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Annalena Baerbock
MdB
Baerbock in 2024
Minister of Foreign Affairs
Incumbent
Assumed office
8 December 2021
ChancellorOlaf Scholz
Preceded byHeiko Maas
Leader of Alliance 90/The Greens
In office
27 January 2018 – 29 January 2022
Serving with Robert Habeck
Deputy
Preceded bySimone Peter
Succeeded byRicarda Lang
Leader of Alliance 90/The Greens
in Brandenburg
In office
14 November 2009 – 16 November 2013
Serving with Benjamin Raschke
Preceded bySka Keller
Succeeded byPetra Budke
Member of the Bundestag
for Brandenburg
Incumbent
Assumed office
22 October 2013
Preceded byCornelia Behm
ConstituencyAlliance 90/The Greens List
Personal details
Born
Annalena Charlotte Alma Baerbock

(1980-12-15) 15 December 1980 (age 43)
Hanover, West Germany
Political partyAlliance 90/The Greens
Spouse
Daniel Holefleisch
​
(m. 2007)​
Children2
Alma mater
Occupation
  • Politician
  • journalist
  • diplomat
Signature
Website

Annalena Charlotte Alma Baerbock (German: [anaːˌleːnaː ˈbɛːɐ̯ˌbɔk] ⓘ; born 15 December 1980) is a German politician of the Alliance 90/The Greens party serving as Germany's minister for foreign affairs since 2021.

From 2018 to January 2022, Baerbock served as co-leader of Alliance 90/The Greens, alongside Robert Habeck. She was the party's candidate for chancellor in the 2021 federal election. Olaf Scholz from SPD secured the chancellery instead of Baerbock.[1][2] After the election, the Greens formed a traffic light coalition led by Olaf Scholz, and Baerbock was sworn in as Germany's first female foreign minister on 8 December 2021.

Born in Hanover, West Germany, in 1980, Baerbock attended the University of Hamburg and the London School of Economics and Political Science. She was first elected to the Bundestag in 2013. From 2012 to 2015, she was a member of the party council of Alliance 90/The Greens and from 2009 to 2013, the leader of her party's group in the state of Brandenburg.

Early life and education

[edit]

Baerbock is the daughter of a social worker and a mechanical engineer[3] who worked for WABCO Vehicle Control Systems.[4] After initially living in Nuremberg for several years,[4] she moved to live in an old reconstructed farmhouse that her family owned[5] in Schulenburg, which is part of Pattensen, near Hanover in Lower Saxony.[6][7] There, she grew up with her two sisters and two cousins. As a child, she joined her parents at anti-war and anti-nuclear power protests organized or supported by the Green Party.[8][9] She attended the Humboldt School in Hanover[10] and at the age of 16, spent an exchange year at Lake Highland Preparatory School in Orlando, Florida.[11]

As a teenager, Baerbock was a competitive trampoline gymnast, taking part in German championships and winning bronze three times.[12][13][14]

From 2000 to 2004, Baerbock studied political science and public law at the University of Hamburg. She also worked as a journalist for the Hannoversche Allgemeine Zeitung from 2000 to 2003.[15] She completed internships at Norddeutscher Rundfunk, Deutsche Presseagentur and the Council of Europe.[16]

In 2005, Baerbock completed a one-year master's course in public international law at the London School of Economics (LSE).[9] During her time at LSE, she stayed at Carr-Saunders Hall in Fitzrovia.[5] In 2005, she was a trainee at the British Institute of International and Comparative Law (BIICL).[17] She also started a dissertation on natural disasters and humanitarian aid at the Free University of Berlin, but did not finish it.[17]

Early career

[edit]

After her studies, Baerbock worked from 2005 to 2008 in the office of MEP Elisabeth Schroedter. In 2008 and 2009, she worked as an adviser on foreign and security policies for the parliamentary group of the Alliance 90/The Greens in the Bundestag.

