Wo Gott der Herr nicht bei uns hält, BWV 1128
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Wo Gott der Herr nicht bei uns hält is a chorale fantasia for organ composed by Johann Sebastian Bach in the early 18th century, likely between 1705 and 1710.[1][2] The Zahn 4441a hymn tune for Justus Jonas's 1524 hymn "Wo Gott der Herr nicht bei uns hält", a paraphrase of Psalm 124 ("If it had not been the Lord who was on our side ..."), is the basis of the composition.[3][4][5]
A copy of the chorale fantasia resurfaced on 15 March 2008 at an auction of items from the collection of the 19th-century Bach scholar Wilhelm Rust.[3] The piece, until then known as BWV Anh. 71, could by this discovery be authenticated as Bach's and was reassigned the number BWV 1128.[6][7]
Context
[edit]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Enchiridion_geistlicher_Ges%C3%A4nge_25.jpg/260px-Enchiridion_geistlicher_Ges%C3%A4nge_25.jpg)
In the late 17th century, when he was not yet 15, Bach was already acquainted with the chorale fantasia genre, by such settings as Buxtehude's Nun freut euch, lieben Christen g'mein, BuxWV 210, and Reincken's An Wasserflüssen Babylon.[9] Apart from Wo Gott der Herr nicht bei uns hält, there is only one other known chorale fantasia for organ by Bach: Christ lag in Todesbanden, BWV 718, which was composed before c. 1715.[9][10][11] From mid 1707 Bach was organist at the Divi Blasii church in Mühlhausen.[12] Before that time he had been working in Arnstadt, where he played the Wender organ of the Neue Kirche.[12] After he moved to Weimar in mid 1708, he revisited Mühlhausen several times in the next few years, for instance supervising the remodelling of the organ of the Divi Blasii according to his design, which was completed in 1709, and performing cantatas he composed for council election in 1709 and 1710 (BWV 1138.1 and 1138.2).[12][13][14]
Time of origin
[edit]Stylistic analysis, conducted by, among others, Jean-Claude Zehnder, indicates that Bach composed Wo Gott der Herr nicht bei uns hält between c. 1705 and c. 1710, or, more narrowly, in the c. 1707–1708 period.[3][15] From what is known about the organs played by Bach around that time, the organ of the Divi Blasii, after completion of the changes initiated by Bach, appears to be the best fit for the composition's performance specifications and range, although it is assumed that Bach composed all his organ music so that it could be performed on more than one specific instrument.[3][12]
Hymn
[edit]Justus Jonas's paraphrase of Psalm 124, "Wo Gott der Herr nicht bei uns hält", was first published in the Erfurt Enchiridion (1524).[16] The hymn consists of eight stanzas of seven lines.[8] Its first stanza reads:
Wo Gott der Herr nicht bei uns hält, |
If God were not upon our side |
—Justus Jonas[17][18] | —translated by Catherine Winkworth[19] |
According to Stephan Blaut it is primarily the content of this first stanza which is illustrated by Bach's organ setting.[18] Several hymn tunes were composed for Jonas's hymn.[20] Bach's chorale fantasia is based on a setting of the hymn in bar form, first published in Wittenberg by Joseph Klug , in the second quarter of the 16th century (Zahn No. 4441a).[3][4][21][22]
Chorale fantasia genre
[edit]In the chorale fantasia for organ, a genre as apparent in the 17th-century north German models by Buxtehude and Reincken which Bach knew, the melody of each line of a hymn stanza is treated separately: the treatment consisting of applying diverse techniques, such as echo, countermelodies and other embellishments or variations, to such fragments of the hymn tune, until all phrases of the chorale melody are treated consecutively.[9] Sections in which the phrases of the hymn tune are treated can be connected with transitional passages, for instance in the form of a coda.[9] This is different from a chorale fantasia type of movement in a vocal composition, where the phrases of the chorale melody are usually sung as a cantus firmus, against a backdrop of vocal and instrumental accompaniment and harmonisation, which usually also exhibits independent musical material, often in interludia between the phrases of the hymn. An example of such vocal chorale fantasia by Bach on the "Wo Gott der Herr nicht bei uns hält" hymn, also using the Zahn 4441a melody, is the opening chorus of his chorale cantata named after the hymn, Wo Gott der Herr nicht bei uns hält, BWV 178, composed in the 1720s.[3][23][24]
