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Mein Herze schwimmt im Blut, BWV 199

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Mein Herze schwimmt im Blut
BWV 199
Solo church cantata by J. S. Bach
The Schlosskirche in Weimar
OccasionEleventh Sunday after Trinity
Cantata textGeorg Christian Lehms
Chorale"Wo soll ich fliehen hin" by Johann Heermann
Performed12 August 1714 (1714-08-12): Weimar
Movementseight
Vocalsoprano
Instrumental
  • oboe
  • 2 violins
  • viola
  • violoncello piccolo (Leipzig)
  • continuo with bassoon and violone

Johann Sebastian Bach composed the church cantata Mein Herze schwimmt im Blut (My heart swims in blood)[1] BWV 199 in Weimar between 1712 and 1713, and performed it on the eleventh Sunday after Trinity, 12 August 1714. It is a solo cantata for soprano.

The text was written by Georg Christian Lehms and published in Darmstadt in 1711 in the collection Gottgefälliges Kirchen-Opffer, on the general topic of redemption. The librettist wrote a series of alternating recitatives and arias, and included as the sixth movement (of eight) the third stanza of Johann Heermann's hymn "Wo soll ich fliehen hin". It is not known when Bach composed the work, but he performed it as part of his monthly cantata productions on the eleventh Sunday after Trinity, 12 August 1714. The solo voice is accompanied by a Baroque instrumental ensemble of oboe, strings and continuo. The singer expresses in a style similar to Baroque opera the dramatic development from feeling like a "monster in God's eyes"[1] to being forgiven. Bach revised the work for later performances, leading to three editions in the Neue Bach-Ausgabe.

History and words

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On 2 March 1714 Bach was appointed concertmaster of the Weimar court orchestra (Kapelle) of the co-reigning dukes Wilhelm Ernst and Ernst August of Saxe-Weimar. As concertmaster, he assumed the principal responsibility for composing new works, specifically cantatas for the Schlosskirche (palace church), on a monthly schedule.[2] He performed the cantata on the Eleventh Sunday after Trinity as the fifth cantata of the series, following Weinen, Klagen, Sorgen, Zagen, BWV 12.[3] The prescribed readings for the Sunday were from the First Epistle to the Corinthians, on the gospel of Christ and his (Paul's) duty as an apostle (1 Corinthians 15:1–10), and from the Gospel of Luke, the parable of the Pharisee and the Tax Collector (Luke 18:9–14).[4]

Georg Christian Lehms, copper engraving c. 1713

The text, which concerns a sinner seeking and finding redemption, was written by Georg Christian Lehms. Lehms was based in Darmstadt, and it is not known whether Bach knew him personally, but he may well have had access to Lehms's 1711 publication Gottgefälliges Kirchen-Opffer, which includes this text and that of another solo cantata, Widerstehe doch der Sünde, BWV 54, performed the month before.[3] The third stanza of Johann Heermann's hymn "Wo soll ich fliehen hin" is integrated as the sixth movement, to the melody of "Auf meinen lieben Gott".[5] The text in the first person shows the dramatic change of a person initially feeling as "a monster in God's eyes"[1] to finally feeling accepted as God's child. The cantata text was set to music in 1712 by Christoph Graupner in Darmstadt. It is not known if Bach knew of Graupner's composition.[3] The text has no specific relation to the prescribed readings, therefore it is possible that Bach may have already composed the work before his promotion to concert master with regular Sunday services, like the other cantata on a text by Lehms.[6]

Bach first performed the cantata on 12 August 1714.[7] When he performed it again in Leipzig on the eleventh Sunday after Trinity in 1723 (8 August) it was the first solo cantata and the most operatic work which he had presented to the congregation up to that point.[8] He made revisions for that performance, such as transposing it from C minor to D minor and changing the obbligato viola to violoncello piccolo. In the same service, he also performed a new work, Siehe zu, daß deine Gottesfurcht nicht Heuchelei sei, BWV 179: one before and one after the sermon.

The Neue Bach-Ausgabe recognises three distinct versions: the Weimar version, a Köthen version, and the Leipzig version.[3]

Music

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Structure and scoring

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The cantata, structured in eight movements, is scored as chamber music for a solo soprano voice (S), and a Baroque instrumental ensemble of oboe (Ob), violins (Vl), viola (Va), and basso continuo (Bc) including bassoon (Fg) and violone (Vo). In the Weimar version, it is in C minor, with a viola as the obbligato instrument in movement 6.[9] The title page of the parts for this version reads: "Geistliche Cantate / Mein Herze schwimt im Blut / â / Soprano solo / 1 Hautb. / 2 Viol. / Viola / e / Basso / di / J.S.Bach".[10] In the Leipzig version, it is in D minor, with an obbligato violoncello piccolo instead of the viola.[3]

In the following table of the movements, the scoring follows the Neue Bach-Ausgabe.[9] The keys and time signatures are taken from Alfred Dürr, using the symbol for common time (4/4).[3] The continuo, playing throughout, is not shown.