Political career

[edit]

Beginnings

[edit]
Baerbock in 2012

Baerbock became a member of Alliance 90/The Greens in 2005.[9] In October 2008, she was elected to the executive board of her party's state group in Brandenburg. The next year she succeeded Ska Keller as co-chair of the board (with Benjamin Raschke), an office she held until 2013.[18]

Baerbock served as the national spokesperson for the Green Party's working group on European affairs from 2008 to 2013. From 2009 to 2012, she was a member of the executive board of the European Green Party, under the leadership of co-chairs Philippe Lamberts and Monica Frassoni.[19]

Member of the German Bundestag: 2013–present

[edit]

In 2009, Baerbock unsuccessfully ran for a place on her party's electoral list for the federal elections. In 2013, she was the Green Party candidate in the constituency of Potsdam – Potsdam-Mittelmark II – Teltow-Fläming II and also secured the leading spot on the party's electoral list for the State of Brandenburg.[20] Through the electoral list, she became a member of the Bundestag.[19]

During her first term, Baerbock was a member of the Committee on Economic Affairs and Energy and the Committee on European Affairs. In her parliamentary group, she served as speaker for climate policy.[7] In the latter capacity, she participated in the United Nations Climate Change Conferences in Warsaw (2013), Lima (2014), Paris (2015) and Marrakesh (2016).

In addition to her committee assignments, Baerbock served as deputy chair of the Berlin-Taipei Parliamentary Circle of Friends and a member of the German-Polish Parliamentary Friendship Group from 2014 until 2017.

In the 2017 election, Baerbock was again the leading candidate in the state of Brandenburg, retaining her seat in Parliament. After the election, she was a member of the Green Party's negotiating team in the (unsuccessful) coalition talks with the CDU/CSU and FDP.[21][22] She has since been a member of the Committee on Families, Seniors, Women and Youth.

Co-leader of the Green Party: 2018–2022

[edit]
Baerbock speaking in the Bundestag, October 2020

On 27 January 2018, at the Green Party's national convention in her hometown of Hanover, Baerbock was elected as one of two equal chairpersons of her party at the federal level, with Robert Habeck.[18][23] She won 64% of the vote, more than her challenger, Anja Piel.[7] At a 2019 party convention, she was re-elected with 97.1% of the votes, the highest-ever result for a party chair.[24]

In the negotiations to form a coalition government under the leadership of Minister-President of Brandenburg Dietmar Woidke after the 2019 state elections, Baerbock was a member of her party's delegation.[25][26]

Chancellor candidate: 2021

[edit]

On 19 April 2021, the federal board of the Greens officially nominated Baerbock as candidate for chancellor for the 2021 federal election – the first time the party had nominated a single candidate instead of co-leaders.[15] This was formally confirmed at the party congress from 11 to 13 June. Baerbock is the second woman after Angela Merkel to seek the highest government office, and the first woman nominated by her party. On election day, she was only 12 days older than Guido Westerwelle in 2002, the youngest chancellor candidate ever.[27][28] On 12 June 2021, Baerbock was confirmed as candidate for chancellor after receiving 98.5% of the confirmation votes.[29] In the 2021 German federal election, she again ran in the constituency of Potsdam – Potsdam-Mittelmark II – Teltow-Fläming II, this time against fellow chancellor candidate Olaf Scholz. She lost the constituency to Scholz by over 15,000 votes, but was nonetheless elected to the Bundestag through the Green list in Brandenburg.[30]

During this time, plagiarism by Baerbock in her 2021-book Now. How we renew our country [de ] (Jetzt. Wie wir unser Land erneuern)[31] came to light,[32] with Baerbock becoming the latest in a series of German politicians found to have plagiarised since the 2011-Guttenberg scandal.[33][34][35] In the book, Baerbock included work of other authors without attributing that work to them thereby falsely presenting it as her own,[36][37] with one researcher, Stefan Weber, detailing 100 instances of plagiarism before ceasing to look further.[32][38]

Around the same time, scrutiny of Baerbock's published curriculum vitae (CV) revealed falsehoods. For example, Baerbock claimed membership of the German Marshall Fund and United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees when she, in fact, was not a member.[39] While she did have associations with these and other minor institutions, the claims in her CV were exaggerated.[40][39] Similarly, statements about her education were misleading and her professional career incorrect.[39][41] These revelations triggered widespread condemnation in the German public.[42][43]

According to studies conducted by the German Marshall Fund and the Institute for Strategic Dialogue, both German and Russian state-backed sources have targeted Baerbock, spreading a large amount of disinformation, from false assumptions about the Greens to explicit sexism, such as the circulated online image featuring Baerbock's face photoshopped onto a naked female body with the caption "I was young and I needed the money".[44][45][46]

