. ^ a b Stephen Hemsley Longrigg (1953). Iraq 1900 to 1950 a Political, Social and Economic History. Oxford University Press. pp. 10, 13–14.
  25. ^ Adel Soheil (March 2019). The Iraqi Ba'th Regime's Atrocities Against the Faylee Kurds: Nation-State. pp. 83–84. ISBN 978-91-7785-892-8.
  26. ^ "20-3-3-28.pdf". docs.google.com. Retrieved 22 May 2021.
  27. ^ "Largest party in Kurdistan Region announces Iraqi presidency candidate". Kurdistan24. 23 September 2018. Retrieved 25 May 2019.
  28. ^ "Long shunned by all, Faili Kurds may find a home in independent Kurdistan". Rûdaw. 6 September 2017. Archived from the original on 17 September 2018. Retrieved 25 May 2019.
  29. ^ PhD M. Jafar. "Feyli Kurds and their role". Faylee.org. Archived from the original on 11 October 2017. Retrieved 25 May 2019.
  30. ^ "Naseer Shamma: The Feyli-Kurdish who charmed the world". Naseer Shamma: The Feyli-Kurdish who charmed the world. Retrieved 21 February 2022.
  31. ^ P. Oberling, The Turkic Peoples of Southern Iran, New York, 1960.
  32. ^ Sanh Shareef Qader, Right to self-determmination: Iraqi Kurdistan region and Kosovo as a case study. Faculty of Law, Political Science and Management, Soran University.
  33. ^ Ihsan, Mohammed (17 June 2016). Nation Building in Kurdistan: Memory, Genocide and Human Rights. Routledge. p. 51. ISBN 9781317090151.
  34. ^ "The Faili Kurds of Iraq: Thirty Years Without Nationality". ReliefWeb. 2 April 2010. Archived from the original on 3 August 2017. Retrieved 23 May 2017.
  35. ^ Chulov, Martin (29 November 2010). "Tariq Aziz given additional 10-year jail term for persecution of Shia Kurds". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 5 November 2018. Retrieved 25 May 2019.
  36. ^ a b Iraq court gives Tariq Aziz new 10-year sentence Archived 4 December 2010 at the Wayback Machine, Associated Press via Yahoo! News
  37. ^ "Over 22,000 Iraq's Faili Kurds deported by former regime, Maliki says". Aswat al-Iraq. 1 October 2011. Archived from the original on 18 February 2013. Retrieved 25 May 2019.
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