Movements of Mein Herze schwimmt im Blut
No. Title Text Type Vocal Winds Strings Key Time
1 Mein Herze schwimmt im Blut Lehms Recitative S Fg 2Vl Va C minor common time
2 Stumme Seufzer, stille Klagen Lehms Aria S Ob Vo C minor common time
3 Doch Gott muss mir genädig sein Lehms Recitative S Fg 2Vl Va Vo common time
4 Tief gebückt und voller Reue Lehms Aria S Fg 2Vl Va Vo E-flat major 3/4
5 Auf diese Schmerzensreu Lehms Recitative S Vo common time
6 Ich, dein betrübtes Kind Heermann Chorale S Va (solo) Vo F major common time
7 Ich lege mich in diese Wunden Lehms Recitative S Fg 2Vl Va Vo common time
8 Wie freudig ist mein Herz Lehms Aria S Ob Fg 2Vl Va B-flat major 6/8

Movements

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Although limited to one soprano voice, Bach achieves a variety of musical expression in the eight movements. All but one recitative are accompanied by the strings (accompagnato), and only movement 5 is secco, accompanied by the continuo only.[3] The solo voice is treated to dramatic declamation, close to contemporary opera.[8]

1

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A recitative sets the scene, "Mein Herze schwimmt im Blut" ("My heart swims in blood").[1][3]

Mein Herze schwimmt im Blut,
Weil mich der Sünden Brut
In Gottes heilgen Augen
Zum Ungeheuer macht.

My heart swims in blood,
since the offspring of my sins
in the holy eyes of God
make me a monster.[1]

The musicologist Julian Mincham explains that it "drips with the self-obsessed agonies of sin, pain and abandonment ... with the torment of an abandoned soul swamped by its own sin and sorrow. Its finely wrought contours portray dramatically the vacillating emotions ranging from horror and terror to lonely and dispirited resignation."[8]

2

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The first aria, a da capo aria, "Stumme Seufzer, stille Klagen" (Mute sighs, silent cries),[1] is accompanied by the oboe. The theme of the ritornello is present throughout the movement.[3] The middle section begins with a dissonance to stress the sorrowful image of "Und ihr nassen Tränenquellen" ("And you, moist springs of tears"). It ends with a passage set as a secco recitative, described by Mincham: "Time almost appears to stand still with this final expression of misery".[8]

3

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The following recitative, "Doch Gott muss mir genädig sein" ("But God must be gracious to me"),[1] ends in a statement of repentance.[8]

4

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The second aria, "Tief gebückt und voller Reue" ("Deeply bowed and filled with regret"),[1] is dominated by rich string sound. An adagio passage leads to the da capo.[3] The aria expresses repentance in a "civilised and refined minuet".[8]

5

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A short secco recitative, "Auf diese Schmerzensreu" ("Upon this painful repentance"),[1] introduces the following hymn stanza.[3] It begins with "a musical echo of the torments of the heart swimming in blood".[8]

6

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Johann Heermann, the hymn writer

The only chorale stanza of the work is "Ich, dein betrübtes Kind" ("I, Your troubled child"),[1] the third stanza of Johann Heermann's "Wo soll ich fliehen hin" ("Where should I flee"), published in 1630.[5] Its term "troubled child" is a good summary of the position of the human being in relation to God. The wording of its conclusion, "In deine tiefen Wunden, da ich stets Heil gefunden" ("into Your deep wounds, where I have always found salvation") leads to the following recitative.[1] The voice is accompanied by an obbligato viola (violoncello piccolo in the Leipzig version) in a lively figuration.[3]

Bach used a rather unusual melody by Caspar von Stieler, whereas he based his later chorale cantata on this hymn on the melody by Jacob Regnart.[11] The hymn is treated as in a chorale fantasia, with string ritornellos between the verses.[8]

7

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The last recitative, "Ich lege mich in diese Wunden" ("I lay myself on these wounds"),[1] introduces a different mood;[3] the final measures are a "soaring melisma", a "joyously uplifting prelude" to the last movement.[8]

8

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The final aria, "Wie freudig ist mein Herz" ("How joyful is my heart"),[1] expresses joy as a cheerful gigue, with a long coloratura on "fröhlich" (joyful).[3][8] It is comparable to the gigues in Bach's French Suites. Mincham concludes:

This cantata, expressed throughout in the first person, is highly personal. It makes a clear and dramatic journey from the cesspools of sinful misery to the euphoria of redemption and salvation. It has no trumpets, horns or drums to drive its message home; they are not needed within this highly private context.[8]

Recordings

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The work has been recorded often, both by Bach specialists and others. The listing is taken from the selection on the Bach Cantatas Website, which lists 58 recordings as of 2017.[4] Ensembles playing on period instruments in historically informed performance are marked by green background.