Under Baerbock's leadership, the Greens won 14.8% of the national vote in 2021 and 118 seats in the Bundestag, the best result in the party's history. However, the performance was considered somewhat disappointing as the party finished third after having led in some polls earlier in the year.[47]

Foreign minister: 2021–present

[edit]

Following the 2021 election, the Greens agreed to enter government with the FDP and the Social Democrats, as part of a traffic light coalition led by Olaf Scholz. Baerbock was named Foreign Minister and took office on 8 December 2021, the first woman ever to hold the role.[48]

Baerbock visited Warsaw in December 2021 to meet with the Polish Foreign Minister Zbigniew Rau. They discussed Poland's dispute with the EU over the rule of law and the superiority of European Union law. Baerbock backed Poland's efforts to stop the flow of migrants seeking entry in EU territories from Belarus.[49] She rejected the notion of Germany paying further World War II reparations to Poland. Germany asserts that Poland renounced all reparation rights under a 1953 agreement and that the dispute is settled. Poland rejects this view, stating that the Polish government was then under the sway of the Soviet Union and that its 1953 agreement is non-binding,[50][51] somewhat similar to the manner in which German reunification was predicated upon Germany renouncing explicitly any possible claims to the former eastern territories of Germany including East Prussia, most of Silesia, as well as the eastern parts of Brandenburg and Pomerania in the Two Plus Four Agreement.

Baerbock and Austrian Foreign Minister Alexander Schallenberg in Brussels, on 24 January 2022
Foreign Minister Baerbock with the U.S. Secretary of State Antony Blinken in Washington, D.C., in January 2022

Baerbock harbors strong Atlanticist views and is assumed to follow a foreign policy coherent with the one pursued by U.S. President Joe Biden.[52]

On 23 December 2021, Baerbock warned that Afghanistan is "heading into the worst humanitarian catastrophe of our time", with major economic sectors collapsing and more than 24 million people in need of humanitarian assistance.[53] She said, "We cannot allow hundreds of thousands of children to die because we don't want to take action."[54] She also promised to speed up the evacuation of more than 15,000 vulnerable Afghans, including staff who worked for Germany and their family members.[55]

When Germany held the rotating presidency of the Group of Seven (G7) in 2022, Baerbock chaired the meetings of G7 Ministers of Foreign Affairs.[56][57]

Baerbock meeting with Ukrainian Prime Minister Denys Shmyhal in Kyiv, on 7 February 2022

In January 2022, Baerbock refused to supply German weapons to Ukraine amid rising tensions on the Ukraine-Russia border, while the NATO allies including the United States opted to send arms in support of Ukraine.[58][59] In the aftermath of the Russian invasion of Ukraine in February 2022, she argued against blocking Russian access to SWIFT.[60] Following the Bucha massacre in April 2022, she expelled 40 Russian diplomats and embassy staff from Berlin, joining other European Union countries in their response to war crimes perpetrated by Russian troops in Ukraine.[61] Also in April 2022, she hosted a donor conference during which European and international governments agreed to extend 659.5 million euros ($718.6 million) in aid to Moldova, which hosted more than 100,000 refugees from Ukraine at the time.[62]

In July 2022, she rejected Turkey's territorial claims to Greek islands in the Aegean Sea, stating that "Lesbos, Chios, Rhodes and many others are Greek territories and nobody has the right to question them."[63] She warned that Turkey's threat to launch a new offensive against Kurdish forces in northern Syria will only help the Islamic State jihadists.[63]

In January 2023, Baerbock and French Foreign Minister Catherine Colonna arrived in Ethiopia and met with Ethiopian Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed on a mission to support the Ethiopia–Tigray peace agreement ending the Tigray War.[64]

In January 2023, Baerbock made her third visit to Ukraine by touring Kharkiv, following her travels to Bucha in May and Kyiv in September of the previous year.[65] In a keynote speech to the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe on 24 January, she said in English "We are fighting a war against Russia, not against each other", which was critically portrayed in the popular tabloid newspaper Bild with the headline "We are at war with Russia".[66] Her phrasing received criticism from conservative and right-wing politicians in Germany as demonstrating un-professionalism, and criticism from Russia. A German Foreign Ministry spokesman underlined that Germany was not a party to the conflict and the speech was in a context of establishing a unified stance in opposition to a war of aggression.[67][68]

In March 2023, on a visit to Baghdad, Baerbock called on Iran to cease its missile attacks on Iraqi territory.[69]