Music
[edit]Bach's composition consisting of 85 bars of organ music is based on the Wittenberg melody used for Jonas's hymn.[25] The large-scale fantasia is of moderate difficulty in four contrapuntal voices, and is scored for Rückpositiv, Oberwerk and Pedal.[3]
After an introductory section, the ornamented chorale appears in the right hand beginning with bar 12, proceeding verse by verse with interludes, chromaticism and echo sections. It concludes with a coda in a flurry typical of stylus phantasticus.[3]
Reception
[edit]Manuscripts
[edit]The first public record of the composition is in the 1845 estate auction of Johann Nicolaus Julius Kötschau who had been organist at St. Mary's in Halle. According to the auction record the manuscript was once owned by Wilhelm Friedemann Bach, Johann Sebastian's eldest son, and predecessor of Kötschau as organist in Halle. When Wilhelm Friedemann died in 1784 he left it along with other manuscripts, which included his Clavier-Büchlein, to his distant relative and student Johann Christian. When this Johann Christian died in 1814, Kötschau acquired these pieces from the estate auction. Kötschau later loaned the manuscript to Felix Mendelssohn, and then to the Leipzig publisher C. F. Peters.[3]
In the 1845 auction of Kötschau's estate, the manuscript, along with other Bach works, was acquired by Friedrich August Gotthold . In 1852, to preserve his collection, Gotthold donated it to the Königsberg Library, where, 25 years later, Joseph Müller listed it in a catalogue describing "24 books of organ compositions by J. S. Bach," which contained as fascicle No. 5 "Fantasia Sopra il Corale Wo Gott der Herr nicht bey uns hält pro Organo à 2 Clav. e Pedale."[3]
Learning about the piece, Wilhelm Rust had the manuscript sent on a library loan to Berlin, where he copied it in 1877.[3] Rust, who had edited more than half of the volumes of the Bach Gesamtausgabe (BGA), resigned from the BGA project over conflicts, particularly with Philipp Spitta.[26] Rust shared his knowledge about the piece with Spitta's rival Bach biographer Carl Hermann Bitter, who listed "141. Wo Gott der Herr nicht bei uns hält. Fantasia sopra il Chorale. G-moll. (Königsberger Bibliothek.)" as a chorale prelude by Bach in Vol. IV of his second edition of J. S. Bach (Dresden 1880 / Berlin 1881).[3][27] After Rust's death in 1892, a large part of his collection went to a student of his, Erich Prieger.[3] Prieger's collection, in turn, was put up for auction after World War I in three sections, one of which, with 18th- and 19th-century Bachiana, went in 1924 to the Cologne book dealer M. Lempertz.[3]
The manuscript owned by Kötschau went lost in the Second World War. According to Hans-Joachim Schulze there is some hope it may have survived in a Russian library.[3] As the chorale fantasia did not get included in the BGA, Wolfgang Schmieder listed it as a doubtful work in the second Appendix (Anhang) of the 1950 first edition of the Bach-Werke-Verzeichnis (BWV Anh. II 71), where it remained in subsequent versions of the catalogue that were printed in the 20th century.[3][6]
Parts of Prieger's collection, including some compositions by Rust and his copy of BWV Anh. II 71, went up for auction on 15 March 2008. The Rust items were acquired by the University and State Library of Halle, and finally the chorale fantasia was authenticated by Stephan Blaut and Michael Pacholke of Halle University, and got the BWV number 1128.[3]
Publication
[edit]On 10 June 2008 Ortus published the score, based on two 19th-century manuscript sources:[3]
- Source A: Rust's copy of 8 September 1877
- Source B: a copy made by Ernst Naumann sometime after 1890, kept in the Bach-Archiv Leipzig.
Performance and recording
[edit]On 13 June 2008, Ullrich Böhme played BWV 1128 at the opening concert of the Bachfest Leipzig, which included Bach's cantata BWV 178 on the same chorale, sung by the Thomanerchor.[3] The same day a CD by Rondeau Production containing these two works was released.[3]
References
[edit]- ^ a b Kuznik 2008, p. 23.