Recordings of Mein Herze schwimmt im Blut, BWV 199
Title Conductor / Choir / Orchestra Soloists Label Year Orch. type
Elisabeth Schwarzkopf: The Unpublished EMI Recordings 1955–1958 – Bach & Mozart Thurston Dart
Philharmonia Orchestra 		Elisabeth Schwarzkopf EMI 1968 (1968)
Bach Cantatas Vol. 4 – Sundays after Trinity I Karl Richter
Münchener Bach-Orchester 		Edith Mathis Archiv Produktion 1972 (1972)
Die Bach Kantate Vol. 48 Helmuth Rilling
Bach-Collegium Stuttgart 		Arleen Augér Hänssler 1976 (1976)
J. S. Bach: Cantatas BWV 202 · 82a · 199 Dominique Debart
L'Ensemble de Basse-Normandie 		Teresa Żylis-Gara Rudolphe 1986 (1986)
J. S. Bach: Das Kantatenwerk · Complete Cantatas · Les Cantates, Folge / Vol. 45 Nikolaus Harnoncourt
Concentus Musicus Wien 		Barbara Bonney Teldec 1989 (1989) Period
J. S. Bach: Complete Cantatas Vol. 2 Ton Koopman
Amsterdam Baroque Orchestra 		Barbara Schlick Antoine Marchand 1995 Period
J. S. Bach: Cantata BWV 199 Mein Herze schwimmt in Blut Bruno Weil
Carmel Bach Festival Orchestra 		Rosa Lamoreaux Jonathan Wentworth 1998
Bach Edition Vol. 5 – Cantatas Vol. 3 Pieter Jan Leusink
Netherlands Bach Collegium 		Ruth Holton Brilliant Classics 1999 (1999) Period
Bach Cantatas John Eliot Gardiner
English Baroque Soloists 		Magdalena Kozena Archiv Produktion 2000 (2000) Period
Bach: Cantatas BWV 82 and 199 Craig Smith
Emmanuel Music 		Lorraine Hunt Lieberson Nonesuch 2003
J.S. Bach: Cantatas for soprano (BWV 202, 152, 199) Petra Müllejans
Freiburg Barockorchester 		Carolyn Sampson Harmonia Mundi 2016 Period


References

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  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Dellal, Pamela. "BWV 199 – Mein Herze schwimmt im Blut". Emmanuel Music. Retrieved 9 September 2022.
  2. ^ Koster, Jan. "Weimar 1708–1717". let.rug.nl. Archived from the original on 29 December 2011. Retrieved 16 December 2011.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Dürr, Alfred (1981). Die Kantaten von Johann Sebastian Bach (in German). Vol. 1 (4 ed.). Deutscher Taschenbuchverlag. pp. 407–409. ISBN 3-423-04080-7.
  4. ^ a b Oron, Aryeh. "Cantata BWV 199 Mein Herze schwimmt im Blut". Bach Cantatas Website. Retrieved 3 August 2015.
  5. ^ a b "Wo soll ich fliehen hin / Text and Translation of Chorale". Bach Cantatas Website. 2005. Retrieved 17 August 2012.
  6. ^ Dürr, Alfred; Jones, Richard D. P. (2006). The Cantatas of J. S. Bach: With Their Librettos in German-English Parallel Text. Oxford University Press. p. 13. ISBN 9780199297764.
  7. ^ Isoyama, Tadeshi. "BWV 199: Mein Herze schwimmt im Blut (My heart swims in blood)" (PDF). Bach Cantatas Website. pp. 4–5. Retrieved 4 August 2015.
  8. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Mincham, Julian (2010). "Chapter 14 BWV 199 Mein Herze schwimmt im Blut / My heart is swimming in blood". jsbachcantatas.com. Retrieved 9 September 2022.
  9. ^ a b Bischof, Walter F. "BWV 199 Mein Herze schwimmt im Blut". University of Alberta. Retrieved 3 August 2015.
  10. ^ Grob, Jochen (2014). "BWV 199 / BC A 120c" (in German). s-line.de. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 3 August 2015.
  11. ^ "Chorale Melodies used in Bach's Vocal Works / Wo soll ich fliehen hin / Auf meinen lieben Gott". Bach Cantatas Website. 2008. Retrieved 17 August 2012.

Sources

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