In May 2023, she urged China to take a clear stance on the Russo-Ukrainian War, saying "neutrality means taking the side of the aggressor.",[70] after the Chinese President Xi Jinping first visited Vladimir Putin in Russia, and later on the next day visited Ukraine, with offending Russian dissidents and opponents of Vladimir Putin while being in Ukraine.[71]

In September 2023, she named the Chinese President Xi Jinping "a dictator" next to Vladimir Putin, but that also followed the U.S. President referring to the Chinese President a dictator in June.[72][73]

Baerbock with Azerbaijani President Ilham Aliyev on 4 November 2023

In May 2023, she visited Saudi Arabia and praised Saudi efforts to find a solution to the wars in Yemen and Sudan.[74]

On 6 July 2023, U.S. President Joe Biden authorized the provision of cluster munitions to Ukraine in support of a Ukrainian counter-offensive against Russian forces in Russian-occupied regions in Southeastern Ukraine.[75] Baerbock opposed the decision of the Biden administration to supply cluster munitions to Ukraine.[76]

In September 2023, Baerbock accused Azerbaijan of breaking its promise not to resort to military action in Armenian-held Nagorno-Karabakh and called on it to halt the offensive and return to negotiations.[77] In February 2024, she hosted the foreign ministers of Azerbaijan and Armenia for two days of peace talks in Berlin.[78]

Baerbock expressed support for Israel and its right to self-defense during the 2023 Israel–Hamas war. On 23 October 2023, she blocked a declaration by EU ministers calling for "an immediate humanitarian cease-fire" to help civilians in the Gaza Strip.[79] On 11 November 2023, she visited Israel to express solidarity with the country.[80] Baerbock rejected calls for a ceasefire but supported "humanitarian pauses" to deliver aid to Palestinian civilians in Gaza.[81] She stated that "For Germany, Israel's security is non-negotiable."[82] She pointed to Germany's "historic and moral responsibility to the Jewish people and the Israeli state" because of the Holocaust.[83] She and UK Foreign Secretary David Cameron wrote a joint article published in The Sunday Times on 17 December 2023 calling for actions which would "pav[e] the way to a sustainable ceasefire in Gaza".[84]

UN Special Rapporteur on Palestine Francesca Albanese criticised Baerbock[85] following a speech by the Foreign Minister in the German Bundestag on 7 October 2024, where Baerbock alluded to Israeli attacks on Palestinian civilian sites as "self-defense" and affirmed that "that's what Germany stands for" to much applause.[86] Though civilian sites can lose protected status if used for military purposes, under international law they still cannot be attacked if the harm to civilians will be disproportionate. What's more, Article 52 of the Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions states that “In case of doubt whether an object which is normally dedicated to civilian purposes, such as a place of worship, a house or other dwelling or a school, is being used to make an effective contribution to military action, it shall be presumed not to be so used”.[87]

Political positions

[edit]

Foreign policy

[edit]
German Minister Baerbock and French Minister Jean-Yves Le Drian as European Union member states Foreign Ministers on meeting with the U.S. Secretary of State Antony Blinken and British Foreign Secretary James Cleverly in Berlin, 2022

Baerbock is regarded as taking a centrist line on defense and pushing for a stronger common EU foreign policy,[17][88] especially against Russia and China.[89][90] She has proposed a post-pacifist foreign policy,[91] calling for a European army under the supervision of the European Parliament and outlining steps toward the denuclearization of Germany in consultation with allies.[89] She supports NATO's eastward expansion and cooperation with the United States.[89][92] In November 2020, she said: "Europe has been revolving around itself for years, the Trump administration turned its back on the world. Authoritarian states fill the gap that emerged. That leads to Russia or Turkey becoming active in our neighborhood – and the EU, as in the case of Nagorno-Karabakh, is left out."[93] In December 2021, Baerbock proposed a "values-driven" foreign policy in conjunction with other European democracies and NATO partners,[94] and called on the EU to implement sanctions against Bosnian Serb leader Milorad Dodik.[95]

Baerbock appears to have taken a pro-Israel stance in response to the 2021 Israel–Palestine crisis.[96] She called the number of UN resolutions criticizing Israel "absurd compared to resolutions against other states."[97] Baerbock expressed "concern" over the legal and constitutional implications of the proposed 2023 Israeli judicial reform.[98]