- ^ a b Blaut & Schulze 2008, pp. 30–32.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t Kuznik 2008.
- ^ a b Zahn 1890, p. 75.
- ^ Psalms 124:1 (KJV translation)
- ^ a b "Wo Gott der Herr nicht bei uns hält BWV 1128; BWV Anh. 71; Emans 195". Bach Digital. Leipzig: Bach Archive; et al. 14 February 2019.
- ^ Blaut & Schulze 2008.
- ^ a b "Psalmus cxxiii" in Erfurt Enchiridion (1524)
- ^ a b c d Blaut & Schulze 2008, p. 21.
- ^ "D-B Mus.ms. Bach P 281, Faszikel 2". Bach Digital. Leipzig: Bach Archive; et al. 15 June 2020.
- ^ RISM 467300788
- ^ a b c d Blaut & Schulze 2008, pp. 30–31.
- ^ Eidam 2001.
- ^ Wolff 2002.
- ^ Blaut & Schulze 2008, pp. 30, 32.
- ^ Terry 1917, p. 453.
- ^ Terry 1917, p. 454.
- ^ a b Blaut & Schulze 2008, p. 22.
- ^ Terry 1917, pp. 569–570, 498.
- ^ Zahn 1890, pp. 75–76.
- ^ Blaut & Schulze 2008, pp. 21–22.
- ^ Terry 1917, pp. 280, 453.
- ^ Terry 1917, pp. 453–454.
- ^ "Wo Gott, der Herr, nicht bei uns hält BWV 178". Bach Digital. Leipzig: Bach Archive; et al. 17 August 2020.
- ^ "Bach: Choralfantasie BWV 1128/Org". Echo Musikproduction. Archived from the original on 5 January 2009. Retrieved 26 January 2009.
- ^ Reinmar Emans and Sven Hiemke. "Editionen der Werke Johann Sebastian Bachs" pp. 227–260 in Musikeditionen im Wandel der Geschichte edited by Reinmar Emans and Ulrich Krämer. Walter de Gruyter, 2015. ISBN 3110434350, pp. 247–248
- ^ Karl Hermann Bitter. Johann Sebastian Bach, second revised edition. Berlin: Baensch, 1881. Vol. 4, p. 250
Sources
[edit]- Blaut, Stephan; Schulze, Hans-Joachim (2008). ""Wo Gott der Herr nicht bei uns hält" BWV 1128 - Quellenkundliche und stilistische Überlegungen" [Wo Gott der Herr nicht bei uns hält, BWV 1128: source-related and stylistic considerations]. In Wollny, Peter (ed.). Bach-Jahrbuch 2008 [Bach Yearbook 2008]. Bach-Jahrbuch (in German). Vol. 94. Neue Bachgesellschaft. Leipzig: Evangelische Verlagsanstalt. pp. 11–32. doi:10.13141/bjb.v2008. ISBN 978-3-374-02668-5. ISSN 0084-7682 – via Qucosa .
- Eidam, Klaus (2001). "Ch. V". The True Life of Johann Sebastian Bach. New York: Basic Books. ISBN 0-465-01861-0.
- Kuznik, Joel H. (December 2008). "BWV 1128: A recently discovered Bach organ work" (PDF). The Diapason. 99 (22): 22–23. HTML version (without illustrations, description of the Mühlhausen organ and page numbers)
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- Terry, Charles Sanford (1917). Bach's Chorals. Vol. II (The Hymns and Hymn Melodies of the Cantatas and Motetts). Cambridge: University Press.
- Wolff, Christoph (2002). "At the Blasius Church in Mühlhausen". Johann Sebastian Bach: The Learned Musician. Norton. p. 111. ISBN 9780199248841.
- Zahn, Johannes (1890). Die Melodien der deutschen evangelischen Kirchenlieder. Vol. III. Gütersloh: Bertelsmann.
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External links
[edit]- "Wo Gott der Herr nicht bei uns hält, BWV 1128" at MusicBrainz (information and list of recordings)
- Wo Gott der Herr nicht bei uns hält, BWV 1128: Scores at the International Music Score Library Project
- Free download of BWV 1128 recorded by James Kibbie on the 1736 Erasmus Bielfeldt organ in St. Wilhadi, Stade, Germany