Energy, climate, and environmental policy

[edit]
Baerbock with Green Party secretary Michael Kellner at an anti-coal protest in Berlin, 2018

Baerbock has argued in favor of a European and trans-Atlantic Green Deal.[99] She has cited a need for technology transfer so that countries worldwide can limit the increase in global temperatures to 1.5 °C, as outlined in the Paris Agreement.[94]

Baerbock has called for coal to be phased out in Germany by 2030, the implementation of a speed limit of 130 kilometers per hour (81 mph), and restricting the registration of cars to emission-free cars "by 2030 at the latest". She has said that "agricultural subsidies should be oriented towards the common good" and that animal populations and meat production should be "reduced very significantly".[100] Baerbock has also said that "climate policy is not in contradiction to the economy" and that she wishes to preserve Germany's status as an industrial location "into the 21st century – in light of the Paris climate agreement." She supports the production of climate-neutral steel and has expressed support for climate tariffs – international taxes on goods that are carbon-intensive. Under her policies, domestic German flights are to be made "superfluous" by 2035, by strengthening the rail network.[101]

When the Federal Constitutional Court ruled that the greenhouse gas reductions set out in the Climate Protection Act were insufficient on 29 April 2021, Baerbock held out the prospect of setting concrete greenhouse gas savings targets in the event that her party would participate in the federal government. She also called for the quota for the annual expansion of renewable energy sources to be doubled by the mid-2020s. Baerbock has said that environmental destruction caused by climate change is becoming increasingly expensive.[102]

Baerbock opposes the Nord Stream 2 gas pipeline project between Russia and Europe.[92]

Baerbock is an opponent of nuclear power. In 2021, she opposed an EU proposal to label nuclear power as a green energy source.[103]

Immigration

[edit]

Amid the European migrant crisis in 2015, Baerbock joined fellow Green parliamentarians Luise Amtsberg, Franziska Brantner, Manuel Sarrazin and Wolfgang Strengmann-Kuhn in calling for more responsibilities for the European Commission in managing the EU's intake of refugees, a clear mandate for Frontex and EU-managed facilities for asylum seekers in their countries of origin.[104]

In September 2023, Baerbock criticized the European Union's migration deal with Tunisia.[105] She advocated the German government's financial support for NGOs such as SOS Humanity that rescue migrants in the Mediterranean.[106][107]

Other activities

[edit]

Corporate boards

[edit]
  • KfW, Ex-Officio Member of the Board of Supervisory Directors (since 2021)[108]

Non-profit organizations

[edit]

Since 2020, Baerbock has participated in the World Economic Forum's Young Global Leaders program, a group that has coached political representatives such as Emmanuel Macron, Sanna Marin and Jacinda Ardern.[113]

Personal life

[edit]

Since 2007,[114] Baerbock has been married to Daniel Holefleisch, a political consultant and PR manager who has been Senior Expert Corporate Affairs for Deutsche Post DHL Group since 2017, a lobbyist position.[115] They have two daughters, born in 2011 and 2015.[116][117] In 2013, they moved from Berlin to the Nauener Vorstadt district[18][118] of Potsdam, Brandenburg.[17]

Baerbock declares being Lutheran-Protestant, attending the German Evangelical Church.[19] She has denied believing in God and has remained a Church member because "the idea of togetherness is extremely important" to her.[119]

Book

[edit]
  • Annalena Baerbock (21 June 2021). Jetzt: Wie wir unser Land erneuern (in German). Berlin: Ullstein Verlag. ISBN 978-3-550-20190-5. LCCN 2020516638. OCLC 1260438163. OL 37804222M. Wikidata Q107395322.

References

[edit]
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  3. ^ Tenfelde, Beate (31 December 2019). "Köpfe des Jahres: Annalena Baerbock, der heimliche Star der Grünen" [Annalena Baerbock, Secret Star of the Green Party]. Neue Osnabrücker Zeitung (in German). Retrieved 19 April 2021.
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  31. ^ Annalena Baerbock (21 June 2021). Jetzt: Wie wir unser Land erneuern (in German). Berlin: Ullstein Verlag. ISBN 978-3-550-20190-5. LCCN 2020516638. OCLC 1260438163. OL 37804222M. Wikidata Q107395322.
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Was nun, Frau Baerbock? Fragen an die Kanzlerkandidatin der Grünen on YouTube, interview in German, ZDF, 10 May 2021

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